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يرفع الله الذين ءامنوا منكم و الذين أوتوا العلم درجاتيرفع الله الذين ءامنوا منكم و الذين أوتوا العلم درجاتيرفع الله الذين ءامنوا منكم و الذين أوتوا العلم درجاتيرفع الله الذين ءامنوا منكم و الذين أوتوا العلم درجات
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4. $ H H 9 4 , " " (. &$"& . + H/
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2 ()& )19:1997 (3& + , * H/ : 1. ,&$ H ["+ H *)" B&4 9!.
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13. GK) &$" + = B? &$" & + E2# + $"+ =?
1 / ,&$ B&4 2 2 H * .
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15. 0 E! !" K !" B&4 N4+" 1& ,$ 1!= +" =?
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16. ; 9# 1& + E! J 3A& * *$")+/ GI2 A4 G,= . .W?.(
17. H &$" G " G 1 H4 &$" 2. 1& + "?
F =! GE* H / G&$ H )# $ H H # 14? G1)
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18. ,+ A + 9 3. + $"+ H?#&1 H &$.
19. 3. / G#") ) + G+ ) H 1& 3" &$" (. ." H?
N B? H H / G&$ 0? ," G *=.
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24. # 5"= >)"+ G#&1 ,4 2 H?.
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$#" , &4 + G3+ E& 2" K"+ GE" G 2 E" G1
&$" &$" 3" &4 ) H 9 !" GE/ 1".
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28. G4"+ [ + #&1 # ! 3" ,# 4 A =?
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29. G " , &4 3. = + , =? (. !" 3" G9 5# ) H
, + 9 B&4 " GH 1 " G ! ! 0& # &$" .. GW?
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F +3#$ / 3$ K"+ B&4 L H + .
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1. &+ 3. H 2") 4 .
2. O+ 9*/ H; .
3. & N 3. 9* 4 & G+ ,#") ." G,#") +="" 6 =/ ' #
02 3. #&1& # $ F.
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8. & ) &.(
9. & += / G+ &4 3. H 2") H # 4 +.
10. & &$" , # >"= (2) J 4 .
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H+ ) 67:1995 ( 3. + )"+ ,$ B? &$"3& :
1. & 3. 22)" * 3. 3 &$" + #" G&") 3.
3. + )? 3. 34 & #" 3. 2) &$"
=.
2. & #+# F . K"+ , #+ 5# 2" &1 #
H/ H #" G"#" 5#>"=? 3 &$" 5=# E" + B&4 4+ 02=
H # %"+ )70 – 100 4 4+ ( = W+= 4 / GH H !. )/
= )/ == , ; H 4 #2/9!$.
3. #"$ # 6 G B? & &$" 3. + )"+ H H#+# ) 0 "
2) = 2 3 &" 3. ++ & &$"H4 * )"+ $ 9 *
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&$" B? +.
5. 0) G#&1 ," B&4 + H H # `$# K ' E=/ $"+#
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6. & 2 E &4 ;D + / & 1 9". 1 #24.
7. , $"& #+= " , ""+ ")# &$"" F &$" 9 G+
/ &$" & +7- .
8. 6 G , &$" 9# 72. + . "3&$ .
9. 6 4"& 2. + . 34"6 #&1 H # += +=/&$" =;/ .
10. 1"" + 9*/ "+# O 9* [=/ F 9* 5# $
1-= L# H %"7 0& G"+# 9* .
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5# " G &$" 3. + , =? H 9"+6 ,6 $""
3. +& ! #1" ,)"+6.
) )166:2003 ( )"+6 ,6 +)3 &$" 3. + :
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3. &$"/+ B&4 ! &$".
4. , '#.
5. )"+6.
= &$" 3. +& 9 4 ,)"+ - / L= ) G" &$" 5=#
8:1995:(
1. )"+ &$" &$ 3. E)+ 94+# &$" J/.(
2. + 9 3. E)"+.
3. + #" 3. " 94? 9? 3. E)"+.
4. 2) ,) 3. ? 1 E " 3. E)"+.
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8. O # E + &4 + 3. E)"+.
ا ر ا .9 . ت ا()''& %$# ت ا! با
- 28 -
!+4 0=2 )244:2003 (B? &$" &$ 3. + ,! #1": 1. 3 &$" 0 + : G #+ .!; + H4 ,&$ #&1 &$" E .
J/ $"+ L G& &" ,= # $ + $"+ H&$" 9* H *
K) &$".
2. &$" &$ ) 9/ + : + 3. + )"+ &$" H/ J/
#" B&4 "& 9C / G + ,# 4#1 / G9!$ #+
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&$" 5# N " H # 4" ' . G79# " B?.
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G3+ !" 1 H4 !" 14? G , F- G& &" 3=
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'; B&4 ,* !#+ '# ,+ A$ H/ '# K #+ - 3.
H E &4 / G &$" 3. +& ,! #1" ,)"+)GJ1+ 9$+2003
GH)T \ _2003GB+ _ 2002GH)T = _ 2002 9= _ G1989 (
3 ,)"+6 N:
1. + 9 + )"+) #+ .!;.(
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N$#/ &$ #) + .!; ( E= 9"+6 1 E& %" E)"+ B&4 0$"
) GB+49:2002.(
4 50 @ !:
.$ 34=)178:1992" :( ? >" 3" 0$ , L&" H4 9#4 3
H-" G+ =" B&4 E . "46 * F" 3. &4# E&4 JD 3
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9 % 0$ )1993 ( =/ B&4 + .!;" : J + &4 H * L
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H *)" B&4 + 9 G7;/ A4/ A N H # H G#&1 &$" + "
&4# $"+ 4"+ + " G# 4+# "$ A=" ,= # H 9 #
3. + $"+ L &;/ H G+# + 1 &$ , ." G 4
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= # -4 ,= # ;" 22) GL# !" .
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) G 9=106:1989(
1. &$& ++ @# !" ,! F" 3. "&$ .$ = 0# ,
K) ,$" F" H # / GF" ,!#1 H # "&$ 9 ( &!".
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3. ! 0# GE"# &$ ,&$ A= + &4 + !$" + ,
3. 1" '# ,&$ 4=2 &4 !" 3" &D # 94! H "
L.
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3 !+4 K )261:1999 ( $ 4! @# H 4 L= H/
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1. ,&$ =" "&$# E"4 * H + &4 +.
2. 3&$ " + B&4 * "# + H # 0) * +
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= =. G= = " 2)# 4 H ;# ! =4 &$ H4 3. &$ H4
,#$2 / 1 , "+ " / G1& , 0 4? / G,#")6 4?
= 3") GB+50:2002.(
,= # F -O #" ,A= 9? 3. & + + )"+
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A / H G$ $" &4 +" ,&$ : HD# 4 , ,&$ "
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+ 3. A=" ,! #1" ) 3. J &!" N# + ! = .
H 4= B? ,! #1" N +!=" :
) G 9=112:1989 GJ1+ 9$+ _ 52:2003(
+ E 5 :
+ H 7A=. H + 1 H 9 # 4/ F $"" &$" ++D /
; 9 4 A=" ? ,! #1" 3. )"+ H/ H + H^. H : ,& A
- 34 -
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73 4 . :
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11. + = = + ,1= B&4 $ *" G+ =* A
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"$ / H 0$- H1 B&4 0 G#&1 / G#$2.
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1. F " "$ G# 2) ,+ 3. G 2 "# 2) ,&$ ,= #
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0 0 : ! 4 .:
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= *)" G,&$ G + H C+ & E+=# 0 H &$" / ( I " G
5"= H "= B? 2 /) GJ1+ 9$+45:2003.(
E G &$" & + + )"+ &4. / ,+ H ; 5"= ,"#;/
E& 2" 9 * 1 $" 3. H 5# $"+" G&$" = E" $. 9;? G
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" "4+ 3& 2" "+ ") GH)T \22:2003.(
! 4 . @ !:
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H 3" G,&$ `$ ++ + / + I#2/ E=/ J/ G&$"
&") &$" 0 3. )"+) " G34=64:1992.(
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/ % 2 + ""+? &$" B&4 2& G= $ ! 1# H&$" $ 4" G= $
&1) " G )167:2003.(
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B? 3 . 94:
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2. B? H GE) / 32 0 ) + J &$" (. ."
