0·· };-r-.....

/v<

*This Report not to be cited without prior reference tothe Councll

International councll forthe Explorationof the Sea

C. H. 1988/F:20Mariculture Committee

REPOR'l' OF THE WORKING GROUP ON H!TRODUCTIONS AND 'löRÄNSFERS

OF MARINE ORGANISMS

Edlnburgh, Scotland, May 31 - June 3, 1988

This document 1s areport of a Worklng.Group of·theInternational Counci1 for the Exploration of the Seaand does not necessarily represent the vlew of the

-Council. Therefore, lt should not be quoted withoutconsultation fromthe General ·Secretary.

*General SecretaryleESPalaegade 2-4,DK-1261 Copenhaqen KDENHARK

._ ." o#.~

..TADLE OF CONTENTS

Summary and 1988 Highlights of Important AdvisoryInformation on Introductions. • •• . •.

Introduction......•....•.•

Status of WG Reco~menüdtions for 1987

NATIONAL SUMHARIES OF INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS

iv

1

1

23

20

. . . . 20'::.

•

LaW5 ünd Prccedu=e~

1.0 Relevant laws and regulations •••.2.Q Other Procedures •.•.••••Dellberate Intrcductions:'FISn3.1.2 Marlculture. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43.1.3 Live storage prior to sale • • • • • • • • • • • •• 93.1.5 Captures of introductlons originally made in

neighboring countries. • • • . •• .•••••• 93.1.6 Research purposes. • • • • • • •• ••••• • • 9Deliberate Introductions:' INVERTEBRATES3.2.1 Fishery enhancement. • . • • • • • • • • • 103.2.2 Mariculture.•.•••••.•••••••••••• 103.2.3 Live storage prior to sale •.••••••••••• 113.2.4 Improvement of food supplies for other species • 113.2.5 Research purposes. • • • • • • •• • •••••• 11Accidentül Introductions4.0 Species introduced with deliberate introductions •• 125.0 Completelyaccidental introductions ..••••••. 16Hatchery 'Intrcductions6.2 stock relaid in small quantities under contro1led

conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..Planned ·.Introductions7.0 Planned introductions•••.•Llve .. ß:tports8.0 Live exports for consumption • .••• • • • 219.0 Live exports for other than direct consumption ..• 21

CURRENT STATUS OF PROPOSED OR ACTUAL INTRODUCTIONS

The Introduction and Cultivation of the Japanese BrownAlgae Undaria on the Atlantic coast of France. • . . • 22

ANDNORTH

JOINT MEETING OF THE lCES WORKING GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONSTRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS and Representatives of THEATLANTIC SALMON CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION (NASCO) •.•

Background of NASCO/NAC and Interest in SalmonHovements. . . • . • . . • . . . • . . . • • •

The NAC Bilateral Working Group on lntroductionsand Transfers. . . . . . . • .. . ...•..

- i -

23

23

23

• ",.:., '• • J. .. - •• ~. ".' •.~ .... !:":.";... •

-,

TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued)

JOINT MEETING OF THE lCES WORKlNG GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONS ANDTRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS and Representatives of THE NORTHATLANTIC SALMON CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION (HASCO) (continued)

NAC/BI/SIT and the lCES Worklng Group. •.• 24ICES Interest in Salmonid Movemcnts in the NorthAtlantic Ocean. • . . . . • . • . . • • • • • . • . • . 24

studies in Scotland on Genetic Questions of AtlanticSalmon Aquüculturc. . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • 25

Impact of Fish Farming and Restocking on NaturalPopulations of Salmonids in the UK~ •..•• • 26

Other Atlantic Salmon Hatcheries and Intcrcsts inEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

status of Introductions of Pacific salmon in North

•America •.•....•...

Conclusions, Recommendations, and Dircctions .••.•2828

....-

•

International Union for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources (IUCN): Interest in Translocation of Living Organisms. 29

The 1988 Mini-Symposium on "Case Histories of Effects ofIntroductions and Transfers on Marine Ecosystems".. • ••• 31

'I'he 1990 Symposium on "Case Histories of Effects ofIntroductions and Transfers on Aquatic Resources and Ecosystems".31

Update of Cooperative Research Report 116 (1982)(Status (1980) of Introductions and Transfers of Non-IndigenousHarine Species in North Atlantic Waters). • •• • ••••• 32

The Laws and Regulations Concerning Introductions and Transfersof Harine and Aquatic Organisms In ICESMember Countries. •• .33

Computerized Inventory and Bibliography of lntroductions andTransfers. • . • . .. ..• . .. .• 33

RECOMMENDATIONS ••

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

'rabiesTable 1:

Releases and Transfers of Juvenile Salmonid Fish in 1987.Table 2:

Transfers of Salmonid Fish Eggs (Ova) in 1987 ••Table 3:

Examples of Number of Hatcheries and Salmon ImportationRegulations in some ICES Hember Countries •.•..•••

- il -

• 33

. 35

5

7

30

,.~

~"':Iif4~~·,,(I.-o(.·V.?\.~.;":. .•"'." '... ' .....~ ..... - .. , ",' .'-'i ..: " : ... ·\, ..~_:.:.t.._ .:':,\,,~:":"f4' '~":-;::;.":,,,,;;.'-::C~:~:;.J.~~':}

-~ -

..

1.

TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued)

Appendlces

Agenda of the Meeting, Edinburgh, May - June 1988 .. .36

I!. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . • .38

III. Site Visit: Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling Univereity•• 42

- iii -

.-.,.-~_ ... ~~•. _ -........ " ...... ........ "1, •• .,....;- ,

• I

"!

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*

•*

*

5tJHtlA81and

19(10 HIGHLIGHTS OF IHPORTArfT ADVISORY HlFORNl\.TION ON INTRODUCTIONS

Tho release of scawatcr and frcshwatcr ballast by shlps, andthe intercountry movement of bait, can and does resu1t incritica1 accidenta1 introductions of exotic species

The continued release of foreign ballast water by ecean-goingvessels is now a major mechanism oE trQnsoceanic and intercontinenta1accidental trunsportation of marine and aquatic organisms, aswitnessed by the recent appearance of the European river ruffeGyrmf)c~pha1 LI::: cernnCl and the W,J. ter f lea BythotYE"phes in the us;~

Great Lakes, and by growing concerns over the accidentalinoculation of toxic-bloom causing phytoplankton (dinoflagellates).The move~ent of aquatic and marine organisms for bait, and theirintentional and accidental release over wide regions, are alsomujor causes for concern rclutive to nnrestrictec1 movements.Internationul und national conerol measures should be stuc1ied.

North Atlantic wild salmon stock genetic integrity may bethreatened by the rapid1y growing releases and movements(introductions and transfers) of cultured salmon

Rapid expansions of sea cage culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar) throughout the North Atlantic, using fish farm stockand other potentially inbred genotypes, have led to the widespreadaccidental and/or intentional releases of these fish, causingserious·concern over the genetlc integrity of natural (wild)salmen populations with which these cultured flsh may interbreed.A joint meeting of the lCES Working Group on lntroductions andTransfers and representatives of the North Atlantic SalmonConservation Organization (NASCO) addressed these and relatedconcerns in a one-day session. Genetie studies attempting toestablish inter- and intra-population genetic identification ofsalmon stocks are now in progress in the U.K. Modification ofnatural genomes may result in potential modifications in thebiological and ecological adaptations of the Atlantic salmon.

The eoho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch has established a residentreproducing population in the Cornwallis River, near Halifax,Nova Scotia, apparently as a result of releases of this speeiesin thc USA

lt has now been established that coho salmen have apparentlybeen reproducing in Nova Scotia every year since 1978 (withthe exception of 1983 and 1985). A~ native Atlantie salmonalso reproduce in this same river, further studies byCanadian official~ are encouraged to elosely monitor thisoverlap of native and exotic salmon species.

- iv -

.........._.... ~... ~, ..

..SUMMARY

and1988 HIGHLIGHTS OF IMPORTANT ADVISORY INFORMATION ON INTRODUCTIONS

(continued)

•

*

*

The Japanese brown alga Undaria pinnatifida is reproducingnaturallyon the Atlantic coast of France

The Jupane~e brown kelp Undaria pinnatifida, outplanted at theIle d'Ouessant on the Brittany Peninsula for experimentalstudieson growth und culture, was found in the summer of 1987 to benaturally reprod1lcing at this site. Two separute studies are nowin progress to assess the extent and potential of this naturalreproduction, anc1 to provide a foundation for IeES recommendationsrelative to future cultivation of this alga on the Atlantic coast ofFrance .

The Japanese brown alga Sargassum muticum has now reachedScandinavia (Sweden)

The Japanesc brown seaweed Sargassum muticum was discovered to begrowing and estab1ished in 1987 on the Swedish coast, the furthestnorth this invasive species has been recorded since its appearancein western Europe in the early 1970s.

Two symposia (1988 and 1990) are planned to review the biological,ecological, pathological, and practical (applied) concerns relativeto the introductions and transfers of marine and aquatic organismsin lCES member countries

A minisymposium in October 1988 and a major symposium in 1990 areplanned to address in detail theoretical and practical issuesrelative to pressing concerns over biological invasions in marineand aquatic waters, accidental and intentional, in ICES membercountries. The extent and range of such invasions, from seaweedsto invertebrates to fish, continue to increase in some regionsin an unbated fashion. These symposia are focused on reviewingin detail case histories of such introductions to lay thegroundwork for more sophisticated predictions and control measuresrelative to introductions and transfers.

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: ~.

.. .. - 1 -

WORKING GROUP ON HITRODUCTIONS AriD TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMSReport of u meeting, held May 31 - Junc 3 1988 at Edinburgh, Scotland

IntroductionThc 1988 meeting ofthe ICES Working Group on lntroductions and

Transfers of Harine Organisms was held at the Headquarters of the NorthAtlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (UASCO) in Edinburgh, Scotland,from Hay 31 to June 3 1988. Nine participants representing 8 membercountries werc present:

C. Sindermann United States of America (Chairman)J. Carlton Uni ted states of America (Rapporteur)R. Cutting CanadaV. Jacobsen Dcn"'<:1rkH. Grizel FranceS. dc Groot NetherlandsE. Egidius Norway• V. Bye UK (England and ~"ales )A. Munro UK (Scot:V:md) .......

