The

Atmosphere

Troposphere

Stratosphere

78% N, 21% O

Ozone layer

Fig. 20-2 p. 434

Outdoor Air Pollution Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants

Fig. 18-22, p. 485

Fig. 18-1, p. 465

The South Asian Brown Clouds are

gigantic clouds of dust, smoke,

soot, and other pollutants that

stretch over much of South Asia.

One is visible here over eastern

China.

Fig. 18-2, p. 465

Brown-air smog

Photochemical

reaction

Photochemical

oxidants

Fig. 20-5 p. 440

Industrial

Smog

Gray-air smog

Industrial smog

Sulfuric acid

Sulfur dioxide

Particulates

Temperature Inversions

Fig. 20-7 p. 443

Fig. 18-13, p. 476

Fig. 18-12, p. 475

CO 5

Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition

Fig. 20-8 p. 444

Fig. 18-9, p. 474

Nutrient

leaching

Heavy metal

release

Weakens trees

Fig. 20-11 p. 447

Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil

Acid Deposition in the US

Acid

Deposition

Damage

Acid rain can eat through stone and metal. It has accelerated

the natural weathering process of this scarred stone angel's face.

Fig. 18-7, p. 471

Acid deposition weakens trees and pollutes surface waters.

Fig. 18-16b, p. 479

Fig. 20-12 p. 448

Fig. 18-19, p. 482

Indoor Air Pollution Fig. 20-13 p.450

Fig. 18-18, p. 481

Radon

Lung of non-smoker. Right: Lung

of smoker

Emission

Reduction

Fig. 20-17 p. 456

Fig. 20-18a p. 457

Reducing

Motor

Vehicle

Air

Pollution

Fig. 20-19 p. 458

Fig. 18-23, p. 487

Fig. 18-25, p. 488

Fig. 18-26, p. 488

The energy-efficient Turbo Stove™

can greatly reduce indoor air

pollution and the resulting

premature deaths in less-developed

countries such as India

Fig. 21-2 p. 463

Last Ice Age was ~6C colder than present temperatures

Last glacial

The Last Ice Age

Northern NJ was

covered by ~1 km

thick ice sheet

30% of the land

surface was covered

by ice (only 10% is

covered today)

Orbital Parameters

Cause variations in solar

radiation with times scales

<100,000 years

The Greenhouse Effect

Fig. 6-14 p. 110

This time series shows the

combined global land and marine

surface temperature record from

1850 through 2006.

Northern Hemisphere Temperature Change for the Last 1,000 Years

Fig. 19-2b, p. 494

Fig. 19-2c, p. 494

Global Carbon Dioxide Over the Last 450,000 Years

The ratio of record daily highs to record daily

lows was significantly higher in the last decade

than in five previous ones, new research shows.

Predicted Concentrations of Green House Gases

Fig. 19-3b, p. 495

Fig. 19-4, p. 496

Fig. 19-7a, p. 499

Fig. 19-7b, p. 499

Vanishing Ice

Photograph by Melissa Farlow and Randy Olson

Outfitted for a day of ice climbing, students test

their skills on a glacier named the Mer de Glace,

or Sea of Ice—one of the largest glaciers in the

Alps. It extends eight miles (12 kilometers) on the

northern side of Mont Blanc near Chamonix,

France. Like other glaciers throughout the Alps,

this one is receding. If current trends hold,

scientists predict that 50 to 80 percent of

remaining Alpine glaciers could vanish by 2100.

Some

Possible

Effects

of a

Warmer

World

Fig. 21-12 p. 475

Fig. 19-11, p. 507

Fig. 19-12, p. 508

Fig. 19-13, p. 509

A Kirtland's warbler in its native

habitat

Fig. 19-15, p. 511

Fig. 19-D, p. 512

Solutions:

Dealing

with the

Threat of

Climate

Change

Removing CO2 from the Atmosphere

Fig. 19-17, p. 516

Fig. 19-20, p. 520

Fig. 21-21 p. 484

Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

Fig. 19-21, p. 521

Fig. 21-25 p. 487

Squamous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Antarctic Ozone Values Since 1979

Solutions: Protecting the Ozone Layer