&$.
3. + + # ,.- , $" ? 4"+ ,= # A +.
4. &$" 0&") G, # >"=? + ,! L G + 5=
$ = +.
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5# G1=/ / G +/ / GZ 2 / G,A= 7- / B+" G, ""+ 94 L=
9$" + (2) #1" &4" 9$" + 5# & G+
&4") G )202:2002.(
3 +/ =; B&4 1 3. ' 2"! 0+ :
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3#O* 1 .$" )177:1994" ( & 7 7* E&$ + )"+ 3
N )"+ " ' # G O H=. W " ,% &4 H G&") >= &$" 3.
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=4 .$ )75:2000 ( =C#" &$" 9 =-" 1#" ! 1# 2
4=" !" +/ " +/ + 1= ,#) H 4 ."
#) .$ )144:1989 ( =C# " = $ %&# #" , &$" H 4
=" F 1"+ + .
9 4 #/ .$ )65:1996 (# =C " + 1= ,# " ,#) 4
,= + GH " "& ! ,#")6 4= G !" +/ " +/
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22. &) H G1) G1+ 4#" ' H G9 ! 1# 2" H/
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9 $#" 3. "+6 B&4 E$" &$" E $. ;" , ; 2# $"
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31. G&+ - # H >) / )T B? #1" H >) &4 H" H/
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H 9 2 91) / 71? ! . G[" 5# 322) &$" 1 B&4 G &$"
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&$" F 1"+ G1& #+ &$" 9 >"=? B&4 5# H [= "$
&$" 5# H [= 2" " ? G&$ / 94+ H H G7 " ! 1#
9 `4 ; G0 !" G H=4 `4 ' H $#"" 1 B&4 +
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L&" H4 () D+ = F#" 9 %2 , B&4 3 &$" 5=# ! =
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B1$" . $ %" H^. G - B&4 G+ ) 3. 3 &$" 5=# 0D
1&) G& 413:2002.(
E=C# 322) &$" &+/ '# 0$ " : &4" &$" 1=/ H 1= H4 9#4
B&4 &$" 9 !" ' &$" 322) &$ H # E . H J G #+
A= )"+ G J#" &+C# `$ B&4 ,2 / ,!. / 1/
- 44 -
+ ! 1) G92 G,2 ( E" &#!# 3&4" 322) &+ * "
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5=# + "" " $. ;" GE=&$ B&4 H &$" N#"=.
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B&4 *C+ $ N 3. GE= 0 + #+ &$" 5# [=""
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= =+ $ @# +) G& 417:2002:(
/. 7 D . E ! + : */ B? &$" +!"# L
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3 9 4 ,* # 322) &$" &+/ *" :
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N. H=! A= # &$" 9 `$ ) GJ1+ 9$+50،2003.(
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K) + HC E=C.
3& $ N H ) GB+59:2002:(
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206:2003.(
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H " 1 H4 4 / 3. )"+ 9 9 B? 1= 0
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H " 31$" H/ H " 6 " 6 S + 9 = !"+" GW " +
? " 2 B" "+ # ,# " &1 K"+ B) G3*134:1995.(
4 4' " :
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4 4' B :
G&$" &$ H # # 2"6 B&4 4+ E=C# + ) H " * "
3& 3 &$" +/ H 1= # * " 9 4 ,* L=) GH)T =4
36:2005:(
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N. 1 4" H *" &$" 9 F.
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3. .:
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H-" G1 , "+ :,="6 &+/ " 9 # 4C# K%" ,= # 94 )"+ G
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B&4 ."+ + H^. L G# 1 K"+ B&4 4+" + &+/ 1"
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2" 9 3. 3& 2" #") + $ ? # #1 G &$" >"=?
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" ,= # `4 * )"+ ) H # " 4 #&1 B&4 #1)Data
Shoe( " 2? ,= # &" G 2 L" H #" &" )"+ ANKOV G
3. #&1 2" 3. 6 K"+ =4 2? . B&4 + 5"= ,
4 ./ I2 " ! 1 B? K*$ G &$" >"=? 2" 9
# 2? 6 , . , G # " #")6 B&4 #&1 2" 1+" H
2" K"+ B? K*$" &$" >"=? 2" 9 J$# 3& 2") 2"
F" 2" `)=( L GF" 2" J #&1 I2 $" N H/ G
#&1 2" 3. 2? 6 J ;/ B? 5"= ,/ 9 3. #" &$ &
#&1 2" K"+ " ! 1 H # 4" B? K*$ &$" )"+ 2" .
7. J )2002 :(
94+ " & + + )"+ ;/ B&4 0$" B? + N ,."+
#" & #&1 ," B&4 0$" B? ,. G= = $ 3. -
#&1 ," B&4 3 2" #+ 9#) = , %" H ;/ B&4
H + = 4 ") " L !" G+ =)56 ( #1 7#1)27 ( 7#1)29 (
1 + 3. H &+ H #1 #$ " +/ )1( + $"+ " G
9 " &4 3. 94+ & +)10 ( " + , -. #") / H GF #+/
2"E=#"+ G3+ 2 # 3. 3&# ! &4 ! #1" " G#&1 ," .$
+ H "=6 $# ! #1" 4/ ; '# )"+ G + " &$ 3. + )"
2 ,$ : #") $ ,.=6 #+ ,1+")T Test ( #")
2 H #" &")ANKOVA ( . H4 32 &" 5"= ,2
&#! #&1 ," H # 2? 6 , B&4 ! $#/ F B&4 $# ""
H # 2? 6 , . 4 G $# ,"6 I2 & E"2# !
- 72 -
6 7;/ #+ 9#)& H/ G+ )"+ = ,#1 #&1 ,"
)"+ = #&1 ," B&4 2? ," 9#) ; #&1 H/ J/ G+
+ )"+ = #&1 ," 3. 2? 6 , . 4 G # ? ;/
;; ,4 H # 3 2"& K*$".
8. 5 * )2002:(
&$" ;/ .$ B? + ,. 2" B&4 +# **$ .%
B&4 ! .% 9 K" " ) H J=; 02 ,#1 ,"
#+ #" # )"+# +# **$ 1 # J=; 02 ,#1
9$" 1+ [= H 2)Multimedia + ,"4 G B&4 "= # F 3.
9 3. 3& 2" #")Software & H 02 ,#1 $ #1 .%
1+ [= H #+ #" # G .% 9 = ," ! G =;
; 02 ,#1 B&4 9! $ #1 .% 9 3. 9$" #1" " GJ=
H ,=" = 4 B&4 + ,/)126 ( H "4 B? 4 ! 1# ,4* #1
* ) H + )"+ " G+ `. 2 #")6 G # " 1#-
2Spss/Pct . L= H/ H4 32 &" 5"= ,+/ GF# 2
# $ #1 B? 5"= N H;# *4 G # " 4 I2 2?
# 1" = " ^# H;# B2/ G+ )"+ B&4 9"$
B&4 &$" &$" H = H &$ 4? 4 #" , & B=#"" H G)"+
"&$" &$" 3" &4 3. + )"+6 H &$ C.
9. 1 )2001:(
3=R 2" B&4 3 &$" + )"+ ;/ B? + N ,.
F =! G, &+ A. 3. '# 3. 3++ $ 02 #&1 D
G &!" ! 1 H + = 4 ,=")57 ( =; 1&# + H #1 #1
- 73 -
# " 4 GH "4 B&4 H 4* , &+ A. 3. ,=#&) + &+/ )"+"
3 &$" ( 1#- K)/) J$ 9- &+/ )"+"( 2"# '# G
#&1 ,&$ ! #") H$"+ G$ = $ ./ B&4 E! #1" F '# 3.