In addition, reports were received from Ireland (0. McCarthy). Alsopresent during part of the meeting were Drs. H. Windsor and P. Hutchinson(HASCO) and A. Youngson (Harine Laboratory, Aberdeen)~' -Communicationswere also received from D. Dybern (Sweden), H. Quiroga (Spain), and H.Rosenthai (FRG).

The members of the WG were welcomed by Dr. Halcolm Windsor, Secretary ofNASCO. The Chairman thanked NASCO for coordinating and hosting themeeting and for providing its facilities, and then reviewed the purposesand goals of the Working Group's 1988 meeting, including a one-day jointsession with NASCO to discuss mutual overlapping interests and to broadenthe communication network relative to introductions and transfers ofsalmonid fishes. The AGENDA for the meeting was considered and withrevisions approved (Appendix I).

~ STATUS OF WORKING GROUP RECOMHENDATIONS FOR 1987

The Chairman reviewed the status of recommendations formulated at thelast meeting of the Working Group in Brest, France in June 1987 (1987Report, C.M.1987/F:35, pp. 24-25) and submitted for consideration at the75th Statutory Meeting of lCES in Copenhagen in October 1987:

Recommendation 1That the report, "Code of Practice and Manual of Procedures forConslderation of the Introduction and Transfer of Freshwater and Marine'Organisms" be pub1ished in the ICES Cooperative Research Reports series.

> C. Res. 1987/1:9: The report will be published in the CRR series.Status: The "Manual" (G. Turner, Canada, Editor) is in final draftand about to be submitted for publication.

Recommendation 2That a symposium be convened, entit1ed "ease Histories of the Effects ofIntroductions and Transfers on Marine and Aquatic Resources and

~ .. '''".:-_.:.', ..... ,'. ....., .... ~_., ... -....

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Recommendatlon 2 (continucd)Ecosystems" in cooperation with·FhO/EIFAC prior to the 1990 Statutorymeeting, with Dr. C. J. Sindermann and Prof. K. Tiews as co-convenors.

> The Htlriculture Committee (Proces-Verbal de la Reunion for 1987,p. 78) supported this proposal. Sec Recommendation No. 3 for1988, herein.

. ,

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•

Reco=cndation 3That continuing concern be cxprcssed ovcr the trans-htlantic and othertransfers oE Atlantic salmon relative to the genetlc and ecologicalimplications of stock mixing, ~nd urges that studies be encouraged bylCES member countries to determine mean~ of stock identlfication and toexamine the effects of these movements.

> C. Res. 1987/2:42a: a one-day joint meeting be convencd wi~h

NASCO these matters' .....

Recom:nendation "That a permanent computerized record of the introductions and transfersof marine organlsms in and between leES member countries be established •

> C. Res. 1987/2:42c: this proposal should be considered, inconsultation with the Secretariat, at the 1988 WG meeting

Recommendation SThat NhSCO, including its Bilateral Scientific Working Group on Salmonidlntroductions and Transfers, be invited to meet in a one day j~lntsession with the ICES Working Group.

> See Recornmendation 3 (above)

Recommendatlon 6That the WG meet in Edinburgh, Scotland, in May-June 1988 to continue thework before it (and so listed)

> C. Res. 1987/2:42: passed

NATIONAL SUHMARIES OF INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS

1.0 Relevant laws and regulations

CanadaCanada's "Fish Health Protection Regulations" were amended in November

1987. The amendrnent involved the transfer of BKD (bacterial kidneydisease, Renibacterium salmoninarum) from Schedule 11 ("Certifiable"Diseases or Disease Agents) to Schedule IV ("Notifiable" Diseases orDisease Agents).

The Province of Manitoba introduced a regulation (Part 111(5» asfolIows: "No person shall bring lnto Manitoba for use as balt any livefish, crayfish, leeches, or salamanders."

. .. ... ...."". -.~"':"" .....: " . ;"'''7 ~ .. ~."~. _...--•..

..,,,.'

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1.0 Relevant laws and regulations (continued)

C~nada (continued)A new impetus is directed toward development of a nation-wide set of

federal regulations to address import or export, interprovlncial andintraprovinclal lntroductlons and transfers of all aquatic organismshaving potential impacts includlng fish health, genetics, or ecology forimplementation within two years.

:.:

,~

•

Nether.landsThere are new 1988 regulations by the Fisheries Directory relative t6

the importation of live finfish (freshwater and marine) based on Article2(b) of thc'Fisheries Law of 1963; a copy was submitted of "lI.dvies'Importregeling Levenäe Vis'''. The new regulations prohibit theimportation of live sperm, eggs, or fish (exceptions are for humanconsumption, ornamental fish, garden fish, restocking, or as part ofnormal and ongoing trade). Definition~ and permit issuing authoritiesare detailed. Requlrements for exceptions include a health certificatefrom country of origin, the ~pccifics of importation methods and crossingstations, and 24 ho ur pre-notice. Imports can' be banned from entireregions effected by a disease agent.

A summary of current legislation controlling imports arid transfers wassubmitted (this will be included in a proposed document surnmarizingnational laws and r~gulations of leES member countries concerningintroductions and transfers of marine organisms). There have been nochanges in legislation during 1987. Representatives of the waterindustry and fish farmers supported by conservation organizations arepressing government to improve the controls over thc imports of fish andother aquatic organisms. They are particularly concerned that no healthcertification is rcquircd for ornamental freshwater fish and that thereare no constraints on the import of marine species. The government iscurrently revicwing its controls.

~ 2.0 Other procedures concerning introduced species

CanadaDevelopment of a policy and procedure has been underway for ensuring

adequate broodstock for the salmon aquaculture industry especially in theMaritime Provinces. A federal/provinclal government and industrycornrnittee has completed a plan to provide broodstock in New Brunswick.Test movements with quarantine facilities have been tried to determineefficacy of moving salmon eggs from cage-reared salmon between provinees.

Prince Edward Island has established a Fish Transfer Committee of .federal/provinclal representatives to consider introduetions of noo­indigenous speeies other than Fish Health Proteetion Regulationseertified rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) or brook trout (Salvelinusfon t i na 1 i s ) •

UKThe non-indigenous Atlantic salmon parasite, Gyrodaetylus salaris, was

added to the list of notifiable diseases in Mareh 1988 under the Diseasesof Fisheries Act.

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2.0 Other procedures concerninq introduced species (continued)

lCES Revised Code of PracticeDissemination of the code continucs to be emphasized by the \lorking

Group. V. Bye (UK England and Wales WG representative) has published thecode in the MAFF publication, "Trout News" (No. 5) for March 1988; a copywas submitted. H. Grizel (French WG representative) has prepared atranslation of the Code and of TCES Cooperative Research Report No. 130;a copy was submitted.

3.0 Deliberately introduced animal or plant species3.1.2 Deliberately introduced fish: mariculture

A summary of releases and transfers of eggs and juvenilesof salmonidfishes Is given in Tables 1 and 2, and the footnotes therein.

Denmark500 kg of elvers (Anguilla,anquilla) wer~ i~ported from Briscol

Channel, UK and released after quarantine in the Gudena. 84,000speclmens meant for stocklng were released at four points in Denmark (80%originated from elvers imported from the UK and 20% from France).

U.S.A.

Salmon Releases in New Hampshire, Hassachusetts, and NewJersey ,MASSACHUSETTS resumed releases of coho salmon (none were released in

1987). Eggs stripped from returns of prior releases (now fifth and sixthgeneration fish stemming from'original introductions from Pacifie coast)were raised in the hatehery to provide some of the release stock.Additional fish, obtained as fingerlings, were air-freighted from a LakeMichigan hatchery. There are no major diseases associated with theseGreat Lakes fish being released into Massachusettri. (They do not obtainstock from the Pacific coast of North America because of disease problemsthere). Massachusetts is planning upon'releasing Lake Ontario (New YorkState) coho salmon as weIl (fry in May 1988; parr in fall 1988; more inspring, 1989). There were no reported returns of coho salmon in the fallof 1987. state fishery agents attribute this to the low numbers ofreleased fish in prior years.

NEW HAMPSHIRE continued releases of coho, chinook, and steelhead. Anoutbreak of BKD (bacterial kidney disease) in their hatehery this yeareaused an approximately 20% 1055 in the coho year1ing stock. (Salt wasadded to the water to relieve stress). Returns from prior releases werevery""low; less than ten eoho sa1mon were reported eaught in the summerand fall of 1987 (from 1986 releases).

TUE NEW JERSEY Division of Fish, Game and Wild1ife began in December1987 stoeking small numbers of chinook salmon (Oncorhvnchus tshawytscha)and steelhead traut (Salmo gairdneri), a migratory strain of rainbowtrout, in the Raritan River, which empties into the Atlantic just southof New York City. Eggs of the chinook salmon were obtained from a

(continued on text page 9)

,. .. ~ ,. .... :. -""'.-.-.--".....

• - 5 -

Table 1.

,RELEASES AHO TRMfSFERS OF JUvmULE SALMONIO FISH Hf 1987(summarized from National Reports)

Key:K = thousands, m = millions~ = smolts; f = frYi Jg = fingerlings; juv = juveniles(n) = see notes, below

.,..

•

•

Species

.\tlantic salmonSalme salar

Rainbow trout(Steelhead)Salmo gairdneri

Arctic charSalvelinus

alpinus

From

Ieeland

FranceSwedenFinlandMaritimes

New BrunswickU.K.Various

NorthernIreland

Denmark .Dnmk hatcheriesleelandNew York StateLake MichiganAlbertaVarious

Various

New Brunswick

To

Norway (1)IrelandNether1andsNorwayNorwayNova ScotiaNew BrunswickMainevarlousOntario

ScotlandIreland

IrelandIsefjord,DmkIrelandNew JerseyNew HampshireHanitobaCanada

Manitoba

Bay O'Espoirhatchery

Action

924K s:njuv (2)4R sm from R.Heuse236K sm124K smIR sm and 114m fry171K sm and 130K f -"sm (3)(4)(5)

lOOK (age?)470K juv (1986)520R fry (1987)143R juv (1987)4K tagged200K fry (1986)1.2K (1988) (6)37.1K (1988) (6)300K fg(note 7)

to establishviable poplatlon100 fg frommarine lab

Coho salmonOncorhynchus

kisutch

Lake Hichigan

Hass.returns

Massachusetts 20.1K (1988);IR (1987)

New Hampshire 151.3K (1988)Hassachusetts 21.4 (1988) (8)

Chinook salmonOncorhynchus

tshawytscha

New York State New Jersey 50K (1987),88K (1988) (9)

New York state New Hampshire 40K (1988)

I. .:~

I .~,'.

