IN REI'I.\' IlEFER TO:

Memorandum

To:

Through:

From:

Subject:

· United States Department of the Interior

. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge

HC 10 Box 145

Rochert, Minnesota 56!'i78

December 28, 1994

Regional Historic Preservation Officer, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota (SS)

Regional Director, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota (WAM-1)

Refuge Manager, Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge, Rochert, Minnesota

Forest Management Plan Amendment

Subject amendment as requested in ARW memo ofDecember 6, 1994 is enclosed.

Tamarac's Forest Management Plan (approved February, 1994), Compatibility Determination and Environmental Assessment for Timber Harvesting (approved September, 1994 and November, 1994, respectively) are current and provide additional information relative to timber harvesting and resource protection. ·

If you have any questions concerning this amendment, please contact myself or Cy Brock at (218) 847-2641.

Enclosures

/

Amendment 1 to

Forest Management Plan Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge

(revised February 2, 1994)

This amendment to the Tamarac Forest Management Plan specifies the Special Guidelines to be followed when planning timber harvests and the Special Conditions to be made a part of Special Use Permits for timber harvests. These guidelines and conditions are designed to eliminate impacts to known archaeologic/historic resources and to minimize timber harvesting impacts to all other timbered land where unknown archaeologic/historic sites might exist.

These conditions will be strictly adhered to during timber harvesting by force account and third party activities. Refuge staff will provide appropriate oversight to timber harvest operations to ensure compliance with these conditions.

Special Guidelines

Review "Archaeologic/Historic Sites" map (March 1978 - map included) before writing Special Use Permit for timber harvesting.

No timber harvesting to occur within known archaeologic or historic sites.

"Map showing proposed timber harvest areas be forwarded to Regional Historic Preservation Officer at least 90 days prior to planned time of harvest (map included)" as specified by Environmental Assessment ofthe Forest Management Program dated November 1, 1994.

Regional Historic Preservation Officer's review of proposed timber harvest areas and response to refuge to be completed by August 31 each year.

Special Conditions

Harvest in fall and winter (October 1 through March 15) when soil is generally dry or frozen. Harvesting will be suspended without advanced notice as conditions warrant.

Existing roads and trails will be maintained and used for harvest operation. No new roads will be built. New trails and landings can only be built at the discretion and design of the refuge manager, incorporating the guidance provided by the archeological review for said area.

Skidding will be accomplished by using rubber-tired ·skidders, only.

Wildlife Associate Manager Regional Historic reservation Officer I

Regional Forester

--fAMARAC -NWR -~LANDUSEMAP/ROADS/FORESTCOMPARTMENTS-­

Archaeologic/Historic Review Camp. for 1995 - 5,15,25

~ Cutover Area

Lowland Gra~~

Upland Grass

Lowland Brush

Upland Brush

Agriculture

Industrial Dvlpt.

Roads

Permanent Water

Non-Perm. IJater

Marsh

Muskeg

Lowland Hardwood~

Birch

Ba I m o-F G I I ud

Northern Hardwoods

Oak

IJhlte Pine

Norway Pine

Jack Pine

Balsam Fir

Lowland Blk. Spruce

Tamarack

Stagnant Tamarack

Offsl te

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TAMARAC NATIONAL~\ u.s. FISH AND

WILDLIFE .. ~ WILDLIFE SERVICE ~ DEPARTMENT OF

REFUGE~ THE INTERIOR

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ARCHEOLOGIC I HISTORIC SITES

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IN RF.ri.Y RF.Ff.R TO:

Memorandum

To:

From:

Subject:

United States Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Tamarac National Wilrllife Refuge

IIC 10 Box 145 Rochert, Minnesota 56578

October 2, 1992

Regional Director, u. s. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota (WAH-l)

Refuge Manager, Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge, Rochert, Minnesota

Forestry Management Plan

The subject plan is attached for your review and approval. It basically reflects a "no cut", old. growth area and new acreages resulting from recent aspen clearcutting. I look for a major re-write of this plan when we get GIS/GPS on board and forest·compartments are modified to fit into fire management units. Please contact myself or Cy if you have any questions.