5=# )"+ " G N# !& &$ 9 3. + ,$ ,+# '#
G&") &$ F - - )2 H $ [- 3. + 3 &$"
. 4 + 5"= ,= # H #&1 2" ,1+" 3. 2? 6 ,
L GJ &!" &+ 1 H4 &$" H #&1 3 &$" + 1 H4 &$"
#") &#! .$ #") 3. #&1 2" ,1+" 3. 2? 6 , . L=
, ,= G3&$ 2" 2" ,1+" 3. 2? 6 , 6
,1+" 3. 2? 6 , . J/ L= H G D 2" ,1+" 3=R
'# H * ? 9-# '# B2/ G= %" K*$" #&1 2"
" + .$ N 3. # " ,+ 0&") 0&") 3 &$
9*/ ." G 3. + 5= 1" G &$" H ;/ + ,22)"
5# ." G &4 #&1 H &$ " G F 3. 91" +
,22)" F 0&") &$" .
10. $ )2001:(
2" 3. &$" 3. 94+ 9C + )"+ ;/ B? + N ,.
G &!" ! 1 F =! GE)"+ = "" * 3. 3++ $ 02 #&1
H + = 4 ,=")144 ( " 3" 3++ $ 02 #&1 H #1 #1
") = G 4 )74 ( ,=#& =; 2 + H #1)70 ( H #1
B? #&1 F *" " G = 1+& &#= A. 3. H =#& =; J2 .A +
"& 3. '= H4 &2= $ 3. #&1 ' # 1#- # " H "4
GH "4 [- 3. * 3. + 3 &$" 5=# + N 3. '# )"+
H += H # " 4 ./ B&4 E! #1" " G'# 4? H "#; # , "
- 74 -
$# H 9)14 ( * B&4 & H ' G 4#+/ H "2 F# 2 2
GH"#1 / H#1 9 9 3. B&4 E+= [- 1#- 4 ,+ = #
GH "4 ./ B&4 E+= [- 3. 3& 2" #") #1 ; G &!" ! 1# "
$ 02 #&1 2" ,1+" 3. 2? . + 5"= ,
B? K*$" * 3. 3++ G # " 4 I2 " 3. + )"+
B2/ G " ! 1 = H # 4" = B? K*$" 2? . A"
)"+ ;/ K)/ ,+ G " 3. + )"+ ,+ ^# '#
" 3. 94+ 9C 3 &$" + &$" " + #&1 2" 3. .
11. "! H) )2001:(
H &$ N" =" 3. 3# " + 5=# ;/ 2!"+ B? + N ,.
H + = 4 ,=" G, %" `$# - 3. 3# " + 5=# = H #"
)75 ( &$ #" , # ,!4 3" G # " + 9# !" H G&$
3+ $ 3. G#? A.# &$"2000/2001 ! + N 3. )"+ G
H H" H ;# 4? H ,")32 ( #") 5"= ,A/ G9!.), ( .
./ !" H # 7 2? " # 3# " + 5=# = ""6 + = 4
6 , . 4 H #" &" #") 5"= ,A/ GJ$# !" I2 GN$#
B? K*$ 3# " + 5=# = ""6 + = 4 ./ !" , # 2?
G$ / G= K*$" 2? 6 , . L= ,= H G& / G) /
&$ H+ H H &$ I2 G(2)" B?.
12. "! K )2000:(
B&4 , - " 3. + )"+ ;/ 2!"+ + N ,."+
; 02 #&1 2" %" .$ G " 3. &!" ! 1# =! G3&$ J=
H + = 4 ,=" G+ = #&1 ," 3.)60 ( = G#1 7#1)36 (
- 75 -
G7#1)24 ( H "$#" ,=# H =#& =; H " + 3"+ H #1
$" #" 3+ $& 2$ A.# () &1999/2000 = 4 ./ [*
,4 F#/ B? + : 3"4) # " 1#- ( '= 3"4) 1#-
# "( 02& , - '# H ," 9 # " 4 ,+ G
)"+# 3&$ J=; 9 1#- 4 ,+ H 3. G+ 3 &$" 5=#
'# 3. ," 9 3. 3& 2" #") #1 G &!" ! 1# G+= ,"
G$# + ? # G+ = ," ! G+ = 4 B&4 , -
&" )"+ ,= # &" L" H #" )ANKOVA( B&4 + 5"= , G
B? K*$" , - 3. #&1 2" 3. G6 K"+ =4 2? .
3. 2? 6 J ;/ B&4 , G # " 4 I2 " ! 1
I2 1 = B? K*$ 2" #&1 2" 3. 2? ;/ G
2? L= H/ = " ! 1 H # 4" B? K*$ ," 9 3.
= # G # " 4 I2 + 3"4 3. + = #&1 ," 3.
#&1 ," 3. 2? 6 . 3. = B? K*$ + )"+ =
," %" 3. " ! 1 F = H # 4"& ;/ L G+ 3"4
+ = #&1 .
13. "! )2000:(
&4 " 3. + )"+ ! 1 ;/ 2!"+ B? + N ,. B
.$ L G " 3. &!" ! 1 F =! G3++ $ 02 #&1 2"
+ = 4 ,=" G # " $ #1" $# + = #&1 ," 3. %"
H)68 ( = #1 7#1)39 ( )29 (=; J#" = 3"+ H G'=? H =#&
3+ $ 3. 2$ A.# () &$" $#" ,=#1999/2000 G
. 1#- ? GH "4 B&4 H 4*)20 ( 7#1)14 ( # " K) G #1
.)19 ( 7#1)15 ( '# 3. 3& 2" #") + N 3. )"+ G#1 G
- 76 -
H-" )33 ( # " $ ? # !#1 G," ! $" H ") 9!.
B&4 #1 ; [- 3. 3. + 3 &$" 5=# - / )"+ G$#
L" H #" &" )"+ " G 2? ,= # 3&" G # " 4 #&1
)ANKOVA( 3. 6 K"+ =4 2? . B&4 + 5"= , G
J . B? " H 3. G " ! 1 B? K*$ G 3. #&1 2"
3. # ? 7 %" L= H/ G1 = %" B? K*$ 2" 3. 2? 6
4 #&1 ,"+ = # " .
14. B / )1999Wishart & Blease, :(
)"+# ,62"6 ,&$ =" 0 A" ;/ ? B? + N ,.
& #&1 =4 #" A& 3" +" 3. + # B&4 9$" 1+
"" =; 4 3. + , / G"+ = 1996/1997 = 4 ,="
H +)1463 ( =1 # 3. L 1 A 1# '# )"+ G
H " H " #&1 + = N" ! +& 9C #" A& 3"
9$" 1+ )"+#.
A/ /1 # ? =+" G&$" &4 3. &+ )"+ ;C" + 5"= ,
&$" = 3#" $ + 3. #$2 H H 2) #&1 ," B&4.
15. )1998:(
= &$ #&1 ," 2!"+ + N ,."+ ;/ .$ +
+ = 4 ,=" G+ = 1 ," B&4 #" 3. + + +
H)69 ( B&4 H 4* GL $# H= #" & 3. #&1 H #1 #1
H "4 : H ,C" # " ?)21 ( . + + + #1 #1 G #" 3
H ,=" 1#- =;)38 ( L +# E 4 6 )T + + #1 #1
3+ $ H 3+ 2 3.1996/1997 1" " + 0/ !" G
- 77 -
H H"" , ! 1= B&4 E=#"+)32 ( B&4 #&1 ,#"+ ,$ 9!.
= $ ./ K H/ + 5"= ,A/ G- / E" = 3. 3+ 2 # 3. !
(2)"& ;/ J/ 5"= A" G+ = # ? ,") &4 &$ /
#/ ( + $# # " 4 ," 3. H+" H4 5"= ,+/ ,"6 B&4
4 ," H # 2? 6 , . H4 G #" 3. + +
# " 4 I2 ! 1& K*$" 1#- 4 # ".
16. 1" )1998Randy, :(
B&4 " 3. + , # )"+ ;/ 2!"+ B? + N ,.