,'.,

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•

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Tablc 1.RELEASES AHD TRANSFERS, OF JUVENILE SALMO!IID FISH 111 1987

(continued)

Table Hote5:(1) UORWAY imports were more than 2m < than salmon smolt imports in 1986;the imported fish shown went mainly to thc three northernmost provinces(2) IRELAND imports of juveniles: number not legible in 1987 report(3) m~~'BRUNSUIC:{ (Canada) smolts exportedi' as in 1986, from a privatehatchery to an affiliated commercial rcaring facility in Malne (USA).(4) U.K.:Atlantic salmon hatcheries: There are 39 hatcherics producing parr andsmolt~ for fishery enhanccment or for on-growing at co~~ercial. marinesites. Approximately 1m smolts will be produced in 1987. The eggs forthese hatcheries were obtained cither from natural local populations orfrom natural and cultivated broodstocks in Scotland. Regional WaterAuthoritics run 13 of these hatcheries primarily for restockingtheir ownwaters for fishery enhancement. The re~~ining 26 privately run hatcheriesproduce smol ts for on-growing in commercial cage salmon farInS (mostly iri'"Scotland, and a few in England and Wales). Several large salmonhatcheries are planned or under construction.Saltwatcr farms: There are 4 operating sea sites which will produceapproximately 500 tons of salmon in 1988 •. One farm is a pump-ashore slteon the northeast coast of England, the others are cage sites, two on thesouth coast of England and one in an estuary in southwest Wales. A pumpashore slte"'in Wales is expected to produce salmon, in 1989 and a sma11cage unit in an east coast estuary 1s belicved to be rearing smallquantities of salmon. ,(5) OUTARIO (Canada) continues its program of import1ng Atlantic salmonto support the provincial aquaculture industry with sufficient biomassfor self-sufficiency in broodstock.(6) UNITED STATES: Juvenile fish from Salmon Falls Hatchery, on theSalmon River, New York State (at Altmar) released into the Raritan River,New Jersey by New Jersey Division of Fish and Game; juvenile fish' from'"Lake Hichigan released into the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, by theState of New Hampshire •(7) CMIADA: fingerlings introduced from·Ontario, Quebec, and PrinceEdward Island (one facility each) to six facilities in New Brunswick, onein Nova Scotia, and three in Prince Edward Island for use in aquacultureproduction. Juveniles were introduced from two Ontario faciliites touniversity and government facilities for research or bioassay purposes(and ultimate dcstruction). Rainbow trout in general continue to be 'spread by private fish growers into private waters·.'(8) UNITED STATES: Coho are released by Massachusetts into the IndianHead River, a tributary of North River and by New Hampshire into theGreat Bay Estuary. "Massachusetts returns" = hatchery reared juvenilesfrom eggs stripped from returns of prior releases(9) UUITED STATES: Chinook are released by New Jersey in the RaritanRiver and by New Hampshire in the Grcat Bay EstuarYi stock is derivedfrom the Salmon Falls Hatchery (see note 6, above).

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Table 2.TRAl~SF2RS OF SALMOlfID 'FISH EGGS (OVA). IN 1987

Newfoundland SKNova Scotia,Prince Edward 15.

France 17m (note 9)

Chile 50K (note 10)

•

Key:K, thousandsj m,SpeciesRainbow trout

Salmo gairdneri

Atlantic.salmonSalmo salar

Arctic charSalvelinus

alpinus

Coho salmonOncorhynchus

kisutchBrown trout:.Salmo trutta

millions'FromDenmark

FinlandIeelandUSl\

AustraliaTasmania

Canada80uth AfricaIsie of HanNorthern Ireland

U.K.Weut 'Virginia

Washington StateIndianaOntarioUSANorway

FinlandScotland

Ireland

N. IrelandIeelandNova ScotiaNew BrunswickMaineVariousLabrador

(Fraser River)ManitobaLabrador

Washingtonand Oreqon

Scot:land·(Howietoun)

ToEngland,Wales (1)Scotland (2)Ireland

IrelandIrelandEngland and WalesScotlandEngland and WalesIreland

ScotlandEngland and WalesEngland and WalesEngland and WalesIreland

ScotlandIrelandNova ScotiaPrince Edw.Is.MaritimesOntario (L.Huron)QuebecWalesScotlandIreland

ScotlandIreland

Spain

IrelandIrelandOntarioOntarioOntarioCanadaNewfoundland

Numbers19m12.Sm3.4m (1986)250K (1987)340K (1986)200K (1986)10mlOK12m1.1m (1986)8S0K (1987)40K400Ksmall nos.sma1l n05.400K (1986)575K (1967)1.3Sm400K (1966)

(note 6)

70K (3)600K1.08rn (1986)4.7 m (1987)600K1.08rn (1986)S.34rn (1987)SOOK (1986)SOOK (1987)lOOK(note 4)48.SK (S)lSK (S)SOK (S)(note 8)(note 7)

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Table 2.TRi\USFBR OF· Sl\LUONID ·FISH EGOS· (OVl\) IN 1987

,,_." -.. ~,~(continued)

Table Uotes:

(1) I:::'OLi\:lD AtfD UAL::13: Al though there are several large brood stock farmsin England and ~ales which·supply at least half of the UR demand for eyedova, substantial numbers are still lrnported from overscas. During 198748 licenses were issued for the import of up to 42m eyed ova of rainbowtrout; the majority werc used for freshwater culturc of trout (for thetahle or restccJdng), but at least 500K were used for seawater farming of1arge trout. Imports of eyed trout CV.:l for the first 4 months of 1988ran at an even higher level than in 1987. July imports are to cover aperiod wheri UK egg~ are not easily availablc; this also applies to rt

le3ser extent in April-Hay. Danish imports are preferrcd bccause ofsuperior quality, availability, production performance and price. UKbroodstock f.:lrmz .:lro attempting to increase quality, quantit~r and "'"seasonal availability-of trout eggs in order to reduce imports.' One UK.producer exports >15m eyed ova/year "to many parts of the world"j mostare female-only or sterile, female-only triploids.(2) SCOTL~~D: 33 licenses were issued in 1987 for rainbow trout ovaimportation(3) UALSS: In 1987 a Welsh farm imported ·20R eyed ova of landlockedAtlantic sa1mon from the USA for use in freshwater recreationalfacilltiesj 500K more eyes came from the same source in February 1988.(4)· IRBLAND -·imports of ova: number not legible in 1987 report(5) CAHADA: 48,457 eggs from LaHave River, NS, a 15K egg lot from SaintJohn River, NB, and 50K from Union River, Haine, USA were introduced inan attempt to establlsh a breedlng population and angling recreationalfishery in Credit River and Wilmot Creek, tributaries of Lake Ontario(6) CMIADA: egg~ of steelhead straln were imported from Indiana USA forestablishing a population in a Lake Huron tributary(7). ~\NADA: Eyed arctic char eggs from Labrador were destroyed whenenteric redmouth-disease (ERH) and kidney disease (DKD) ware found inthebroodstock. 8ggs from Iceland (and fingerlings from New Brunswlck) werebrought to university facilities in Ontario for research purposes.(8) ~,"ADA: Rainbow trout eggs'were introduced from four facilities inOntario and one each in Quebec, Washington, and Prince Edward Is. toeightfacilities in New Brunswick, three in Nova Scotla, and four inPrince Edward Island for.use in aquaculture production(9) FRANCR: Seventeen·million coho salmon eggs were imported fromWashington and Oregon. These importations havc permitted thecommercialization of 330 tons of coho of which 80 tons have been raisedin the sea. The expected production in 1988 will be 900 tons of which130 tons will be raised in the sea. Selling of the fish occurs 12 to 18months after growing, the weight being between 400 and 1500 g.(10) SCOTLAND to CHILE: fingerlings subsequently released in wild.

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.~. .

- 9 -

3.1..2 Dellberately Introdueed flsh: marieulture (eontinued)

U.S.A. (eontlnuedfrom text page 4)

SCllmon ReleClfics in Ne", HClmpsh i re, HClsrmchusetts, Clnd Ne", Jarseyhatehery on the Salmon River in Naw York State whlch empties into LakeOntarlo. Flsh were reared in Hew Jersey prior to release; numbers ofsmolt rcle~sed were 50,000 in 1987 and 88,000 in 1988. Also in 1988 asmaller number (1,200) of steelhead was released. New Jersey haseonduetcd a review and has eoncluded that the introdueed fish wIll noteonfllet wlth existing speeies (in partieular brown trout, Salmotrutta). It is expeeted that future stocks will be derlved from hateheryprocuction and would not be self-sustaining~

3.1.3 De1iberately introdueed fish: live storage prior to sale

Clnada_Tropieal fishes are i:nported to Canada for the aquarium trade, ·but no''''

attempt has been made to formalize reeord-keeping.

UK: Enqland and WalesAlmost 900 liecnses were issued for the importation of living

ornamental and tropleal fish (and for' salmonid eggs). Some of theornamental and tropieal f1sh wcre marlne'speelcs Intended for pub11e andprivate aquaria. The numbers of live fish are not reeorded but they areest1mated as several million.

3.1.5 Deliberately introdueed f1sh: eaptures of 1ntroductions or1ginallymade in neighboring countries

DenmarkNlelsen (1988) reports that the blg-head carp (cyprlnldae:

Ar istiehthys nobi 1 1s) was caught in a net in September 1987',nearKlintholm Harbour, Hon., on the border of the Baltle Sea. It ls an Asianspeeies imported by the Russians, Pollsh, and Germans for freshwatereulture. N1elsen also reported the eapture of the marine f1sh Pagellusaearne (Sparldae) near Tjaereborg, in the North Sea, in August 1987. Itis known from England, the Mediterranean, and Senegal.

3.1.6 Deliberatelyintrodueed Eish: research purposes

CanadaSailf!n mollies (Poecilla latipina) from Florida Cn = 450) and winter

flounder (Pseudopleuroneetes amerieanus) from New Brunswiek Cn = 24) werebrought to the Memorial University's Marine Sciences Research Laboratoryin Newfoundland for research purposes.

