History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe:

The Thirty Years War

Reminders What is a primary source?

not editorial introductions, comments, footnotes

Leading class discussion: 10 March Colin, Pasha, Curtis article by David Parrot in The Military

Revolution Debate (on reserve) article by Derek Croxton, Journal of Military

History Leading class discussion: 12 March

Thomas, Mark article by Mortimer in Early Modern Military

History (on reserve)

Maps Pyrenees: http://

www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/pyrenees.htm

Franco-Spanish War, 1635-1659: http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/franco_spanish_war_1635.htm

Spain’s War with France and the Dutch Republic: http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/thirty_years_war_1635.htm

Questions

1. Why did Spain decline after 1635?2. How can we characterize the war in

the Empire after 1635?

Spain’s decline War in Italy, 1635-1642 France’s objective

close Valtellina pass restore control to

Protestants Henri de Rohan

French victory 1635 reverse 1636

Spain’s “alliance with heretics” (p. 647) to regain transit through Valtellina

lack of Protestant support for French conflict with Milan

Spain’s decline War in Italy

civil war in Savoy (1639-1642)

France vs. Spain (1639-1640)

stalemate death of Urban VIII

(1644) Innocent X (1644-1655)

Spain’s decline Attack on Spain

Pyrenees two points of invasion

West: Fuenterrabia East: Perpignan East: Salces

1638: West 1639: East

Salces falls

Spain’s decline Revolt in Catalonia, 1640

French figinting in Rousillon and Lerida Revolt of Portugal, 1640

Defenestration of Lisbon (1 December 1640) in response to demand for 6,000 troops

War of Restoration (1640-1668)

Spain’s decline Fiscal-military burden

“The monarchy remained rich, but it could no longer cope with the mounting cost of war” (p. 655).

silver imports “Spain’s transatlantic trade collapsed in 1638-

41” (p. 659) rising taxes diminishing population The Army of Flanders “was insufficient to fight

both France and the Dutch Republic” (p. 656). casualty and wastage rate: +20,000 per year

after 1635 resistance to military service losses to Dutch in West Indies

Spain’s decline Military defeats

fall of Breda, 1637 “Victory was no longer expected; the aim now

was to leave the war with honour” (p. 661). co-ordinated attacks by France and Dutch

Republic, 1638 irrecoverable attrition rates affect on Empire:

reduction in financial subsidies from Spain “A Spanish success in the Netherlands would

enable Ferdinand III to withdraw his troops from Luxembourg, while a Spanish defeat would free France to reinforce its army in Germany” (p. 659).

Spain’s decline Military defeats

Olivares dismissed (1643)

death of Richelieu (1642) and Louis XIII (1643)

Cardinal Mazarin no quick peace with

Spain territorial gains in the

Empire Battle of Rocroi (1643)

political significance for France

Character of the War after 1635 “universal, anarchic and self-perpetuating

violence” (quoted on p. 622 from Michael Howard, War in European History [1976]) ???

a purposeful myth social, economic, administrative crisis

Swedish plunder of Olmütz, 1642 (pp. 635-36) aftermath of the Battle of Tuttlingen, 1643 (p.

643) capture of French officers & wives attacks of peasants on stragglers

casualties Second Battle of Breitenfeld, 1642 (p. 638) Battle of Jankau, 1645 (p. 695)

Character of the War after 1635 a mobile war

increased proportion of cavalry rapid response to conflicts “in poorly defended

regions” (p. 623) fewer sieges in the Empire (vs. Netherlands)

Character of the War after 1635

a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p. 624) “no marked decline in

the skill of either senior or junior officers” (p. 624)

France: Henri deTurenne

Sweden: Lennart Torstensson

Empire: Franz von Mercy

Character of the War after 1635

a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p. 624) neutrality

Peace of Goslar (1642) Wolfenbüttel exchanged for Hildesheim Guelphs ceased hostilities. France and Sweden lose Lower Saxony as a base for operation

Brandenburg cease-fire (1641), truce (1643)

Saxony Kötzenschenbroda Armistice (1645)

Character of the War after 1635 a war “firmly controlled and directed” (p.