" K= $ 3. N= "" #" =" (2)" &$ ,+ #&1 2
H + = 4 ,=" G )49 ( , . + 5"= ,A/ #1 1
H #&1 + , # 1 H4 &$" H #&1 H # 2" 3. 2? 6
&$" H/ + 5"= ,A/ G+# &$" H #&1 I2 9- ! 1#
# " 4 H # 2? 6 , . L= # " 4 I2 1#-
&$" &$ 3. + )"+ = N"6 B&4.
17. )1997 :(
,. ,+ #&1 ," B&4 +# &$" ;/ 2!"+ B? + N
H + = 4 ") " L !" G+& #" ,! #1" = &$)38 ( 7#1
GL $# #" & 3. "+ #&1 H #1)18 ( + + =) , .
# &$"+( G # " 4 H& G)20 ( )T 7+ + #1 7#1
$& 3=; 3+ 2 3. L G1#- 4 H& G+ + O
96/97 #" , =!" = ,"6 ! '# )"+ + &+/ H4 #Y G
G+& "+ $# + = #&1 ," 3. 7 # ? 7 %" L= H/ 5"= ,A/
#&1 ,"6 2? 6 , . 4 ,A/ G+ 3. ,+
- 78 -
K*$" G+& #" ,! #1" = L $# H= #" & 3. "+
J %" H J= # 4" / = / + .
18. H) 1BL )1997 :(
2!"+ B? + N ,. + )"+ ;/ " #" 3. + " 2" B&4
" L !" GE)"+ = "" =" L $# H= #" & 1
1 F ") + 3. H &+ + F"" #" 3. +" 4 Z&# G
)47 ( 1 4 H G#1 7#1)17 ( ,#1 4 7#1)30 ( H4 #Y G#1
+ K" 1 2" K ! 3& 2" #") '# )"+ + &+/
" #" 3. + " ! ,A/ G #" 3. + )"+ = 1 ,"
+ "+ # # ? ,= 1 ," H/ 5"=" #" 3. + " $#
# E=4 +& "+ $# 2? 6# * 3+ & 2" H/ GE "+
" H # $ H/ GE "+ $- ,= N"6 2 .
19. 1! )1997:(
%&# 5# + )"+ ;/ .$ B? + ,. ) O ( 3.
)"+# H + =4 = 9! 1" K , - 3. += "
H #" [1? B? ,. G+ %&# # / B&4 ) O ( " 3.
G += 3. 2" #") B&4 "= # F 3. + ,"4 G, -
! 1# ") " H "#$ B&4 + ,/ #1" " G = ,! #")
H ,=" !=$ $)32 ( G#1 )37 ( 5"= ,A/ G # " = $ #1
B&4 += " 3. %&# 5# + )"+6 3# ? ;/
= ,! 1" 3. &!" ! 1.
- 79 -
20. E >5 )1997:(
)"+ &4. K B? + ,. O += " 3. +
O += #&1 &$" ! 1 H # '# H* ' GJ=; 3=; 02 1
J=; 3=; 02 3. L &!" ! 1# O += &$" ! 1 F +#
O += ! #+ 5# #1"# G3&$ [ 5# GJ=; 3=; #&1
D # #") 3. 2" &4. ; G O += 3. !#+ ,&$ !"
&$" = #&1 ," G#&1 K $# ;; = 9! =" B? .-? '# N4/
'# 2 G #1" ,#$2 G5# L&" 3.$ 2" .$ #+= ,
3. 5"= ,= G+ )"+# O += 9 &$" 3. 3= N"6
F !." !. #" H4 5"= \= G # ? = 9! ,"6 2"
#+= ,"6 ; G!#+ ,+ += &$" 3. + 5# )"+ H +"
O.
21. E >5 )1997:(
) H + 94+# G += &$" &4. B? + ,.
G &$" 3. %"+ , 3#+ 3 &$" 5=# = N"6 2" K"+ "
= %" 1#-) /'=? ( H '# = 4 ,C" GN"6 2" 3. N;/ +
)44 ( ,&$" # " GH "4 B? $ *" " 3"#6 ) 02 " H &"
3#+ 3 &$" 5=# 1+# ) += ( &!" 1# ,&$" 1#- G G
3&# #")6 H"4 ,$-) / 3 &$" 5=# = N"6 E=#"+ #1" " GJ$#
H # 2" 3. 6 , . 5"= ,A/ G # " 4 ./ B&4 3#+
H "4)1#- # "( ./ K#/ G # " 4 I2 G 4
, . A" G3#+ 3 &$" 5=# = 4 K"+ H # ? " # "
,A/ G5=# = N"6 2" K"+ 3. '= H # 2? 6
- 80 -
&$" H* 02= 2") 3#+ 3 &$" 5=# 94+# &$" H/ 5"= J
&!" 1 E"%"+.
22. M ' )Olsen, 1992:(
+ [- 3. + N" .$ ,! B? + N ,.
'# ' G `$# 3. ! 1# + #! + )"+#
. .$ #&1 , !"# #&1 H 4 " " G+ 1+# + 3
B&4 #&1 , ,$- ; G1 +# `$# + B&4 ,=+ ,+ H+ B"
+ #! #&1& + =! ," ' G#) H . = H "+
5"= 3. #) "4 G+ 1+# 2# .$ ,#")6 B&4
=# H ' G1 +# 5 2 H = !&% 6/ + H/ H #&1
, &$ H/ 5"= ,A/ G+# 1)X I 2" . $ %" B&4
# (" H/ H " &" 1 1)" ; ; + )"+# + 5=# 1+
$# + = J N" H #&1 H/ A G &!" ! 1# (
, =? L + 5"= ,A/ G .C 9/ + I#2/ H/
=? H #/ 3 + 1+# + &!" ! 1# + , .
23. B"* )Stevens, 1991:(
=1&+ 3. # H1&+ $ #&1 ," B&4 0$" B? + N ,.
* &= %& &$" B&4 4+ + )"+ = H4)CALL( = 4 ,=" G
H +)75 ( #1 * &= %&# J ++ &$ + 3. H &+ #1
")6 [= H &+ H 4 H + 9/ ,=" G3" #&1 &$" 2 * 3.
+ )"+ $# #&1 B&4 ,4* G, ! 1= B&4 ,!. '; $" H
# = $ ,4- &$" H/ + 5"= ,A/ G 3+ 2. 9 * &= %&
- 81 -
# ? *" #&1 ," H/ + 1+# * &= &$"# $""+ #&1
+ )"+#.
24. )Huppert, 1991:(
)"+6 H &$ #&1 " + ,# K/ 02 3. +
3&$ H4 2. " 3. N =" " + )"+6 5=# 1 ' G &$
H = = 4 )/ ' G / 3. =; && #)8 ( )23 ( GB;=/
H $&1 H&$ #&1 # I#2 3" , $ H 4 5=# H-" B&4 H
# &$# !&$" 5# )"+ . & + + )"+ H/ + 5"= ,= #
=; 3. &$"E ,6 B&4 H #" H &$ ," 3. 3# ? ;/
"R =#"+6 : !" G &$" # G&$ . G, ""+6 &$"#&1 =4 , .
25. 5 )1991:(
#&1 2" 3. + 1+# &$" ! 1 ;/ .$ B? + ,.
! 1 )"+ H4 = J ;# L =! G .% '# 3. J=; 02
G= ;/ .$ B? - / ,. G &!" 3. " ! 1 H # E= # 4"
H 9 #$ F# '=Y &; G& H "#$ B&4 '# = 4 ,&" ! G 2"
= $ ./ 4 Z&# G+ )131 ( ! 1 " G+ 5"= ,A/ G#1 #1
A/ G &!" ! 1 B&4 +# &$" 1+" H # 2? 6 , . ,
6 , . A" H 3. G'= I2 '= ,4 1+" H # ,4
= ! 1 H # 4"& K*$ #&1 2" 3. 2?.
26. @ < )Dhaif, 1990:(
#&1 ," B&4 0$" B? + N ,. )"+ = H # $
* &= %& &$" B&4 4+ +)CALL( H + = 4 ,C" G)197 ( 7#1
- 82 -
= #1)131 ( * &= %& + 3"+6 5=# 3. H&+ #1 7#1
)66 ( + 9/ ,=" G $ B =+ #&1 H B&4 J"" E=#"+ H )25 ( 9!.