UK: England and WalesBlack sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeotlcus maximus) caught In the Black

'.'. ~

.\

•

10 -

3.1.6 Dellberatelv Introduced flsh: re5carch purpo5cs (contlnued)UK: England and Wales (continued)Sca have bcen imported for rcaring trials and arc being grown ontomaturity for use as brood5tock. They arc pre5cntly contained in anindoor rearing systcm~ (Thcre Is also a rcport that Black Sea turbot atapproxlmately 500g were transferred to on-shore marine tanks in Scotland,probably in 1987)

Several Tilapia species are in use in a variety of research projectsin univers1ty departments. other marine specles may have been importedby universlty departments and other organisations for research projectsbut details are dlfficult to obtain sincc no licensing is required~

It 15 known that at least one aquaculture company 1s experimentingwith thc culturc of clown f1sh (Amphiprion percula) with a vlew tosupplylng the UK aquarium market.

3.2.1 Deliberately introduced, Invertebrates: fishery cnhancement

U.K.: England and WalesRefer tu discussion of the Manila clam, T.rIpes philipplnclrum, öl;'

section 6.0 (species introduced for hatchery rearing).

3.2.2 Del1berately 1ntroduced invertebrates: mariculture

DenmarkExperiments on introduclng the ~apanese scallop Patlnopecten

vessoensis into Danish waters has continued. No new releases have beenperformed. It 15 expected that spat from adult specirnens,near Laeso willbe reared and subsequently replaced. These experiments will besupervised by the Danlsh Aquaculture Institute.

FranceA brood-stock lot of the Japanese scallop Patlnopecten yessoensis was

brought in from ~apan and placed in quarantine at Arcachon. Zoosanitaryrneasures revealed the presence of rlcksettsia infections and the presenceof parasites slmilar to rhizocephalans. Difficulties may be encounteredIn dlssemlnating such information when the stock suppliers are sensitiveabout concerns over pathological or parasitological problems.

These animals have been raised In vats thc effluent water of which istreated with chlorine. As of this date 85 thousand juveniles (2mrn) havebeen obtained which will bc put on hanging culture into the Mediterranean(50 thousand) and Brittany (35 thousand) for rearing. The brood stock" .has been destroyed. (IFREMER reviewed some of this work at the SlxthInternational Pcctinld Workshop at'Menai Bridge, Wales in April 1987;earlier mention is also faund in the WG 1987 Report, page 14).

IrclandA total of 18 million Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) were

imported from the UK and Northern Ireland.

Netherlandr;Flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) are imported from Maine (USA) (they

belong to the original strain of Zeeland oysters transported to thestates in the 1950s). Thls actlvlty rnay harbar the risk af importingunwanted marine orgariisms. The decline of the original Zeeland oyster in

...'<

- 11 -

3.2.2 Deliberately introduced invertebrates: maricultureNetherlands (continued)thc Nctherlands gave rise to this activity.examined and no evidence of haplosporidians

Importcd spat have bcenwas found.

','

i •

! .

NorwayLobsters (Homarus) from Scotland are importcd in August-September for

ongrowth and re-exported around Christmas.Manila clam3 {Ruditapo3 ~emldecussata ( = Tapes phlllppinarum) are

imported as brood animals from Scotland. They are held in quarantine anddestroyed after spawning.

3.2.3 Deliberately introduced invertebrates: Live storage prior to sale

FrancePrincipal importations of shellfish destined for direct consumption

after passage thrcugh a ,!uarantine station were: (in tons) -'"

'.-.

I·"

FromIrelandUni ted KingdomSpainRFA

Ostrea edulis(flat ovster)

39.553

Mytilus edulis(muDseis)

4,2003,3008,120

308

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'1

,:i

UK:A few (4) American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were importedand

held prior to sale in Scotland. American lobsters are imported live to'England and Wales both for consumption in the UK and for exporting toEurope. Strict quarantine controls are in force (see 1987 Report, p. 8).

3.2.4 Dellberately Introduced Invertebrates: Improvement of foodsupplies for other species

U.K.: Scotland and EnqlandLarge guantlties of vacuum packed dried eggs of.the brine shrimp'

Artemia sallna are imported from several sources around the world toprovide live food for ornamental fish and for juvenile fish inaquaculture and research systems.

3.2.5 Deliberately introduced invertebrates: Research purposes

U.K.: Scotland and EnglandRelatively large numbers of non-indigenous penaeid prawns were

irnported as live adults or nauplii, primarily for research but also toestablish broodstocks for the production of juveniles for on-growing in­closed recirculation systems in the UK or in a variety of closed andnatural systems in the tropics. All were imported under quarantineconditions and rearing water was dislnfected before disposal. SeveralImportatlons developed disease. Specles, sourees, and status are:

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- 12 -

3.2~5 Delibüratüly introduced invertebrates: Research purposes(continued)

H.K.: Scotl<lnd ;md England (continucd)

Species and Sources of Penaeid Prawns Imported into UK

Pf!n';eus monodon(1) Hong Kong/Sing?por p : 500 thousand nauplii from ablated fcmales;larvac reared to adult in some·cascs and ultimately destroyed forrescurch purposes. Now (May 1988) holding about 100 post-larvae (WelshUniversity); Hull Univcrsity and Findon Research Centrc (Aberdcen)supplied wlth 20 each.(2) Australia: ~dults imported by aquaculture consulting company forresearch and to establish a bLoodstock; recirculation system withdislnfection.(3) Sourcc not stated: 50 female broodstock, used only for research, notfor breeding (Commercial mariculture company)(4) Philippines: 6000 postlarvae imported for research on intensiveculture in recirculating system (all water disinfected before disposal) -'"(University Dept., Scot1and)

Pcnaeus japonlcus(1) Pemares, Spaln: About 20 animals maintained at present in Aberdeen,grown from nauplii from ablated females (Welsh University)

PQnaou~ morgulonslß(1) Singapore: 70 postlarvae·used for cxperirnenation and now destroyed

~~crobr3chlum roscnbergil (freshwatcr prawn)(1) Hawaii: 12 adults found to be Infected wlth black shell disease;these were destroyed (Welsh·Universlty). Welsh Unlversity 15 currently(May 1988) holding about 100 breeding adults from stlrllng University~

Welgh Universlty i5 dolng research into larval nutrition, functionalmorphology of larvae and adults, and maturation of adults and energetic'"studies aimed at supporting development of UK industry; animals are alsouscd for teaching purposes. All animals are held in recirculation systemand waste water chlorlnation before dlsposal into Menai Bridge rainwaterdrainage system. No animals, water, etc., have been allowed to come intocontact with UK seawater systems at any time; all effluent 1s chlor1natedfor 24 hours. Two outbreaks of dlgease occurred: both were attrlbutableto high ammonia and nitrite levels in the rec1rculat1ng water system.Infectlve agent in both cases was identlfled by HAFF Pathology Laboratoryas a common UK coastal water straln of Vlbrl0. (Malachite green wasineffective as a control; no antibiotics were used except in dip baths.All dlsease water chlorlnated before returning to sewage/dralnage'system) •

4.0 Specles Introduced accidentally wlth deliberate Introductlons

status of the eel parasite (swimbladder nematode) .Angulilicola crassa:

NetherlandsA special study was undertaken to investlgate the effects of the

. ""~:' .

198719861985

- 13 -

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1985 1986 1987

(A): Distribution of Anquililcola crassa In the Netberlan4a (from Dekkerand van Willigen, 1987)

(B) and (C): Percentage of Infected commerclal eel 1n Lauvers...r andIn r...l Lake (Ij...l...r) per month per year: Whlte: non-lnfectediDotted: infected with living para51te~; Black: no infectlon, thlckenlngof the swlmbladder wall

Flgure 1.

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- 14 -

4.0 Speclcs Introduced nccidentally wlth dclibcrntc introductions(contlnucd)

status of the cel paraslte(svlmbladder necatode) Anguillicoln crnssa:(contlnued)

Nethcrlands (continued)prcscnce of thi~ pürasitc in young eel (6-15 cm group)~ The infcctionwlth the cel parasite is now widespread in the Netherlands (Dekker andv~n Willigen, 1987). The distribution 15 rather patchy (Figurc 1herein). Eel become infected in the frcshwüter phase; fish from seawateror estuarine (bracklsh) water show a lower infection rate. in 1987 Itwas observed that the swimbladder of YOUllg eel \.,ra5 affected i~ most casesduc to more or lcss nerlol1s-infection rcactions, resulting in thickcning­of the swimbladder wall and deposit of connectivc tissue. Theswimbladder condition restricts the survival and reproducing capacitlesof the nematode. Theconsequence of the ruptured swimbladder for thereturn of the eel to their spawning ground may be less than initiallythought. In the end the situaticn cf the Europeän eel may becomparablc-'"to thosci of the Japanese cel, the ipecles as a whole seeming "to cope"with the parasite.

U.K.: England und WalesThis parasite has been identified in eels in freshwater in East Anglia

and the River Trent·during a survey by HAFF throughout England and-WalesIn the autumn.of 1987. Another major survey wIll be mounted In theautumn of 1988. Hode of introduction not known. Some heavily-infectedeels were taken from a power station seawater Intake screen on the castcoast of England. The infection had caused the swim bladders to burstrnaklng deep water migration impossible.

Dr. M. Koie, of the Marine Biologlcal Laboratory, Helsingor;University·of Copenhagen,-will be presentlng a paper at the specialsymposium on Introduced species in Bergen in October 1988, on theintroduced nematodes Angul1llcola crassa (which has spread·throughoutmost of northern Europe)· and ~. novaezelandiac (which is found in Italy),as weIl as the introduced monogene trernatodes Pseudodactylogyrusanguillae and P. bini, Asian parasites that are also now spreadingthrough the European eel populations. The former monogene is pathogenlc'to eels and is apparently the only one of ·the four lntroducedendoparasltes that 15 able to reproduce In seawater (Dr. M. Koie, Inlitt., Hay 1988).

other accidental introductions:

DenmarkIt was noted that sportfishermen from Germany have been found to

dispose of their live balt in Denmark. See discussion at Netherlands,below.

IrelandThere was an outbreak of the commerc1al oyster pathogen Bonamia

ostreae 1n Cork harbour 1n 1987. It also now occurs 1n Clew Bay on thewest coast of Ireland.

•.....'.<00 ••••

~-~_._._--- ---------

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15 -

4.0 Species introduced accidentally with dellberate introductlons(continued)

NetherlcmdsFor shellfish no new commcrcial plantings of flat oysters (Ostrea

edulls) was carried out In the bonamiasis Infected area of Yerseke Bank.Therefore only remains of formerly planted oysters could be cxamined forRonamia in the spring season (thc other season sampies showed nobonamiasis). Thc oyster area of Lake Grevelingen showed no bonamiasisinfection, as has also been cbserved in former years.