Attachment

:,:,t

REFUGE MANAGEMENT PLAN, PART III

Chapter 2

FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge Rochert, Minnesota

Date a

Date a /o..... 3'~ (f' 11

Date: 1io z; LtN1

..

I.

II.

III.

IV.

v. VI.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...............•.......•.•..•..••.••.•••

Forest Management Objectives ••••••••••••••••••••••••

Description of Forest Resources and Management Strategies •••••••••••••••••••••••••

A. Tree Species and Parameters

1. 2. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8.

Aspen and Paper Birch ••••••••••••••••••• Upland Hardwoods•••••••••••••••••••••••• Lowland Hardwoods ••••••••••••••••••••••• Lowland Conifers •••••••••••••••••••••••• Red and White Pine •••••••••••••••••••••• Jack Pine ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Balsam Fir and White Spruce ••••••••••••• Oak • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Forest Inventory Procedures •••••••••••••••••••••••••

Refuge Forest Compartments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Procedures for Timber Sales •••••••••••••••••••••••••

LIST OF TABLES a

·1. 2.

Composition of Refuge Forest Landa •••••••••••••••••• Forest Composition of Reserved Stands ••••••••••••••.

LIST OF FIGUBESa

1. 2. 3: 4.

Map of Refuge Reserved Timber Stands •••••••••••••••• Refuge Land and Forest Classification ••••••••••••••• Forest ~lassification (\)••••••••••••••••••••~•••••• 'Forest Compartment MaP•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

APPENDIX:

1. Reference Map of Forest Types •••••••••••••••••••••••

1

1

2

6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9

9

10

10

4 4

l 5 5

11

12

1

I. Introduction

Basic background information, objectives and management strategies for Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge are found in Parte I and II of the Refuge Management Plan.

Forest management practices impact on moat refuge objectives, but those practices affecting threatened and endangered species, waterfowl nesting and wildlife diversity are of primary concern. Forest lands total more than 27,000 acres of the refuge's 42,724 acres and the benefits realized from the proper management of this large forested area can be many and varied.

II. Forest Management Ob1ectivea

The objectives of the Tamarac Forest Management Program are as follows:'

1. Provide protection and generate new habitat areas for en­dangered species,

2. Encourage growth and retention of abundant tree cavities for cavity nesting waterfowl and other birdat

3. Provide improved wildlife habitat conditions for a variety of species, utilizing sustained yield principles of timber man­agement; and,

4. Promote the development of open crown canopies and block _r,learcuta to provide habitat for a diversity of wildlife.

These objectives can be met by using the following management practices:

1. Management of upland and lowland hardwoods will be directed toward mixed, uneven aged stands. All ages will be represent­ed to insure a continuous supply of natural cavities. Cavity­prone species, including basswood (Iil!A americana), aspen (Populus~), and elm (Ulmus spp.) will often be allowed to stand to over mature ages. Northern red oak (Quercus ~)

· will be encouraged if none of the above cavity-prone trees are present in a given area. Harvest techniques used will include clearcutting and selective cutting. Clearcutting is the removal of the entire stand in one cutting with reproduction obtained artificially or by natural seeding from adjacent stands or from trees cut in the clearing operations. Selec­tive cutting is the removal of the mature timber, either aa single scattered individuals or in small groupe at relatively short intervals, repeated indefinitely, by means of which the continuous establishment of reproduction is encouraged and an uneven-aged stand ia maintained. ~rees containing cavities will be saved.

2. Management of white pine tree clusters ao that individual white pine trees provide the following conditions for eagle usez

- easy access to water/field - good access opening to potential nest site with some

live crown above alta

'•

2

- potential neat alte located aa high aa adjacent tree tops (potential neat alta located in upper portion of super dominate tree) and,

- several (two to five) dominant pines located in same area, but pines not tightly clustered.

3. Management of approximately 1000 acres of brushy (oak) grasslands and wetlands, primarily with fire, to provide breeding grounds for migratory waterfowl and also to enhance the area for prairie grouse (Figure 1.). (See Management Plan, Part III, Chapter 4, Grassland Management).