)"+ H "+ #&1 H/ B&4 + 5"= ,A/ G $" H ")6 [= H
5# B&4 , 4! 5# )"+ H&- =/ G * &= %& &$" 3. +
1 A$ H/ - / 5"= ,A/ G9! #" )"+ = # ? ," #/ #&
* &= %& &$" + 2=4 H 3++/ 2=$ +.
27. $ )1988 Fuchs, :(
+ , &$" )"+ H "= ;R K .$ B? + N ,.
" K 1 / B&4 A= ! 1# E"! #1" !" 1 L 1 K 1" !
H + = 4 ,=" ' G # F- ,= # 4)18 ( 1# ") &$
4 J H H #1 &$ ") ' G !" " + H H 4
9 &4 + #1" ))15 ( = + [#+/ +/ B&4 3=# 5
#+)5=# ( ' + $# 5"= &" " G1#- 4 F =!#
# "=? 3. -./ ,= #+ ! 1# ,+ 3" ,4 H/ 5"= ,A/
!= 1 9-# '# B2/ $ ! 1# ,+ 3" 4 H4 I- ,
$& .-? ,# " '#/.
28. M " M )1988 Dalton & Hannafin,:(
=!# + , &$" )"+ B&4 #"" ;R .$ B? + N ,.
H + = 4 ,=" G " ' H 1 B&4 &!" ! 1 F)117(
") 1 B? $ *" " H; 02 2. H $ ! 1# 2. ) H
,4 F#/ "# H &$ $#/ # !" +" ,4 F#/:
1 . &!" ! 1# >$ ! &!" ! 1# ,&$ 31$ &$.
2 . 1# ,&$ 31$ &$#+ ! 1# >$ ! &!" !.
- 83 -
3 . &!" ! 1# >$ ! #+ ! 1# ,&$ 31$ &$.
4 .#+ ! 1# >$ ! #+ ! 1# ,&$ 31$ &$.
" ! 1# =! #+ ! 1 ' H 5"= &" " ! 1 H/ H #" G &!
K) 1 H $. ;/ 3 +# >$ ,&$ !" 3. +# ;
&$ H =!& &!" ! 1 H4 )"+6 & -" $ 1 4" ,A/ ' .
29. M* 1B" )1988Kinzie & Sullivan, :(
#+ &$" , # )"+ $. .$ B? + N ,.) "
&$"# ( H + = 4 ,=" G 2" B&4)98 ( G3=; 02 1 H 1
9 H + 9 ,=) 6+ 1 3. !( 3# " 5= '# F#" ' G
# F- GE"+ 3. ,/ GE" &$" H &!# &$" " G&$"# " 3 &$" 5=
5"= B&4 &2 &$"# " 5=# ! 1# + H 1 H/ B? + 5"=
G5=# + B&4 1 + 1 . H 3" ! 1# + H 1 H B&4/
"= ,= + , &$" B&4 J. " 1 B1$ H/ +& $ 5
N$ L GE &4 1 + H 3# ? *=? !"# 1 $ +#
5= 3. + , # ? 9-# '# B2/ G+ =;/ , C#
+ L 1# "&9 E#&1"".
30. M " )1987Hannafine, :(
)"+# &+ .$ ,1= ;T .$ B? + N ,.
H + = 4 ,=" ' G1 2" B&4 &$" &$ 3. +)54 ( 7#1
#1)28 ( 1)26 ( 1 H #1 + 5"= ,A/ GF+" 02 &
L # " 4 I2 1#- # " 4 1 H # I- .
2" 3-)= 2" 3$" 1 . 3..
- 84 -
"0 :?. / ! 4 - 0' " .
1. M.N H) )2006 :(
3. H " &$" H " # 3. " 1= 0") ;/ 2!"+ B? + N ,.
, - 9 3. 3++ 02 , &" 2" . H + = 4 ,=")41 (
! 1# H "4 B? + = 4 ./ +!" " G 2 ! 1# H ") " 9 &"
4 : B # " 4)219 &" ( G+ 322) &$" &+C# ,&$"
=; # " 4)20 9 &" ( #+ &$" $ &+C# ,&$" G ,A/
I2 + 3"4 H # # 2" 3. 7 2? . + 5"=
#+ &$" $ 1=# ,&$" 3" 4 G N ? 94^# H;# 32
5"= $" H H"& K)/ " ' # #/ = 4 B&4 +.
2. " ' )2006:(
4 `$# " 3. + $/ )"+ &4. K B&4 0$" B? ,.
,!#1 G+ N 0/ !" G9*%# 3++ H; 02 #&1 2" B&4 #"
H = 4 B&4)120 ( F" 3& [ H 2 ! 1# , ") G#1 7#1
4 # " ? GH "4 B&4 ,4* ' G+)60 ( K) G#1 7#1
4 1#-)60 ( 4 B&4 + 5=# #1"# '# G#1 7#1
#") '# )"+ G &!" ! 1# 1#- 4 " " G # "), (
2" 31+" H # B&4 0$" 0# H " +" H "&!"+ H "= $
+ 5"= ,A/ GH "4 4 I2 2? 6 , .
'= I2 2? 6 , . ,A/ G # ".
- 85 -
3. )2005:(
`$# 2" 3. #+ #" $ )"+ ;/ 32!" B? ,.
3++ '; 02 #&1 - . = 4 ,=" H +)68 ( " G#1 7#1
& ? H " # " H "4 G $ ! 1# ,4 F#/ B? $ *"
H "=" G#+ #" $ ) H "+ '=Y K))34 ( G#1 7#1
1# "+ '=Y K) & ? H "1#- H "4 H "=" &!" !
)34 ( #1 7#1 . #&1 2" 3. 7 2? . + 5"= ,A/
3" # " 4 I2 D # #")6 B&4 - `$#
#+ #" $ ) H ,&$" . B? 5"= ,/ = # , . 4
= B? K*$" G # " 4 . D # 2" 3. 2? 6.
4. &"/ )Chang, 2002:(
! 1 G+ ) H " &4 ;/ B? + N ,.
G&$ " 3. &$" 5"= 3. , " ! 1 =!# '# '
)"+ F = 9- ! 1 F , ! 1# 1#" + )"+#
," F G&$ 9 " ) H " 3. =; & #&1 B&4 G,="=
+!"# '# G- / &$ = #&1 6D B GH "4 B? + = 4
4 # ")156 ( 3. G+ F , ! 1 $ ,)"+ #1 #1
F =! 4 ,C" H )138 ( ,="= 9- ! 1 &4 ,!#1 1 #1
" #")6 #1"# ,&;" !. + 9/ / G= .-# G` &4 9 3& 2
2 H #" &" )"+ 5"= ,A/ G` &4 9 = ,"6 ! B?
MANCOVA B&4 &2 + , ! 1 + + H #&1 HC#
&4 9 &$" H * H 2? 6# B&4/ , ! 1 + `
= 9-,="= 4 #&1 &2 2? . L= ,= # G
# ")+ , ( + 9 = ""# &$" ..
- 86 -
5. M!/ )Shaban & Westron, 2002:(
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- 110 -
3. 2> %:
1 ;;# A 1# 2 H '# !" !:
'. M %:
& G "2 3. A 1# `4 " ' )8( H 4 B&4 G
& GH )9( G &$" =" " 1 5= 3. H 22)" H G
B&4 '# 2 ! GA 1# ""! "A T # L
,"! R `$# ,! `$# $" O 2 94^# '# L - B&4
& GH T - 3. = 92 B? 2&)10.(
4. "5 %Test of Extreme Groups:
H # * " [1"+ ? 72 ! #"$ # B= # ; () 3.
B&4/ ")# '# G & B&4 27) % 87. ( G, H
B=C# "=!27) % 87. ( #") )"+# , H) 3=" HU( %2 #+# G
= $ ) H /30. (G B&4 ! #1"# '# H = = 430 = $ 7#1
* " B&4 " A 1# &4. ,#; )6(=! N "= H # :
)6(
"- 0- "5 % 9-
+
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4
4 !