It is to be noted that for angling purposes a great variety of marinepolychacte annelid wocms, particularly of the family Nereidae, areimported for either direct sale 'or rearing. Neither the·traders(Importcrs) nor the culturists seem to know the correct species names ofthe nereid worms Imported. Countries of origin named included Korea(either via France or directly), USA (near Boston), and even more vaguelyAfrica. It was admitted that also shellfish are imported for the samepurpose! The trade 1s complecely unaware of the r1sks of the pcoolbleimpact of importing unwanted species, disease problems, etc. Governmentagencies seem also unaware of ·this problem.

NorwayThc salmon parasite Gyrodactylus salaris is in 28 out of 29 freshwater

salmon (Salmo salar) rivers in· Norway. A paper will be presented on thisintroduced parasite at the special symposium in Bergen in october 1988.In one small rlver, rotenone was used successfully, such that the salmonare back again but the parasite has been eradicated. It.is thought thatGyrodactylus came from Sweden with imported smolts for fish farming.

U.K.: England and Walesspring Viraemia of carp (SVC) appeared in England in spring 1988 and'

is now a substantlal problem in carp farms, flsher1es and retall unltsfor ornamental fish with at least 30 positive sites identified to date.The virus is thought to have entered in a legal shlpment of liveornamental cyprinid fish and spread to non-ornamental cyprinids becauseof the increasingly common practice of maintaining both types on the samefarms. Sltes with positive identification are advised to kill all oftheir fish stocks but there are no compulsory slaughter powers. ,

U.S.A.Haplosporidium nelsoni, a protozoan parasite of American oysters

(Crassostrea vlrglnica) has had severe effects on oyster production inthe middle Atlantlc states slnce the late 1950s. Recent surveys by E. J.Lewis and F. G. Kern of the Oxford (Maryland) laboratory of the NationalMarine Fisheries Service and by S. W. Sherburne and L. L. Bean of theMaine Department of Marine Resources have disclosed an extension of thepathogen's distribution northward to include Maine and southward to .include South carolina and Georgia. Prevalences of H. nelsoni in sampiesof Crassostrea virglnica from these states were low, butthe presence ofthe disease organ15m should be consldered in any decislons about oyster .movements.

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5.0 Completely aeeldental Introduetlons

DenmilrkThe Japanenc algac S~rg~nnum mutieum, dincovrired growing iri thc

Limfjord in June 1984 han becn,neen drifting in the Skagcrrak in 1985.At some loealities in the Llmfjord,lt is now the domlnating speeies.

The Australian acorn barnaclc Elminius modcstun which nincc 1963 hasbeen neen in Danish watcrs appcars to bc vcry sensitive to scvcrc wintereonditions. Whcn noticeä it 1s a dominant speeies (up to 73% ofbarnacles countcd in some regions).

The occurrence of the Chinese mitten crab Eriochelr sinensis in ,Denmark has been revlewed by Rasmusseri (1987). Rasmussen bclleves thatsince the n~linity in the Skaw is too low for thc crab to rcp=oduce, itwill ncver be a pest in D~nn~rk as is the case elncwhere in Europe.

IrelandThe crayfinh fungal plague Aphanomyces ~staci (introduced over a

centuryago into Europe from North America) was discovered by Dr. J.Reynolu~ of Trinity College (Dublln) in native crayiish stocks following""heavy mortalities in the midland lakcs. It is thought that· thc funguswas imported on crayfish pots or angling gear in 1985.

Netherlandn "A new paper by den Hartog et ale (1987) reviewS plant and animal

invasions in the coastal, brackish, and fresh waters of the Netherlands.

SwedenKarlsson (1988) reports that the Japanesc brown alga Sarg~5sum.mutieum

was found for the first time in Sweden In the summer of 1987 at twoseparate locaiities, and in the spring of 1988 at a third locality~ Itnowappears to be a permanent member of the Swedish algal flora. Areview of Sargassum.in Europe will be presented by G. Boaich (UK) at.the·special minisYmposI~m on introduced specles In Bergen in October 1988.

U.S.A.

Introduction ofBuropean River Rüffo to North A=erlcaand Ballast Water'Hediated Dlspersal of Ai}uatic and .. Harine Organisms

The river ruffe Gymnocephalus eernua (Percidae) has dramaticallyappeared In the st. Louis Rlveri in Duluth Harbor, in Lake Superior(Wisconsln) (see Figures 2 and 3). It was first found in July 1987, atwhlch time at least three year classes (1985, 1986, and 1987) werepresent. Increasing numbers of specimens with a wider distribution havebeen found since (more than 400 taken In 1988 as of May), but only fourspecimens have been taken in the Lake proper (outside of the river).

The rlver ruffe is a northern and wester European pereid Inhabitlngrlvers and lakes and entering bracklsh water. It is fast growing for thefirst two years; after that, it slowly achieves a maximum length of 8-10inches. The mean maximum age 1s about 7 years; a high mortality rate 1nthe young is compensated for by ttie attalnment of maturity at the ageof2 or 3 years (Lind, 1977). It is edible hut 1s not actlvely sought hyanglers or commerclal fishermen.

The ruffe 1s known to consume whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) eggs inRussia (sterligova and Pavlovsky, 1984). It also feeds on a wide varietyof benthlc Invertebrates, Includlng amphipods and Insect larvae

- 17 -

-,"_-

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...:...~.-."..-.... .. _..MlNNESOTA •

Site of Introduction andIncreasing Populations ofthe European Ruffe)Gymnocephalus cernua

* First found in 1986

* Species appears tobe well establishedas of May) 1988

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INOIANA

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The European River Ruffe (Fish) Qxmnoce~ha'us cernua in theGreat Lakes t1986- 988)

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TUE nSH SHOWN BELOW HAVE BEEN FOUNo IN THE ST. LOUIS RJVER BYoULUTH/SUPERIOR. THE WISCONSIN AND MJNNESOTA oNH'S ARE LOOKINGFOR THESE FISH. IF FOUNo, TURN IN TO YOUR LOCAI. IlNH OffICE ORDESTROY JMMEoJATELY. 00 NOT TRANSPORTl

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18 -

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WHITE PERCH

Figure 3

Popular poster announcing presence of European River Ruffe

Gymnocephalus cernua in Lake Superior, Great Lakes, USA

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- 19 -

•

5.0 Completcly accldental introductlon~

(continued)USA (continucd)

(Willcmzen, 1977). Thc ruffe, historicallyabscnt from Scotland, Wales,and Irelandi is not widcly dlstributcd in Brltain (Bagenal, 1970), butwas discovcrcd in 1982 to bc prcsent in Loch Lomond,' Scotland, where ithas undergone a dr~matlc and enormous increase (Maitland, 1987). Theruffe can hybridize with perch and other fish, and became a dominant fishafter it colonized the Zuiderzee.

The appcarance of this exotic fish in thc Great Lakes is greatlyconcerning flsherics biologists and managers. It was a major focus ofattention at the Annual Meeting of the "Grcat Lakes Fishery Commission"i.n Hay 1988 in Toledo, Ohio. Whether the fish can ba eliminated at thistime by any control rneasures is not known. A prirnary concern is thepotential effect of the ruffe on s~elt, whitefish, and walleye.

Ballast Watcr Dispersal.. .....

The ruffe is thought to have been introduced by means of fresh orbrackish water ballast discharged in Duluth Harbor from inbound.cargoships arrivlng from Western European ports. Other fish (the Europeanflounder, Platichthys flesus) and lnvertebratcs (the.Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis, and the water flea Bythotrephes [below]) are known·tohave been released lnto the Great Lakes by ballast water as weIl.

There isa rapidly ~rowing concern in the Uni ted States for control ofballast water releases by cargo shlps~ Ballast water is now known to bean increasingly viable and critical mechanism for the intercontinental(transoceanlc) accidental dispersal of many marine, brackish andfreshwater organisms (carlton 1985; Williams et al., 1988). In SanFranclsco Bay, in central Callfornia, USA, a Chinese or Japanese speciesof small marine clam (bivalve mollusk) [Potamocorbula amurenslsl appearedin 1986, apparently as a result of ballast water release of larvae, andnow (1988) occurs by the tens of thousands/square meter on the floor ofthe Bay. .

The Great Lakes Fishery Commission is ln,thc process of proposlng thatCanada and the United States institute regulations that would preventfurther introductlons of exotic fish and invertebrates into the GreatLakes. One regulation under conslderation is that ships replace theirrlver- and coastal-derived ballast water with oceanic water on the highseas. Open ocean water contalns relatively fewer organisms and, moreimportantly, few or no species that would survive when released intobays; harbors, estuarles, rlvers, or lakes~

In addition, the whlte perch (Morone amerlcana), prevlously knoWn tohave lnvaded Lakcs Ontarlo and Erle (Busch et al., 1977), has also nowappeared in the Duluth-Superior region (see copy of attached posterlssued jointly by the States of Wlsconsin and Minnesota (Departments ofNatural Resources). It is 'probable that it, too, has arrived in thercgion with ballast water transportcd up to Lakc Superior in cargo shlpsthat move around the Great Lakcs.

Appearance of the European Water Flea (Cladoceran)Bythotrephes cederstroeml in the Great Lakes

A European zooplankter has also appeared recently in North Amerlca,

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- 20 -

5.0 completely accldental introductions(continued)

USA (continued)

probably introduced with ballast water released by cargo ships. It wasfirst found in 1984 in L~ke Huron; by 1987, it had appeared in all of theGreat Lakes. The following information is based upon Bur et al. (1986),Lange and Cap (1986), and upon detailed data provided by Dr. J. Stanleyof the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan (and presentedat"the Great Lakes Fishery Commission Annual Meeting in Toledo, Ohio, May3-4 1988).

Bythotrephes has already become very important in the Great Lakestrophic dynamics in a short period of time. In Lake Erie, it is eaten byyellow perch, white bass, walleye, and white perch; by 1987, it hadbecome the most important food item for yellow perch and white bass! InLake Superior, it i::; tht:: prey of coho salmon and brown traut. Theappearanee of this speeies has the potential for causing significantehanges in the Great Lakes. It is a relatively large predator (as weIlas a prey item!), whieh preys on native Lakes zooplankton i it has beensuggested by John Lehman (University of Michigan) that it eaused a 10- to50-fold drop in the abundance of the native water flea (cladoeeran)Daphnia (whose lass, in turn, could affeet fish that feed on this latterspeeies).

6.0 Speeies introduced for hatchery rearing

A summary of releases and transfers of eggs and juveniles of salmonidfishes is given in Tables 1 and 2, and the footnotes therein.