4. Management of a diverse forested area which possesses a high probability of becoming, over time, acceptable habitat for interior forest birds, neotroplcal migrants, and other apecles that require old growth forest characteristics. Thl8 old growth area, consisting of approximately 2600 acrea, ia the land base encompassed by the Blackbird Auto Tour Route.

s. Representative areas of all timber types will be allowed to develop into over-mature stands with no treatment in an effort to insure that the needs of all wildlife species are being considered. These specific areas are the Wilderness Area, Research Natural Areas, and Old Growth Area (Figure 1.).

6. Management of the remaining forest will be directed toward a sustained yield system. Overall management will be for an uneven age forest in even age stands. Harvesting techniques will include clearcutting and selective cutting with emphasis on clearcutting • .

Aa .a general rule, woody vegetation will be discouraged from en­croaching on existing openings unless so specified in the Grassland Management Plan. Many of these existing openings are essential for waterfowl nesting cover.

III. Description of Forest Resources and Hanaaement Strateaies

Extensive logging of red and white pine took place on the oouth half of. Tamarac Refuge during the period 1880-1910. Similar logging occurred on the north half of the refuge from 1918 through 1922. Generally, timbered land was burned two or three times in as many years immediately following the logging operations. This resulted in appreciable regrowth of aspen, birch, and hardwoods, but not conifers •.

Approximately 150 acres of timber were harvested each year from 1963 through 1986. During 1987 through 1990 the harvest rate for aspen was increased to approximately 1000 acres par year.

Composition of refuge forests is shown in'Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3. Forest composition of reserved stands is shown in Table 2. A complete forest type map is available at refuge headquarters. A copy of this map and legend are included as Appendix 1 for reference purposes only. .,.

The long range forest management goal is to provide diverse patterns of vegetation and openinga_throughout the entire refuge.

Becker County, Minnesota Figure 1.

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Indian land .. N

9lB Aeolrtane m--e l.eunc:t*'IJ ~ m~......,.,.

a-s.­o HllqT ...

Dx-eS~<~ng o......_

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Table 1. Composition of Refuge Forest Landa

Commercial

Aspen Upland Hardwoods Red & White Pine Jack pine Balsam Fir-White Spruce Birch Oak Tamarack Black Spruce Lowland Hardwoods

SUBTOTALs

Non-Commercial

Reserved s.tanda•

TOTAL FORESTED ACRES

• a. T.wo 1 r .. c...,a.a~~oa

Acres per Type

8,434 3,430

494 1,323 1,156 1,056 1,929

785 400 405

19,412

4,172

3.984

27,568

· Table 2. ·. Fo.reat Composition of Reserved Stands

Aspen Upland Hardwoods Red & Wt)ite Pine Jack Pine

Wilderness· Area

Balsam Fir/Wht. Sp. Birch

783 24 68

153 45

Oak Tamarac Black Spruce Lowland Hardwoods

TOTALs

68 41

1,182

Research Nat. Areas

58 194

15

267

1000 acre are!*

347 38 47

180

65

4

681

4

\ of Refuge

Old

20 8 1 3 3 2 5 2 1 1

46

10

J.

65

Growth area

831 501

13 110

92

250

51 1,854

Figure 2.

REFUGE LAND AND FOREST CLASSIACATION DIAGRAM

Land Classification

Figure 3

(Percentage of Refuge Land)

Old Growth Nea 4% 1000 Acre Area 1% Research Natural Areas 1% Wilderness Area 3%

Roads, Grass, Relds 6%

Non-Commercial Forest 10%

Forest Classification (Percentage of For$Sted Land)

Old Growth Area 7%

Black Spruce 1% 1

Reseantl Natural Areas 1% 1000 Aae Area 2% Red & White Pine 2% Lowland Hardwoods 2%

Tamarack3%

Blrch4% Balsam Rr & White Spruce 4% Wilderness Area 5%

5

6

A. Tree Species and Parameters

The following list shows the primary forest types on the refuge and discusses species characteristics, wildlife uses and management strategies.•

1. Aspen and Paper Birch (9265 and 1148 • 10413 acres)

a. Species. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), big tooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) and white birch (Betula _ papyrifera) are found in pure atanda and in mixture with balsam fir (~ balsamea) and upland hardwoods.