100 12.5 8 '27 % M 2?
3.5 0.00 36 4.5 8 "'27 % M
- 111 -
K"+ =4 2? 6 , . A= #+ ) H )0.01 (
3. # ? B= # ? ; 1 4 H # 1# 9 J + G
&") ,= $ H # " B&4 " 3. A.
6. . % %:
, &$ , / G+ = 4 B&4 A 1# #1"# '# !
#") 3&) +"6 2 ! '# )"+ ! G 2 ' GH+ # $
,!. H 9!. H # G 1# ,!. 1# $#/ H # 1#"6 $ + "
1# A 1#.
•••• M P 5 !' M ! 4
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, 1# 2" 0.862** 2?
# ,! 2" 0.714** 2?
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**"+ =4 =$ K0.01 * =$ K"+ =4 0.05
H A=)7( =4 G7 2? A 1# $#/ F H/ G
6 K"+)0.05(A 1# 2 B&4 " $" 3 G.
- 112 -
•••• 5 M 75 M ! 4 P 2>
M )8:(
)8(
" 75 M !2> :)"
75* ! :3
1 0.38* 2?
2 0.36* 2?
3 0.53* 2?
4 0.743** 2?
5 0.512** 2?
6 0.743** 2?
7 0.512** 2?
8 0.743** 2?
9 0.577** 2?
10 0.577** 2?
11 0.422* 2?
12 0.577** 2?
13 0.452* 2?
14 0.577** 2?
** =$ K"+ =4 0.01 * =$ K"+ =4 0.05
H A= )8( =4 + G7 2? A 1# ,!. F H/ G
6 K"+)0.01( 6 K"+ =4 / G)0.05( 1# 2 B&4 " $" 3 G
A .
- 113 -
4. 02> :
) H A 1# ,#; + " : •••• 0> AM :
" ,#; H C" A 1# " ) H A 1# 41"+ = 4 B&4
H =)30 (3++ F#+ 02 1 H 1 ' G'# 1 A#
1"+6 = $ G+= = $ A# )T A ; G 4 H # 1#"6 $ +#
, [ HP A& A 1# H # H+ # 1#" $ Z&# G H "4
)0.87(H / 6 K"+ =4 7 2? G) 0.01.(
- 114 -
• O:
! G =; B # " 4 + ,4 D." H C"# '#
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1. $" : H + ,4 ./ F ") " ' .
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+ ="" " "I. A. 3. 9# ) 3 G 4"6 2"6.
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4.
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)9(1+" I- , #+ J/ #") ,
H #")0(;; ,4 H # .
)9(
* M 8 @ 4> M M
! <
M " ! ! = .Q. !
(F) Sig.
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),4 1174.832 87 13.504
.5 [ 1197.556 89
0.841 0.435
6 K"+ =4 2? 6 , . " 6 E= I-" #+ H)0.05 (
'; $ 3. 1 , ,1+" H #.
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2 1 H 1#- 4 H " # " H "4 D." B&4 C" L 3. 0
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)10(1+" I- , #+ J/ #") ,
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M " ! ! = .Q. !
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1.01 0.368
6 K"+ =4 2? 6 , . " 6 E= I-" #+ H)0.05 (
'; $ 3. 1 , ,1+" H #.
02 1 H 1#- 4 H " # " H "4 D." B&4 C" L 3.
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- 116 -
6. 5 2> - ! ) : 7 .
B&4 '# "4 ,4 L&" D." ,#;, 3. " H # 1# 5"=
H 1 9 3. &$ ,& &#! A J H #" &" ) "0 "
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,4 ) 0.52548 87 0.00577
2> ) 5 :- ! [ 0.52548 89
2.04 0.136
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'; $ 3. 1 , ,1+" H #.
02 1 H 1#- 4 H " # " H "4 D." B&4 C" L 3.
3. F#+1 9 3. &$ ,& &#! A 1#.
- 117 -
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# )"+# 5=# `4 ) H L " G %" ! 1 G+
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4 I. +# () +)> (H .
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" ' &$" 322) &$ H # E . H J G322) 9 !
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91) / 1? ! ' G&$" , F 0 "& E" &#!# 3&4" 322)
4#" ,&$ H 9 2 ,#? + F H &") [=C# 3"=" D+#
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• ## .:
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= 1 #" / H L " 3. JA:
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3++ F#+ 02& =" '# 3. 1.
2. 9 + " &+C# + 5=# >"=? 2" 4^# '#
3. 13++ F#+ 02& =" '# .
3. # H H 4 B&4 -4 1 H4 "= #+ 5# 1#-
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4. 3. 1 9 .$ &$ ,& 3& 2" #")6 4? '#
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5. =" '# 3. 1 9 &$ ,& A 1# 4?
C" G3++ F#+ 02& "#; 2 1 H4 )"+ " 2 H
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5=## 1 9 "322) &$" &+C# +.
4 =; # " 4)30 ( 3++ F#+ 02 1 H 1
+ " &+C# + 5=## 1 9 ".
4 1#- 4)30 ( 9 " 3++ F#+ 02 1 H 1
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7. # " ,4 1 B&4 7 &# A 1# G3& 2" #")6 #1"
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9. J$# # A 1# G3& 2" #")6 #1" ,4 1 B&4
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- 121 -
• -4 . :3 :
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3 + 3. )"+ + 2 , &":
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2. #")), ( H " +" H "&!"+ H "= $)T.Test.(
3. H+ # 1#" $)Pearson .(
4. $ j#= /)Alpha Cronbach.(
5. ;C" )" ? F#) (Eta Square.(
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O &:" 0 * R <* .
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$. *
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&$ , B&4 1 9 " + " 322) 02 #&1 K
GH #&+C# + 5=# =# 4^# '# L / H G3++ F#+
) + " G322) &$"( ! 3& 2" #")6 4^# ; H G
.$ &$ P#h1 G &$ , ! A 1# G 1 9 3.
+ ,4 3&4 3&# # A 1# #")6) H " # " H "4
1#- ( " 322) &$" 3#&+C# + 5=# '# #1 L $#
"4 B&4 + 9 A 1# #")6 #1" 4/ ; H GH " # " H
+ ,4 B&4 K)/.
&+/ +# 5"= B&4 2& G7 2? & &"# G,= # F# '# !
3& "= -" H 3" -. +:
:; 5! &:" )/" < .
1. - O &:":
B&4 D+ (= " 3#&+C# "! + 5=# " 322) &$" "
"+ " "a3++ F#+ 02 #&1 1 9 ""
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&)2( & G)3( & G)5.(
- 124 -
2. O &:""0R <* :
3& B&4 3=; D+ (= : 1 9 3. .$ &$ , 0&")"
" &+/ 0")# 3++ F#+ 02 #&1 K) &$" 322) – "
+–J &!" &+ (a
3& B&4 E# 1#" - (=" : K"+ =4 2? 6 , . " 6
α ≥)0.05 ( &+ F" .$ &$ , 3. #&1 , ,1+" H #
")$" 322) &– + " –J &!" &+ .(
H #" &" )"+ " GE# 1#" - 2 #") D+ B&4 #Y
J)One-Way ANOVA ( 9$ #+ ,1+" H # =!& )"+ J
,4 G )12 (L I- .
)12(
! ! ) 1! . 4> M *
1- M . < M M
M " ! =!
.Q. !
(F) Sig.
,4 H # 1469.2 2 734.6
,4 ) 3876.0 87 44.6
1! . ! )
! [ 5345.1 89
16.49 0.000
#+ H H #" K"+ =4 2? 6 , . 6)0.01 ( H # &$ , 3. #&1 , ,1+" " &+ F" .$ ) &$"
322)– + " –J &!" &+ (.