6.2 Stock relaid in small guantities under eontrolled conditions

U.K.: England and WalesEvaluations of the environmental impact of the Manila clam, Tapes

philipoinarum, originally introdueed in 1980, eontinue with researchcentered on the MAFF Fisheries Laboratory, Conwy. Histologicalassessments of the reproduetive potential of the clams in trial layingsaround the eoast of England and Wales show little cause for concern.Although the clams mature gametes during the late summer there is noevidenee of spawning during summer but a suggestion of minor spawningactivity in the autumn in response to falling sea temperatures in sameareas. Such activity at that time of year is unlikely to result inrecruitment but surveys for wild sapt in the vicinity of lays will beundertaken in association with the Nature Conservancy Council in summer.1988. A number of eommereial growers are showing interest in the speciesbut involvement is small seale. Yields of up to 20 kg per square meterhave been achieved in two growing seasons in MAFF trials in meshprotected ground lays.

The evaluation of the eulture potential of the re-introduced Americanoyster Crassostrea virginica continues but research input is at presentlow-key due to the scareity of seed.

7.0 Planned Introductions

U.K.: England and WalesIn 1987 arequest was made to the Sea Fisheries Commission of

- 21 -

7.0 Planned Introduetions (eontinuedU.K.: England and Wales (eontinued)

Guernsey, Channcl Islcs to permit the import of the Japanese brown kelpUndaria pinnatifida for eulture in loeal waters. Following eonsultationwith HAFF and Nature Conservaney Couneil the applieation w~s refused.

A proposal to import the non-indigenous annelid (polyehaete worm)Arenieola eristata for release Into British waters was deelined primarilybeeause of thc risk of introdueing discase or parasites.

U.K.: SeotlandRequests wcre reeeived to import live eodling (eod) from Norway and

live sturgeon (Aeipenser mediorostris) from the Columbia River,Washington, USA, but were denied.

.. 8.0 Live Exports for Corr~umptionThese ddta are not usually reported as the speeies involved are held

only for immediate human eonsumption and not for release. Examples are:

SpeeiesHomarus amerieanus

Ameriean Lobster

Homarus gammarusEuropean lobster

Peeten maximusSeallop

Seallops, various spp.Ostrea edulisFlat oyster, as spat

Crassostrea gigasPaeifie oyster

Mytilus edulisMussel

Cephalopods, alive(squid, euttlefish,oetopus)

Crabs (Hyas and otherspeeies)

EelsTurbot

FromUSA, CanadaCanada (all five

eastern provinees)SeotlandU.K.Seotland

U.K.NorwayU.K.U.K.

U.K.

U.K.

U.K.U.K.Norway

ToNorwayVarious eountries

European eountriesEurope and North AmerieaEuropean eountries

European eountriesGermanyEuropean eountriesEuropean eountries

European eountries

European eountries

European eountriesHolland and W. GermanySpain

9.0 Live exports for Dureoses other than direet eonsumetion

A summary of releases and transfers of eggs and juveniles of salmonidfishes is given in Tables 1 and 2, and the footnotes therein.

NorwayBass (Dicentrarehus labrax) are imported as juveniles from the

Aquaeulture Institute in Denmark, originating from Yugoslavia. They arekept in quarantine in land-based tanks for farming in heated effluentwater.

Sea eaught young eel (Anauilla anguilla) are imported for ongrowthfrom Denmark.

. '.' . ~.~ ... '.. ,... ". '

"

...

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- 22 -

9.0 Live exports for purposes other than direct consumptlonU.K. (continued)

U.K.* Hatcheries in Britain and the Channel Islands exported about 30million

Crassostrea gigas and Rn million Tapes philippinarum seed to European on­growers, principally in Spain, France and Italy. In addition, large seedof ~. gigas were exported by nurse=y growers to lreland and Germany for.final grow out to market size.* Small numbers of juvenile paeneid prawns from UK research hatcheries

were exported to research units in Europe and in the tropics for trialongrowing.* Live elvers (at least 12- 15 tons) were exported to Holland, Germany,

Poland, Spain and other European countries for stocking natural watersand for on-growing in intensive culture facilities. The trade in liveelvers to Japan for aquaculture has declined considerably because of thesusceptibility of'Anguilla anguill~ to diseases in Japan.* Live juvenile turbot reared in hatcheries are exported to the Atlantic

coast of France and Spain and into the Mediterranean for on-growing in'sea cages. Approximately 150,000 were exported in 1987. (Juvenile turbotfrom Scotland are also sent to Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and othercountries)* Future exports may include juveniles of the Black Sea turbot

(Scophthalmus ~aeoticus) and its hybrids with ~. maximus.* Plans to produce juveniles of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and

gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) for on-growing in the Mediterraneanhave been suspended.

CURRENT STATUS OF PROPOSED OR ACTUAL INTRODUCTIONS

The lntroduction and Cultivation of the Japanese Brown Alga Undaria onthe Atlantic coast of France

BackgroundThe history of this proposed introduction and detailed references to

its consideration by the WG are given on pp.16-21 of the 1987 WG Report(C.M. 1987/F:35). A two year ecological study by Dr. J.-Y. Floc'h ofthis seaweed commenced in January 1987. At its 1987 meeting the WGrequested that IFREMER provide to lCES a copy of Dr. Floc'h's conclusionsso that the WG may return to this question and formulate more precise anddefinitive advice and recommendations at its 1989 meeting. It was alsosuggested that .Dr. I. Wallentlnus of Sweden remain In her capacity asexpert consultant and be invited to the WG meeting in 1989 to considerthe French report on Undaria outgrowth at Ouessant. In the meantime, aproposal to the Sea Fisheries Commission of Guernsey to introduce thisalga to the Channel lsles was denied.

UpdateExperimental plantings of Undaria at Ouessant 3ince 1983 have lead its

reproduction there, with wild-set sporophytes found to be growingvigorously in 1987 on immersed hard substrates (Floc'h, Pajot, andWallentinus, 1988). As a result of thi3 discovery, additional newstudies are now underway (April 1988 -- April 1989) by IFREMER, in

'."

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--------- - ~~~~~-

- 23 -

addition to those of Dr. Floc'h's, on its reproduction 1n this bay. Aspecial paper on Uno~ria is to be presented at the October 1988 specialsymposium on introduced species in Bergen.

WG Action in 1989The WG, whlch first considered this question in Halifax in 1984, will

consider the question of the cultivation of Undaria again at length atits meeting in 1989 in order to prepare final recommendations.

JOINT MEETING OF THE lCES WORKlNG GnOUp ON INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OFMARINE ORGANISMS and Representatives of the NORTH ATLANTIC SALMONCONDERVATION ORGANIZATION (NASCO)

The Working Group met in joint session with representatives of NASCOat NASCO Headquärters in Edinburgh on June 2 1988. Representing NASCOwere Dr. P. Hutchinson and R. Cutting (also representing Canada on thelCES Working Group). Dr. A. Youngson of the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen,attended this session as an invited expert.

Background of NASCO!NAC and Interest in Salmon Movements

Dr. Hutchinson outlined the background of NASCO's concerns andinterests relative to the introductions and transfers of salmonid fishesin the North Atlantic Ocean. NASCO (founded in 1984) consists of severalcommissions of different geographical purviews; in addition, there is anAnnual Council Meeting. The question of introductions and transfers wasaddressed'-in 1984 at NASCO's North American Commission (NAC) meeting, anda "Bilateral Scientific Working Group of the North American Commission onSalmonid lntroductions and Transfers" was established in 1985 and beganwork in June 1986 (hereafter, BI/SIT). The Northeast Atlantic Commissionmayaiso address in the future the question of impacts of salmonidmovements. The Council will consider this year at its June 1988Reykjavik meeting the potential impacts of aquaculture on wild salmonidstocks ..

The NAC Bilateral Working Group on Introductions and Transfers

Dr. Cutting distributed copies of the NASCO document, "Report of theActivities of the Bilateral Scientific Working Group of the North .Atlantlc Commlssion on Salmonid Introductions and Transfers 1987" (Annex13 to the Report of the Fourth Annual Meeting of NAC (87) 20) (72 pp.).Dr. Cutting reported that progress had been fairly rapid, based on theconsensus that introductions and transfers were an area of concern.

The Group was quickly organi~ed, terms of reference ~efined, and earlypriorities were established as follows: .

(1) inventory the extent of movements of salmonids in the NorthAtlantic Ocean,

(2) formulate protocols, and(3) meet with the TCES Working Group to set up a joint liaison.

Relative to (1), this inventory has begun. Relative to (2), threesubgroups of specialists have been set up relative to (a) fish health,

;.

•

•

..~~ .. '.... - ... ~.,. ~

- 24 -

(b) genetics, and (c) ecological concerns. The first two have beenorganized and terms of references for these special interest subgroupsdefinedi the third group, concerned with matters for which there arefewcr dutu bases, is being organized. Relative to(3), the presentjoint session auuresses this priority.

The charge of each of the subgroups of BI/SIT is to develop protocols,or model programs, to protect North Atlantic salmon from any harmfuleffects resulting from introductions and transfers. There has been, forexample, a dramatic increase of sea cage activity in the northeast UnitedStates anu in Atlantic Canada (New Drunswick). The subgroups first metlast December, and draft protocols and progress reports are due bySeptember 1988, with final drafts due December 31, 1988.

Based upon these protocols, the interest subgroups will merge togetherby Murch 1989 and prepare a final document for NASCO by June 1989. The .goal i5 to set a tone cf what should be done versus ~hat not to dorelative to introductions andtransfers of salmon populations. That is,the protocols should provide minimal guidunce on how to move salmonsafely and yet still protect and reduce the risks to natural wild NorthAtlantic salmon populations. It is hoped thut the protocols will providea foundation for "good stewardship" through "state of the art" ("state ofthe science") biological guidance.

NAC/Bl/SlT i5 deriving concepts and ideas from its members and fromthe American Fisheries Society (AFS), EIFAC, lCES, the Great LakesFishery Commission, and other sourees.

NAC/BI/SIT and the TCES Working Group

After concluding his review of NAC/BT/SlT, Dr. Cutting put twoquestions_before the ICES WG, relative to the establishment of protocols:

(1) Is there a means for the lCES WG on Introductions and Transfers toexamine the BI/SlT protocols?

and,(2) What is the most efficient and productive method of continuing a

working liaison between the lCES WG and NAC/Bl/SlT?