b. Site. Aspen and birch are located on nearly all aitas on the refuge. Management emphaaia, initially will be dir­ected at those areas having a alta index greater than so••. As markets permit sites with indices lower than 50 will be addressed.

c. Size and Age Claaa. All ages and size classes of aspen and birch are represented. Large sapling and small pole size trees are least abundant.

d. Wildlife Uses. Cavity nesting birds, ruffed grouaa, white­tailed deer and rabbits use the aspen areas extensively. Food availability from new growth of aspen and birch are, to a great extent, determined by the market demand for mature trees.

e~ Management Strategy. Harvest aspen and birch with site in­·dices of 50 to 60 at 55 to 65 years of age and aitea with indices above 60 at 70 years of age. Adjacent clearcuta of aspen, separated by ten year cutting intervals, are desirable to benefit early successional stage species auch as woodcock, golden-winged warblara and ruffed grouaa.

•Acreage contains commercial and old growth acres.

••site index is a measure of the quality of the aggregate of all environ­mental conditions affecting the survival and growth of specific tree species.

2. Upland Hardwoods (3931 acres)

a. Species. Species composition includes basswood, sugar maple (Acer saccharum), northern red oak, American elm

(Ulmus americana), white birch and aspen.

b. Site. The upland hardwoods are located mostly on good to medium sites. Site indices range from 60 to 80.

c. Size and Age Class. hardwoods exists predominating.

An unbalanced age structure of upland with pole and saw timber sizes

d. Wildlife Uses. Upland hardwoods with their associated cavities provide major use areas for nesting wood ducks, hooded mergansers and numerous other cavity nesting birds.

1

e. Management Strategy. Forest management within the upland hardwoods will be to provide wood duck, upland game and non-game habitat needs. Cavity prone tree species will be encouraged, that is basswood, aspen, red oak and elm. Trees with cavities will be left. Management is geared toward a mixed, uneven aged stand. The patch cut system will be used to harvest timber. This harvesting technique is designed to create small openings or clear cuts ad­jacent to acceptable and/or potential nesting sites. Another beneficial result of this type of cut is the growth of herbaceous and woody ehrubs for upland game. The selective cut method, where only a portion of the trees are removed can change the composition of the etand to shade tolerant species, such as sugar maple and bass­wood. If maple is removed during the selective cut, bass­wood, a cavity prone tree, will be favored.

3. Lowland Hardwoods (462 acres)

a. Species. Species composition includes green ash (Fraxinus lanceloate), black ash (Fraxinus ~), American elm and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera).

b~ Site. The lowland hardwoods are located mostly on medium sites which are found along sluggish streams, swamp edges and in depressions within the upland hardwoods.

c. Size and Age Class. The lowland hardwood age structure is pole and small saw size trees 45 to 80 years of age.

·d. ··Management strategY Refer to text under upland hardwoods.

4. Lowland conifers (1435 acres)

a. Species. Species composition includes tamarack (~ laricina), found in pure stands and balsam fir and black spruce (Picea mariana) found in mixed stands.

b. Site. The lowland conifers are located mostly on poor to ·medium sites. Site indices range from 30 to 55.

c. Size and Age Class. Tamarack is pole and saw timber size with an age span from 35 to 100 years. The balsam fir and black spruce are mostly small pole size in a 35 to 100 year age span.

d. Management Strategy. Rotation age on tamarack will be 80 to 100 years for pulpwood and sawlogs. Harvest will be made by a seed tree cut.

Balsam fir and black spruce are found in mixed stands. Re­commended rotation age on black spruce is at least 100 years while balsam fir is 50 years. Both species are found on shallow swamp sites and are in danger of loss from windthrow. The productivity of the stand varies greatly even within the same swamp. Cutting should be done to maintain a mixed species stand.

Objective of management is to provide winter cover for up­land wildlife.