- 125 -
#") )"+ " ,4 H # N" H4 0& )T.Test ( H "&!"+ H "= $
3& H " +":
76/ :1#- B # " 4 H # N":
GH "4 H # N" H4 0& #") '# #1 ), ( B&4 6&
GB # " 4& J$# 3& 2" #")6 3. 1 , ,1+" H #
,&$" 3" G1#- 4 3. =/ F G322) &$" &+C# ,&$" 3"
! 1# H I-" 5"= ,2)&" &!" )13:(
)13( ! ! ) 1! . 4> M *
- M )1 ( . . < )(
6 J$# #")
# " 4&1
) H =30(
6#") J$#
1#- 4&
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),( K"+
6
F#
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;C"
1+"
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0=6
J $
1+"
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0=6
J $
31.3 7.01 21.43 5.289
6.141
2?
**
0.39 #
** =$ K"+ =4 0.01 * =$ K"+ =4 0.05
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.05= ( 1.671.
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.01= ( 2.39 .
1 , 1+" H # 2? 6 , . I-" #+ H
G322) &$" &+C# + 5=## ,&$" 3" GB # " 4
=4 J$# 3& 2" #")6 3. &!" ! 1# ,&$" 3" G1#- 4 1
+ =$ K")0.01( ' GB # " 4 3. 1 , 1+" I2 G
,%&#), ( #+)6.41( , !# =! G)2.39( =4 G)58.(
- 126 -
#") )"+# "= H/ H C"& ), ( B? $" ! ! . 3
+ , %" G" ? F# )"+# '# K)/ , %" J/ / .2 B? $" 6
J+" " ? F# H/ #+ H I-" )0.39( B&4 /D ! N $" G
= # ;C" ≤) 0.1 .(
5 " * M :
&+C# + 5=# * " = * 9$# 322) &$":
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& + J/ " G&$" &4 =;/ 3. 3! ! 4" H )*# &$"K)/ .
>. 1 H # &#!.
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N. E $. 9;"+ , H & 1 9" &$"& &$"
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*. ," #" B&4 4+ = #&+ 1 # ? ," B? 9!$.
. J &$" 0/ ! .
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J. %" ;C" $" =? G.2 B? K*$" "= H/ D ;C" H/
!"+) 322) &$" &+C# + 5=#.(
""!#+ "= H + E ? ,&2" F : ) GH)T \2006 ( G) G2=2006 ( G) GJ #42003 ( G) G5=2002( G) G3=&$2002 ( G) GJ#2001 ( G) G 2001.(
- 127 -
7 =; : H # N"1#- =; # " 4:
GH "4 H # N" H4 0& #") '# #1), ( B&4 6&
3" G =; # " 4& J$# 3& 2" #")6 3. 1 , ,1+" H #
4 3. =/ F G+ " &+C# ,&$" ! 1# ,&$" 3" G1#-
H I-" 5"= ,2)&" &!" )14:(
)14( ! ! ) 1! . 4> M *
"0 M )2 ( . . < )(
6") J$# #
# " 4&2
) H =30(
6#") J$#
1#- 4&
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),( K"+
6
F#
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1+"
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0=6
J $
1+"
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0=6
J $
25.7 7.49 21.43 5.289
2.547
2?
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0.10 #
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), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.05= ( 1.671.
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.01= ( 2.39 .
1 , 1+" H # 2? 6 , . I-" #+ H
G+ " &+C# + 5=## ,&$" 3" G =; # " 4
&!" ! 1# ,&$" 3" G1#- 4 1 =4 J$# 3& 2" #")6 3.
=$ K"+)0.01( ' G =; # " 4 3. 1 , 1+" I2 G
,%&#), ( #+)2.547( , !# =! G)2.39( =4 G)58.(
#") )"+# "= H/ H C"& ),( B? $" ! ! . 3
G" ? F# )"+# '# K)/ , %" J/ / .2 B? $" 6 + , %"
- 128 -
J+" " ? F# H/ #+ H I-" )0.10( B&4 D ! N $" G
= # ;C" ≤) 0.1 .(
5 " * M :
= * 9$# + " &+C# + 5=# * " :
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. &$" ," , F "".
>. + F 4" # * *$" 1+# #&1 H # 4 ".
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N. C1) 2 &" # $ %" +C# "6.
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*. ,2 H 1 H4 # 9;.
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7" 7=!"? B 91) H!"/ E=/ H.
1. 1 1)/ &" 91" +/ .".
J. 9 &$" . + 1& &$" (. .".
L. 2" `)= 1 &$" 3. 4 9 ,.
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!"+)+ " &+C# + 5=#.(
""!#+ "= H + E ? ,&2" F : ) GH)T \2006 ( G) G2=2006 ( G) GJ #42003 ( G) G5=2002( G) G3=&$2002 ( G) GJ#2001 ( G) G 2001.(
- 129 -
7;; : =; B # " 4 H # N":
GH "4 H # N" H4 0& #") '# #1), ( B&4 6&
GB # " 4& J$# 3& 2" #")6 3. 1 , ,1+" H #
&$" 3" 3" G =; # " 4 3. =/ F G322) &$" &+C# ,
H I-" 5"= ,2)&" G+ " &+C# ,&$" )15:(
)15(
! ! ) 1! . 4> M * - M )1 ( "0 )2 ( . .)(
6 J$# #")
# " 4&1
) H =30(
6#") J$#
4& # "2
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),( K"+
6
F#
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1+"
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0=6
J $
1+"
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0=6
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31.3 7.01 25.7 7.49
2.98
2?
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0.33 #
** =$ K"+ =4 0.01 * =$ K"+ =4 0.05
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.05(= 1.671.
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.01= ( 2.39.
1 , 1+" H # 2? 6 , . I-" #+ H
&$" &+C# + 5=## ,&$" 3" B # " 4 G322)
" &+C# + 5=## ,&$" 3" =; # " 4 1
=$ K"+ =4 J$# 3& 2" #")6 3. G+)0.01( , 1+" I2 G
,%&# ' GB # " 4 3. 1), ( #+)2.98( !# =! G
, )2.39( =4 G)58.(
- 130 -
#)? )"+# "= H/ H C"& ), ( B? $" ! ! . 3
G" ? F# )"+# '# K)/ , %" J/ / .2 B? $" 6 + , %"
J+" " ? F# H/ #+ H I-" )0.33( B&4 D ! N $" G
= # ;C" ≤) 0.1 .(
5 " * M :
= * 9$# 322) &$" &+C# + 5=# * " :
/. L G9 %2 ,1) B? 3 &$" K" &" " 322) &$" &+/ 3.
+!"# * B? &$" !"= 6 ' # # *= 9 %2 */ B? &$"
0" B" 9 %2 */ B? K" +!" F G#+ * H!"/ ? 6? 6
B&4 + " 5=# 2"! = # G =" E4 =4 C1) &$"
1 E&$" B&4 1!. ,# "E&$ # H .
. &+C# `$ B&4 ,2 / ,!. / 1/ B&4 &$" 9 !
! 1+ A= 7)"+ G J#") G92 G,2(G
>. 322) &$" &+/ 7 1 F. E" # 7*. I#2/ =4 = +
" $2 31)" 3 &$ 1 +& &$. & H E! 3&$
+ 9 3. .
. ,# 0 $" ,&$ !"# ! . 322) &$ G&$" F $" G&")
0 3. , #1" ,&$ )"+ B? &$" E " F 6 G9
3. 1!. ,# " B&4 2"! J + " &+/ .
N. %" ;C" $" =? G.2 B? K*$" "= H/ D ;C" H/
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- 131 -
3. O &:"0R <* :
; D+ (= 3& B&4 ': K 1 9 3. &$ , 0&")"
" &+/ 0")# 3++ F#+ 02 #&1) 322) &$"– "
+–J &!" &+ ( a
3& B&4 E# 1#" - (=" : =4 2? 6 , . " 6 K"+
α ≥)0.05 ( &+ F" &$ , 3. #&1 , ,1+" H #
") 322) &$"– + " –J &!" &+ .(
&" )"+ " GE# 1#" - 2 #") D+ B&4 #Y H #"
J)F ( ,4 9$ #+ ,1+" H # =!& )"+ J G
)16 (L I- .
)16( 2> 4> M * ! ! )
. < M M :-1- M
M " ! ! = .Q. !
(F) Sig.