Relative to (1), Chairman Sindermunn responded that BI/SIT could sendcopies of their draft protocols to the individual members of the WG (anaddress list is provided) for their individual comments. Relative to(2), it was agreed that there was a clear need to maintain a close andcontinuing association between the two groups. Dr. Cutting could act asa general liaison, since he is a member of both Bl/SIT and the ICES WG ..In terms of any actions that may need more rapid response and addressing,the ICES WG Chairman could contact the Bl/SIT Chairman directly andimmediately.

ICES Interest in Salmonid Movements in the North Atlantic Ocean

Chairman Sindermann, with contributions from H. Grizel, A. Munro, R.Cutting, and V. Bye, next reviewed the lCES Working Group's involvement

-. '1.-.;". '~"~

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and concern with introductions and transfers of salmonids in the NorthAtlantic Ocean. The WG has had continuing interests in these mattcrssince the Group's reeonvening in 1979. A Council Resolution of that year(C.R. 1979/4:6) reads,

"Tt was deeided that the Council should encourage membercountries to conduct feasibility Qnd environ~ental impactstudies for all speeies of Oncorhynchu5 prior to anyfurther introductions into North Atlantic waters andadjacent sec:1.s."

when the leES Group first reconvened in 1979, introductlons by theUSSR of pink (humpback) salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, were coming to anend. For twenty years the Russian~ had been releasing the pink salmonfrom a hatchery on the,Kola Peninsula; many of these salmon migrated upand :::;pawned in Norwegian rivers (see n"view by D. Solomon, "Paeific pinksulmon in northwest Russia," in the 1983 WG Report (C.H. 1.983/F:27), ""pages 40-42). No natural runs were ever verified. In Poland, Latvia andEstonia there were many cage trials with as many as four differntOncorhvnchus species in the Baltic Sea.

At about the same time, the UK was studying proposals to introducebrood stock of the pink salmon (0. Qorbl.lscha) to Britain, and Dr. D.Solomon presented progress reports to the WG at meetings from 1979 to1983. (This proposal is on "inactive status" in the UK according to Dr.Bye). Scotland held eoho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in quarantine,where they were raised to an F1 generation, but the decision was made notto release these fish and all were destroyed. Proposals in the UK forsteelhead (rainbow trout) (Salmo gairdneri) ranching in the North Sea arealso on "inuctive status"; there are no uctive proposals at this time inthe UK relative to introductions and transfers of salmonid fish.

The Gröup was also concerned in 1980-1981 with the question of cohosalmon (0. kisutch) open sea ranching in France, and in May 1981conducted a field trip lead by Dr. Y. Harache to the Centre Oceanologiquede Bretagne (COB) and the hatchery and experimental rearing site atTrevabu, 20 km from COB (near Brest). As a result, aseries ofreeommendations were made to ICES. No coho ranching project is now inoperation in France.

The Group has also been concerned with the release by individualnortheastern states of the USA of Pacific salmon, and their appearance inCanadian waters. The mutter of these introductions is largely under thejurisdietion and purview of individual statp.s, and the federal governmentof the United States has little control; it is uifficult to prevent astate from relea:::;es of Pacific salmon. In 1987-1988, three states, New.Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, are releasing coho salmon (0.kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhvnchus tshawvtscha) into Atlanticcoastal waters (see report herein).

It is clear from these histories that interest in the movements ofsalmonid stocKS transoceanically and interoceanically has been andcontinues to be a major potential force in the economy, biology, ecology,and genetic history of North Atlantic salmon populations.

Studies in Scotland on Genetic Questions of Atlantic Sulmon Aguaculture

Dr. A. Youngson of the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, reviewed for ICES

\.

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and NASCO eurrcnt studics in Seotland. In Seotland there is extensiveaquaeulture interest in Atlantie salmon; given the future sizes (numbers)of potential releases, it is important to ask what the effects will be onindigenous Atlantic salmon. Will large scale releases (escapes) ofsalmon derived from other geographie regions disrupt the gcncticstructure of n~tural wild stocks? Will that be detrimental? Thcquestion is difficult to approach.

Collections of scales of Atlantic salmon in Scotl~nd waters have andare being made; the seale reeords the part of the animal's life spent ineulture (the pattern of freshwater growth on the seale is distinetive).There <1re 5mall numbers (less than 10 percent) of "wild caught" salmonthat eome originally from culture operations. These latter areinterpreted as either accidental hatehery releases (losses, from brokennets or sunken weIl boats [large numbers of smolts are moved 10ngdistanees in "weIl boats"]) or intentional hatehery releases of oldersmolts (released into fr~shwater supplying the hatehery). Eightyfreshwater hatcheries (uith 200 sea farming sites) -- 90 percent of the~e

are on the west eoast of Seotland --put into the sea 20 million smolts in1988. The wild eateh of sa1mon is mostlyon the east eoast. Aguaeulturebegan in the early 1970s, and produetion now outstrips the wild fisherytake.

Genetie studies inelude the dcseription of tissue protein variation(via eleetrophoresis) to deteet patterns of natural geographievariation. There is now very little hard data to go on. Hueh more dataare needed to test questions and ideas in the field relative to whateffeets inereasing aquaeulture praetiees will have on the existing wildfishery and in the maintenance of stock genetic integrity. Threequestions ean be asked in this regard:

(1) 00 native wild fish and "introdueed" fish differ in"performance" in any measurab1e way?

(2) If these fish grow to adults and return, do native andintrodueed fish hybridize as adults?

(3) 00 hybrid fish differ in any way from wild stocks?

The type of stock introdueed may of course influenee the outcome of anyexperiments designed to answer these questions, but any stock type usedwould demonstrate the prineiples involved in potential genetie crossingquestions. One way to perform the experiments necessary to answer thesequestions is to use a genetie tao (based on proteins), using, forexample, one variable enyzme (HE) in museie tissue whose frequeney ofoceurrenee is quite high. It is thus possible to take a biopsy sampieand potentially look at whether wild stocks and introdueed stocks havebred together. The. enzyme eoneerned may have important effeets on somelife history stages. The effects of genetic hybridization eould be quitesubtle and take a lang time to be manifested. Other genetie techniquesmay include mitochondrial ONA markers.

Impact of Fish Farming and Restocking on Natural Populations of Salmonidsin the UK

Or. V. Bye of HAFF, Lowestoft, submittcd the following statementpertinent to the questions being addressed by this joint meeting:

~:=:. ':":''''~-:'' :.__ or-.:--~r" -"-~'~' .•--"""" ~- .....-........- ... '•••.. " ," ,;.. . ~ :<, ••..--..'•.. ~,.. T ,., ••- " :- ~.~: ,T -_ ~ " .., _.ar''''r'::''' _ .".. " ,:" _: :" _.~:-.

," .~

..

•

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- 27 _.

The rapid cxp~nsion of salmonid farming in Europe, particularly ofAtlantic salmon, ha~ substantially increascd the number of farmed fishbcing accidentally and delibcrately released into the wild. An estimatedEuropean production of Atlantic salmon of 70,000 tons in 1987 probablyinvolved thc cscapc of at least one million sffiolts and larger fish intothe sea. Accidents, predator damage to nets, storm damage, etc., allallows fish escapesi for example during the storms of October 1987 asingle Engli~h farm lost 37,000 salmon of around 500g mean weight. In~ddition the production from salmon hatcheries is beginning to exceed thedemand from fish farms and the excess production of parr and particularlyof S2 smolts is being made available at low cost for cnhancement andmitigation or arc delibcrately dumped into natural waters to avoiddisposal costs.

Although the survival rate of the released fish is probably poor andreturn rates as mature fish low, they are almost invariably non-localstocks, u511ally from semi-domesticated farm broodstocks. The eventualcontribution thcy make to thc production of natural salmon stocks and theimpact they have on the genetic constitution and viability of the stockscannot at present be calculated. In Norwegian coastal fisheries 10percent of thc salmon captured are of fish farm origin.

Research programs have been established in Scotland (DAFS) and inEngland and ~~le5 (HAFF) to develop technique5 for the genetteidentification of salmonid stocks and to apply them to naturalpopulations to assess what level of genetic discrimination is possible.It may be that the 100 years of restocking and enhancement in the UK haveswamped the original stock distinctions except in a few isolated areas,although the relatively low viability of stocked fish may limit theircontr1but1on to gene pools. It 1s hoped that the effect of flsh farmescapees can be monitored.

Regionäl water authorities ~nd riparian owncrs have becomeincreasingly aware of the potentially adverse effects of restocking with"alien" genotypes and many have, or are developing, codes of practicewhich take into account genetic factars. Legislation is available underthe Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975 and the Salmon Act 1986which allows water authorities and river fishery boards to preventdeliberate stocking with salmonids of non-local origin.

other Atlantic salmon hatcheries and interests in EuropeIt was noted by the Group that there are many salmon hatcheries

throughout Europe from which fish can and do escape. Many hatcheriesalso continue to move eggs, parr and smolt on large scales. Dr. E.Egldius commented th~t in Norway there was ~lso r~pidly increasingaquaculture interestj here, hatcheries also date back 100 years. Therei5 interest (attempts) to select certain rivers for aquacultureoperations and not others. Dr. Egidius will be presenting a paper inBergen in october at the Introduced specles minisymposium on the mutualimpact of wild and cultured salmen in Nerway.

It was no ted that there are also salmon hatcheries in northern spainproducing fish. In Germany there is interest in re-establishing(restocking) the Atlantlc salmon in the Rhine (which is polluted in largeparts). The Rhlne, once the largest salmon river in Europe, had ceasedproducing salmon by the 19305.

A snrvcy of thc member countries present at the Joint Meeting revealed

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over 500 hatcherics in Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, the U.K. and theUSA alone (Table 3).

It was noted that the Institute of Aquaculture of the University ofStirling has prepared areport for the Nature Conservancy Councilentitled, "The Reduction of the Impact of Fish Farming on the NaturalMarine Environment". Phillips et al. (1985) and Gowen anu 3radbury(1987), all from Stirling, have further considered the ecological andenvironmental impacts of salmonid tarming on coastal waters and inlandfisheries.

Status oE Tntroductions of Pacific Salmon in North AtlanticIn brief, the current status of Pacific salmon culture and releases in

the North Atlantic is as follows (Dr. Y. Harache will be presenting apaper in Bergen in October on Pacific salmon in Atlantic waters):

n France: there is cn~ operating farm raising coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Jaudy River at Treguier,Brittany run by SODAB and IFREMERi see review and descriptionin the lCES 1987 WG Report (C.M. 1987/F:35, pp. 38-39(Appendix V))

n United States of America: private operations which werereleasing pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chumsalmon (Oncorhvnchus keta) in Maine ceased in 1983(pink) and in 1986 (chum). The states of New Hampshire,Massachusetts, and New Jersey now release coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha) (see 1988 Report, herein).