8

s. Red and White Pine (494 acres)

a. Species. Species composition includes red pine (l!nYA resinosa) and white pine (~ strobus) which are found in pure stands, mixed stands, plantations and as wolf trees throughout the refuge.

b. Site. Red and white pine are located on medium sites with site indices between SO and 60.

c. Size and Age Class. Age structure of red and white pine plantations is from 10 to 40 years of age while the trees of saw ttmber size range in age from SO to 100 years plus. Natural regeneration of pine· is preferred over planting.

d. Wildlife Uses. Red and white pine plantations provide excellent cover for upland wildlife while mature atanda provide eagle roost and nest sites.

e. Management Strategy. Management of red and white pine will be by selective cutting with intermediate cuts at 10 year intervals. The stocking level for the smaller DBH trees will be basal area (BA-Le. sum of cross-sectional area in square feet of individual trees for a given acre) of 80 and for larger trees BA of 110. Rotation age is 200+ years. Shelterwood cuts (BA of 10 to 20) should be used to regenerate adequately stocked or overstocked stands. Minor mechanical site disturbance between SO to 100 feed from scattered trees may be necessary to regenerate

"understocked stands.

6. Jack Pine (1336 acres)

a. Species. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) is located in pure stands on dry sandy soils. In heavier soils it is mixed with oak (Quercus~), red pine and aspen.

b. Site. Jack pine is located on poor to medium sites. Site indices range from 40 to ss.

c. Size and Age Class. Age structure for jack pine plant­ations is from 10 years to 40 years while the trees of pole and saw timber size range from SO to 8S years plus.

d. Wildlife Uses. Younger trees provide shelter and some food for most upland game, particularly deer and rabbits. Yarded deer in turn provide food for threatened timber wolves.

e. Management Strategy. Even-aged management through clear cutting will be practiced. Rotation will be between SO to 6S years. Regeneration must be considered before cutting commences.

Regeneration can be promoted by prescribed burning after harvesting and by seeding or planting. Natural regen­eration without fire has not been particularly successful.

7. Balsam Fir and White Spruce (1266 acres)

a. Species. Species composition includes balsam fir, which

9

makes up 90\ of the type, white spruce (~ glauca) and aspen.

b. Site. Balsam fir and white spruce are located mostly on medium to good sites. Site indices range from SO to 70.

c. Size and Age Class. The balsam fir and white spruce age structure is pole and small saw ai&e trees 35 to 60 years of age.

d. Wildlife Uses. The balsam fir and white spruce sites pro­vide wintering areas and some low quality browse for white-tailed deer.

e. Management Strategy, Even aged management through clear­cutting will be practiced. Rotation age will be between 40 to 50 years of age. Objectives of management are to develop adequately stocked stands and improve species composition by increasing the percent of white spruce and red pine.

8. · Oak (1929 acres)

a.. Species. Species composition includes burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), red oak, and northern pin oak (auercus ellipaoidalia).

b. Site. Moat of the oak are located on dry sandy soils that at one time supported jack and red pine, Moat of the areas have a site index of 40.

c. Size and Aae Class. The oak age structure is small pole size with an age of SO to 60 years.

d. Wildlife Uses, The oak sites provide good cover, browse and acorn production for upland wildlife.

e •. Management Strategy. Undisturbed oak areas can be used as overatory sites for scattered plantings of red and white pine seedlings. Sites will not be converted to pine plantations. Areas where red oak has been removed can be used as browse areas.

IV. Forest Inventory Procedures

A Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) is a system of randomly selected plots, permanently established that are relocated and remeaaured on a ten year basis which provide general volume and trend information for the entire refuge. Data collected are computer processed and the summaries filed.

The CFI plots are distributed proportionally by acreage of each forest type. Approximately 500 acres of timber types are represented by one plot. Using a grid, random numbers and type map, plot locations are established. The locations will be transferred to aerial photographs. Plot centers were located on the ground and referenced for future relocation.

Sample trees on CFI plots.are selected by using 10 factor angle gauge or priam beginning north of the plot center and working clock­wise around that point. •xn• trees were marked as to number beginning with one on each plot and the DBH, merchantable height,

·.

10

total height, species and tree class were recorded. The tree class indicates that a tree is sapling, pole, saw timber or cull and whether it is in the hardwood or softwood group. All meaaured trees were marked with a numbered tag to facilitate remeaaurement.