,4 H # 9.493 2 4.747
,4 ) 9.346 87 0.107
2> ) ! :- ! [ 18.839 89
44.19 0.000
#+ H H #" K"+ =4 2? 6 , . 6)0.01 ( H # &$ , 3. #&1 , ,1+" " &+ F" ) &$"
322)– + " –J &!" &+ (.
H # N" H4 0& #") )"+ " ,4)T.Test ( H "&!"+ H "= $
3& H " +":
- 132 -
76/ :1#- B # " 4 H # N":
GH "4 H # N" H4 0& #") '# #1), ( B&4 6&
A 1# 3. 1 , ,1+" H # # " 4& 5=# #1" $#
3" G1#- 4 3. =/ F G322) &$" &+C# ,&$" 3" GB
G 1# 5"= GA 1# $# $# 3. G &!" ! 1# ,&$"
H I-" 5"= ,2)&" )17:(
)17(
2> 4> M * ! ! ) - M :-)1 ( . . P< )(
!'
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1 !
)(
+
8
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0;
# "1 30 2.89 240. # 91 +#
1#- 30 2.24 560. 5.440 **
0.01 #
# "1 30 2.72 350. , 1# 2" #
1#- 30 2.06 640. 4.817 ** 0.34 #
# "1 30 2.78 0.35 # ,! 2"
1#- 30 1.82 0.54 9.329 ** 0.29
#
# "1 30 2.14 0.54 # ! 9*/
1#- 30 1.35 0.45 6.569 ** 0.43 #
# "1 30 2.63 0.21 =
1#- 30 1.87 0.41
6.528 ** 0.42 #
**=$ K"+ =4 0.01 * =$ K"+ =4 0.05
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.05= ( 1.671.
), ( 58 K"+ =4 α ≥)0.01= ( 2.39 .
- 133 -
H "4 1 A 1# 3. ,1+" #+ I-
322) &$" &+C# + 5=# ) H ,&$" 3" B # "
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9. 04 G3=+ / GJ#)2001 : ( < ! ! 4 ' 1 G1 GH4 G
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10. / G#*#)1988 : ( M ! W 4 . 5
! $ G3#$ 5 &) + G30 G9) 30.(
11. " ! $)1995 : ( ! 4 " ! $ GH4 G.
12. &1 G3*)1995 : ( 5 # .# #<
W 4 G5 &) + & G55) 16( G131c 159.
13. I2 GL : 7 $ 4 . 0'
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G113) 23( G67c79.
15. G& )2000 : ( %# 2" M ! " 1 G2 GH4 G
H :F *" =& 9 + .
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14 9! G :" 4.
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22. #4 GH" *)2002 : ( # ! ! " G
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24. 3#2 G+)2001 : ( ! #1" &$ =" >= : G = E" =# GE./
H 1+&. G &$" #" 9 GN =" ,#&1".
25. G #/ A. #4 G+)2002 : ( ! 4 & GH4 G.
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44. G ==O G #! #? ) W " H# : ( 4 BB! D ! 0'
1"0 - @ G #$ 9 * 5 &) ,+ & G
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45. H+ &+ GJ")2003 : ( $ * " )* – 4 Z 9- " 1 G1 G
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47. = G31 0+ G31)2001 : ( $ 1 G1 H4 G :
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49. ! G #? H ). G)1997 : ( # P4# 7# !
5 $ P: $. @ > ") /- !
%/ " P !:> /" G #" =+= &$ q $ & G
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50. H&+ #? GJ)1983 : ( ! " . & G
&$" =".
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11 9! G:" 4.
52. ) G3=&$ 2 G)2000 : ( ! 5 4 . 0'
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- 149 -
53. 5= 1" *)1999 : ( # 5 ! " 6)" < ! .
M @* )5Z11(* GH 1+&. G3$ &$" #" 9.
54. H;4 H# M #4 G9 %)1993 : ( ! 4 G$+ L& $ ,= H G
$+ G` .
55. &) $+ G!)2001 : ( ! $ % " @#- C "1 G 1 H4 G :
F *" =& .
56. G9= +/ G)1989 : ( # W 4 . /
9<- 8 / 4 B 8 ! ! G3#$ 5 &) + G9
)29.(
57. / H $ G2=)2006 : ( ") ) " 4 &" 0'
7BD /! @ 4> + 1/ G G9*O G + $ G9= O "+
H 1+&..
58. GJ*O 4 G\ ? G=)2002 : ( # R#5 4 G
H:F *" =& " 4.
59. #4 G3"=)1986 : (1 $*" 1 G3 H G :H .
60. G3=&$ 4 G\ )2001 : ( # # 4 &" . 0'
# D U! 9< I" M M ! " ,+ & G
$ G &#!"+)10(2 G1 +/ G.
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62. " GH GJ*O 4 G\)2003 : ( ! 1 G1 G
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- 150 -
63. B12 + G )2001 : ( 4 . 0' # ! 7 7;
R. " ) 9 B * - /! @ 1/ G
H 1+&. G&#= G =1 = $ G9= O "+.
64. &$" #" 9*)2002 : (- 8 @ " 4H 1+&. G.
- 151 -
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- 154 -
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- 199 -
4 . 5 / : 5 ..................... : … .
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- 259 -
Accordingly, the researcher recommends the followings: -
Ministry of Education and Higher Education should take into
consideration the necessity for the production of educational
software when designing new syllabus following "Tutorial
Teaching Method & drill and practice method".
Besides, the MOE should pay the teachers' attention to the
importance of using these techniques in education especially
"Tutorial Teaching Method & drill and practice method".
- 260 -
Study tools:
The researcher uses the following tools: -
Achievement test to measure the scientific and cognitive
skills in the ENERGY UNIT which consisted of (40) Multiple
Choice Questions
Observation sheet to measure the scientific and psychomotor
skills in the ENERGY UNIT which consisted of (14) parts.
Data analysis:
The research used the following statistical methods: -
(One-Way ANOVA) to analyze data
(T.Test) for two similar and independent samples
effect range (Eta Square)
Through the theoretical and practical studies , the researcher has concluded the following results: -
1- There are statistical significant differences α ≤ )0.05( on the
scientific cognitive skills - belongs to teaching methods- in favor of the first experimental group than the second controlled experimental group. Besides, there are statistical
significant differences α ≤ )0.05( in favor of the second
experimental group than the controlled experimental group. This shows the effectiveness of the computerized program using "Tutorial Teaching Method & drill and practice method" to develop scientific & cognitive skills in teaching the energy unit for the students of the seventh grade.
2- There are statistical significant differences α ≤ )0.05( on the
scientific psychomotor skills - belongs to teaching methods- in favor of the first experimental group than the second controlled experimental group. Besides, there are statistical
significant differences α ≤ )0.05( in favor of the second
experimental group than the controlled experimental group. This shows the effectiveness of the computerized program using "Tutorial Teaching Method & drill and practice method" to develop scientific & psychomotor skills in teaching the energy unit for the students of the seventh grade.
- 261 -
Abstract Background: The study aimed at exploring the effect of a
computerized program on two methods: The Tutorial Program and
Drill and Practice Program in teaching the energy unit on the
scientific skills to the seventh grade level in order to find answers to
the study answers to the study questions and hypothesis.
Study sample: The researcher nominated intentional sample from
grade seven in Rafah Prep Boys School "C". The sample consisted
of ninety students. It was divided into three random samples: -
The first experimental group which consisted of (30) students was
taught through the computerized program in the tutorial program
method.
While the second experimental group which consisted of 30
students was taught through Drill and Practice method. The third
one was the controlled group which was taught in the traditional
method.
Research method:
The study depended on three research methods: -
1- Constructive research method:
The researcher designed a computerized program based on
"tutorial" and "drill and practise" technique. This technique aimed
at measure its effects on teaching (energy unit) on scientific skill
for the seventh grade.
2- Experimental research method:
The researcher implemented this research method relying on the
computerized program: "tutorial" was applied on the first
experimental group; "drill and practice" was applied on the
second experimental group.
3- Descriptive research method:
The researcher described the computerized educational
programs in many fields: (advantages, benefits, disadvantages,
using fields, past researches in this field)
- 262 -
Abstract
B "3 D ?.