624) financial way out

Heidelberg: Bavaria France bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg Sweden

“neutrality in all but name” (p. 640) Significance

moves towards neutrality “dispel the misconception of the war’s later stages as generalized, unlimited destruction” (p. 640)

“reduced the resources avaialable to the imperial war effort and discouraged the emperor’s remaining supporters” (p. 640). electors co-operated with princes and cities

instead of relying on relationship with the Emperor

Peace for War Regensburg

Reichstag, fall 1641 united front against

France and Sweden for German liberty

expansion of amnesty: Hessen-Kassel, Palatinate

an eighth electoral title

War for Peace 25 December 1641:

Ferdinand III’s gesture peace negotiations: France and Catholic

states in Münster Sweden and Protestant

states in Osnabrück local neutrality, safe

passage for envoys background: Guelph

neutrality, Brandenburg-cease fire

Peacemaking during war Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648

“a milestone in global relations” (p. 671) “the ideals and methods of the peace-makers

have profoundly influenced the theory and practice of international relations to the present” (p. 671)

“a ground-breaking event” (p. 672) “the first truly secular international gathering”

(p. 672) challenge to hierarchy move towards “the modern concept of an

order based on sovereign states interacting as equals, regardless of their internal form of government, resources, or military potential” (p. 672)

Peacemaking during war Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648

participation 198 official participants (235 envoys and representatives) 178 participants from the Empire accompanying staff: bodyguards, servants,

cooks, tailors, etc. total cost: ca. 3.2 M thalers

Negotiations Münster, Osnabrück Osnabrück: most Imperial matters settled here Catholics and Protestants in both cities bilateral talks

Peacemaking during war representatives and

objectives Spain: Count

Peñaranda France:

Claude de Mesmes, comte d’Avaux

Abel Servien comprehensive “peace

of Christendom” mutually exclusive

positions Spain: surrender of

some towns in Artois

Peacemaking during war representatives and

objectives Sweden: Johan

Oxenstierna (p. 675) Empire: Maximilian,

Count of Trauttmannsdorff Pomerania

Peacemaking during war conflicting interests of Sweden and

France facade of German liberties Sweden:

restoration of Palatinate Pomerania: how much? money

France: favour of Bavaria interests of Imperial church division between Empire and Spain

Peacemaking during war Westphalian Congress, 1643-1648

phases

1. 1643-1645: Who may participate?

2. 1646-1647: imperial constitution; compensation / territories for France and Sweden

3. 1648: comprehensive treaty, exclusion from peace?

War during peacemaking France and Sweden

renewal of alliance (1641) “division of military labour” (p. 642)

France: west of the Black Forest Sweden: Habsburg lands

Battle of Wolfenbüttel (1641) Imperial victory casualties: 3,000 (Empire); 2,000 (allies)

Battle of Kempen (1642) in Electorate of Cologne Hessen-Kassel in search of a victory for negotiations Allied victory reversal

Swedish invasion of Silesia and Moravia, 1642 fortress of Olmütz

War during peacemaking Sweden at war

Second Battle of Breitenfeld (1642) Swedish victory

War with Denmark (1643-1645) objectives invasion of Holstein (December 1643) fall of Christianpreis fort, Kiel (January 1644) naval war Imperial intervention, 1644 Kiel changes hands fall of Bremen and Verden Peace of Brömsebro, 1645

War during peacemaking Sweden at war

Battle of Jankau, 6 March 1645 “a disaster for the Emperor” (p. 695)

advance on Vienna, April 1645 brief co-operation with Transylvania

diffused by Imperial diplomacy Imperial “resilience and ingenuity” (p. 698) negative strategic consequences

War during peacemaking France at war

Battle of Tuttlingen (1643) Imperial victory vs. France

Battle of Freiburg (1644) Bavarians took Freiburg, 29 July “the longest and one of the toughest battles of

the war” (p. 683): 3 and 5 August stalemate with heavy casualties French gains on middle Rhine

Baden, bishoprics of Speyer and Worms, Philippsburg

War during peacemaking France at war

Battle of Herbsthausen / Mergenthehim, 5 May 1645 Imperial victory

Battle of Allerheim, 3 August 1645 French “strategic success” (p. 704)

Peacemaking during war

Participation of the Imperial estates in the Westphalian congress observers? Amalie Elisabeth, Hessen-

Kassel, champion of aristocratic interests proposal: estates to meet in

confessional groups support from Sweden and

France Emperor: invitation to

estates to participate in traditional three colleges (29 August 1644)

Peacemaking during war Imperial proposals

1. concessions to Sweden Pomerania, Bremen, Verden

2. concessions to Brandenburg

Magdeburg, Halberstadt

3. concessions to France Alsace

4. concession to Protestant estates

abandonment of restitution

5. concession to peace process

abandonment of Spain in a separate peace if absolutely necessary