CFI plots will not receive special protection from forest management operations. Part of the value of this syatem is the consideration of both man's and nature's disturbance of the habitat.

v. Refuge Forest Compartments

/

VI.

The refuge is divided into 30 forest compartments as shown in Figure 4. Several portiona of the refuge have been placed in reaerve status where no active management will take place. These areaa are illustrated in Figure 1 and includea

a. Compartment 21 - Wllderneaa Area b. Part of Compartments 3 and 15 - Research Natural Areas c. Three islands in North Tamarac Lake - Wilderneas Area d. NW, SE, Sec. 17, T141N, R39W - 40 acres and two islands in Big

Egg Lake and two islanda in Two Island Lake (inholdings) e. Area inside Blackbird Auto Tour Route.

The remaining compartment& will receive normal foreatry treatments.

Three compartment& will be reviewed each year preferably in winter or spring, to prepare the preacription (proposed foreatry activitiea for those compartments for the coming fiscal year. For example, compa. 3, 13 and 23 are to be analyzed in FY 1992 and are to be treated in FY 1993. The compartment review will be conducted by taking line sample plots in each timber type in a given compartment. Sufficient data (volume, basal area, stem condition) will be col­lected so that the prescription can be written. The proacription ia to specify what should be done to which portion of tho compartment type map will be collected at the aame time.

Timber Sales

The demand for stumpage from the refuge fluctuates widely from year to year. Stumpage prices used on refuge sales are correlated to the State of Minnesota Stumpage Price Guide and the County Price Guide. Even though there is wide fluctuation in stumpage demand and subsequent sales, all timber sales are deaigned to accomplish specific refuge objectives in wildlife/forestry habitat management.

A Special Use Permit will be prepared in accordance with 6RM3 by the Area Forester for approval by the Refuge Manager. This permit will be based on the data collected during the annual compartment analysis/review and some additional data collected at that time. The permit will clearly indicate the cutting area and amount and size of timber to be cut, species involved·, type of harveat, harvest objectives, stumpage prices, acaling provisions and any other special requirements. One copy will be given to the permittee, another copy sent to the Regional Forester and the remaining copy retained for refuge recorda.

The Area Forester will actively puraue prospective permittee• to accomplish the cultural treatments specified for that fiscal year. The economic climate will determine, to a great extent, the amount of timber that loggers will cut in a given year.

T 142 N

T 141 N

., .. r

141 N

T 140 N

.....

T 140 N

T 139 ~

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BECKER COUNTY, MINNESOTA

R39W

Figure 4. Forest Compartment

LEGEND

WILDERNESS AREA

- REFUGE BOUNDARY

PU,LIC LAY/ S4- 557 !~ci.IS,I976)

COUNTY ROADS

REfUGE ROADS

--f'

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•·

..

• ••

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·" 11 I , . '

'

! &

I ~

" .1.. ' ' .,

FIFTH PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN

. ..... . .. .. ... ...., ..... .... ·~--------- ... ---.... .

R39W

..

R:i9W

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T 141 N

., ....

T

T 14C N

...,.

T 14C N

T 13~ N

\

12

Appendix 1. Forest Type ~ap (reduced for illustration purposes only).

'

13

Appendix 1. (Cont.)

Type

Size

I

II

III

IV

LEGEND OF SYMBOLS USED IN MAPPING

Symbol Forest Types

A

M

L

J

R

w

0

T

B

s

p

Aspen

Upland Hardwoods

Lowland Hardwoods

Jack Pine

Red Pine

White Pine

Oak

Tamarack

Balsam Fir & White Spruce

PL

Black Spruce

Paper Birch

Plantation

Classes

Seedlings 0-1" DBH

Saplings 1-5" DBH

Pole S-9" DBH (Conifers) · S-11" DBH (Hardwoods)

Type Symbol Non-Forest Types

G

UB

LB

D

Sx

Tx

R

F

RD

Grass

Upland Brush

Lowland Brush

Duff

Non-Productive Swamp-Spruce

Non-Productive Swamp-Tamarack

Recreational

Field

Road

Density classes

Understocked

, , Adequately Stocked

, , , Overstocked

Sawlogs all diameters above pole size

... -·'