# Canada: coho salmon, derived from USA releases, still survivein the Cornwallis River, near Halifax, in Nova Scotia.Juveniles were first found here in 1978 (adults in 1976)and coho have successfully reproduced in the River in allyears except 1983 and 1985 (study by Dr. S. Barbouri seeNASCO/NAC/BI/SlT 1987 report, page 6)i the populationappears to be self-sustaining. Two mature chinook salmonwere captured in the Annapolis River, Bay of Fundy, NovaScotia in 1986. Dr. S. Barbour recently concluded a twoyear study on the coho Cornwallis River population. Bothcoho and Atlantic salmon thus breed in this same river.

Canclusions, recommendations, and directions

It was feIt by ICES participants that the present Joint Meeting was auseful exchange of information. Dr. Cutting also faund that the contactbetween the Bilateral Group and TCES had been most usefu1.

It was further agreed that,

(1) There should be a continuing interchange of communication betweenthe two groups, particularly between the two Chairmen of theGroups,

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(2) That Dr. R. Cutting could act as a general liaison relative tocommunication and information flow between the two Groups,

and

(3) That consideration should be given at the 1989 WG meeting foranother joint session with the NAC Bilateral Working Groupin 1990 in Halifax.

On the basis of the extensive discussions and information preBented atthis Joint Meeting today, the WG formulated two recommendations relativeto further Canadian studies on the introduced population of coho salmonin Nova Scotia, and relative to further evaluating the effects of .releases of introauced and transfered salmonids on the genetic integrityof wild Atlantic salmonid.stocks, by holding a special session on this ­question at its 1989 WG meeting, to which national experts on the geneticidentity of salmonid stocks should be invited to attend.

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourceseIUCN): Interest in Translocation of Living Organisms

It was brought before the attention of the WG that the IUCN (Avenue duMont-Blanc, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland), has an "IntroductionsSpecialist Group" of its Species Survival Commission. The Group ischaired by Dr. P. Munton. Copies of "The IUCN Position statement onTranslocation of Living Organisms: Introductions, Re-Introductions, andRe-Stocking" (as approved at the 22nd Meeting of the IUCN Council, 4September-198?) were shown.

A meeting, "Introduced Species: European Policy and Practice at Homeand Abroad", is being convened for September 6-8 1988 at the ImperialCollege, London, sponsored by IUCN, "to bring specialists together toidentify major actual and potential invasive species of plants andanimals and to consider the implications of introduced species forwildlife and habitat management in the countries of the Council of Europeand other countries where introductions are made by European developmentor other agencies for any reason, but especially in connection withbiological control." .

'" _.• , __ ~ ." .••••. , ..;._ .."~_ ' _.••_._ -::.~_~.__ ."'~.._ ·· __..,...- _...,,-...._u'".:""•• _ .~.. "' '-..::--' V' ~.

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Table 3.

EXAHPLES OF NUMBER,OF HATCHERIES AHD SALMONIHPORTATION RBGULATIONSINSOHE ICES KEKBBR COUNTRIES

[For Atlantic salmon (Saumon atlantique) Salmo salarl

Approx.No.HatcheriesPrivate Government

'.I

•

•

COllntry

CANADA

DENMARK

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

NORWAY

UK: ENGLAND

UK: SCOTLAND

USA

12

None

None

1

>300

26 (*)

130

?

11

None

None

None

3

13 (**)

2

6

Importation of live salmon (aseggs, parr, smolt and/or broodstock) frollt other countr ies:

Under permit only

No. But after consultation withthe Fisheries Institute exceptionsare possible

Yes (ova certainly) under permitonly

Yes, at present (but refer todraft regulations, 1988)

No, but exceptions are given inview of smolt shortage

Ova:under license with appropriatehealth·certificate. Fish: onlyfrom N. Ireland. Water authoritiescan regulate release of salmonidsinto natural waters under theircontrol

Ova: under license; Flsh: no

Yes, under individual statecontrol

( * )(**)

plus several under constructionRegional Water Authorities, not national government

.~ .. " , ~-~ .'... . .""- ,." ,~ :. ' .. , ,. ,'.. ..•.. ,.'.... .,..,. ~-" .....-~_.. ..... .... ' •••_~ .... -.>

: ~I

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The 1988 Mini-Symposium on "Case Histories of Effeets of Introduetionsand Transfers on Marine Eeosystems"

A minisymposium on introduetions and transfers is planned for theOetober 1988 76th Statutory Meeting of ICES in Bergen, with Dr. C. J.Sindermann as Convenor.

The symposium eonsists of the following ease histories:

INTRODUCED MARINE PARASITES:(1) The swim-bl~dder np.matodes Anguillieola spp. and the gi11

monogenes P"eudodaetvl09yrlls in European eelsBy: M. Kaie (Denmark)

(2) The trematode parasite Gyrod~etylus salaris in Atlantiesalmon in SeandinaviaBy: (Norwc:lY)

INTRODUCED MARINE FISH:(3) Paeifie salmon in Atlantie waters

By: Y. Haraehe (Franee)(4) Mutual impact of wild and eultured salmon in Norway

By: E. Egidius (Norway)INTRODUCED MARINE INVERTEBRATES:(5) The introduetion of the Paeifie oyster Crassostrea gigas in Franee

By: H. Grizel (Franee)INTRODUCED MARINE PLANTS:(6) The Japanese brown kelp Undaria pinnatifida on the eoast of Franee

By: J.-Y. Floe'h (Franee), R. Pajot (Franee), and I. Wallentinus(Sweden)

(7) The Japanese brown alga Sargassum mutieum in European watersBy: G. BoaIch (UK)

In addition, C. Sindermann (USA) and A. Munro (UK) will present the"lntroduetion" and "Conelusions and Summary", respeetively. The easehistories will foeus on the broad picture of both the eeologicalimplieations and praetieal impacts of the introduetions underexamination. It is intended that these papers will be published togetheras a group (the target journal to be seleeted at a later date).

The '990 Symposium on "Case Histories of the Effeets of Introduetions andTransfers on Aguatic Resaurees and Eeosystems"

An international Symposium on introdueed and transferred speeies isplanned for 1990. It was proposed that this two day Symposium be held inJune 1990 in Halifax, adjunet to the World Aquaeulture Soeiety's (WAS)meeting, "Aquaeulture: The Global Perspeetive". The Symposium would beeo-sponsored by lCES, EIFAC, and the WAS. with Drs. C. J. Sindermann(ICES), prof. K. Tiews (EIFAC) and J. CasteIl (WAS) to be asked to be co­convenors. A joint meeting with EIFAC would be appropriate at this time,and eonvenlng the meeting In Hallfax would address one of the Importanttarget groups (aquaculturists) relative to concerns about exotic speciesmovelnents.

C; Sindermann (lCES), K. Tiews(FAO), J. casteIl (WAS)

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The 1990 Symposium on !ICase Hl3torles of the Effects of rntroductions andTrans fers on Agl.la ti c Resources and Ecosys tems " (cont i nued)

A tentative outline consisting of four major theme sessions was proposed:

_____T;..;;:,o,l;::;p~ig.__.. ..::p...;o;:;.;s:::..s=i_=b~l~e=___..l...( ::::C::::o_-....l)...;C;:;.;O:::..I~l~v::::.e..:..;n:.::e~r~s

GENERAL SESSION: ISSUES ANDTHEORETICAL CONCEPTS ON THEGLOBAL MOVEMENTS BY MANOF MARINE AND FRESH\o1ATER SPECIES

Special Keynote Papers:* The Intentional and Accidental Transportation of Marine and

Aql.latie Organisms byMan (J. Carlton)* The Laws and Regulations Governing the Movement of Marine

and Aquatic Organisms- by Man (Speaker to be Chosen)* Genetie Engineering and the Introduetions and Transfers

of Genetieally Modified Organism3 (Speaker'to be Chosen)

The Symposium would consist of the General Session on the firstmorning, followed by the three thematic sessions over the next one and ahalf days. Both freshwater (aquatic) and marine species would becovered, with particular questions of diseases (quarantine), eeologicalconeern3, genetie problems, and so forth, being covered under eaeh of thespecial themes. The sessions would also consist of contributed papers(15 minute presentations) presented as part of each thematic session orin concurrent sessions.

It was decided that the WG propose this Symposium with this loeation,timetable, and general framework.

,',.,i

:.t

1--' •

FISH INTRODUCTIONS & TRANSFERS* Overview Paper* Special Case History Papers

INVERTEBRATE (ESPECIALLYMOLLUSKS AND CRUSTACEANS)INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS

* Overview Paper* Special Case History Papers

PLANT INTRODUCTIONS & TRANSFERS* Overview Paper* Special Case History Papers

A. Munro (lCES), (EIFAC)

H. Grizel and J. Carlton (ICES),J. Stewart (EIFAC)

I. \o1allentinus, G. BoaIch, andOthers (freshwater representative)

Update of Coooerative Research Report 116 (1982):"status (1980) of lntroductions and Transfers of Non-lndigenousMarine Species in North Atlantie Waters"

It was decided that this valuable document should be updated after the1988 and 1990 symposia on introductions and transfers. Eleven years ofinformation and data eontained in the Working Group annual reports ofmeeting3 would also be incorporated. WG members will be asked to beginto prepare special materials and syntheses for this revision .

• l

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The Laws and Regulations Concerning Tntroductions and Transfers 6f Marineund Agll;:ttic Orgi1nisms in TCES Member Countries

The WG has accumulated for ten years information on the laws andregulations concerning the introductions and transfers of marine andaquatic organisms in TCES member countries. These laws and regulationsare often difficult to locate. It was decided that a summary (list) ofall known laws and regulations that have been presented to the WG between1979 and 1987 should be prepared by the Rapporteur in draft form, alongwith information on how to locate and obtain copies (and possiblytranslations) of the documents citcd. The Rapporteur was asked to havethi5 document ready for the 1989 WG meeting.

A great deal of careful thinking and preparation has gone into thedrafting of these many regul~tions in lCES countries over the decades,and it is believed that making these more widely available would further;:t global understanding of the concerns and problems associated withthemovement of exotic. species.

Computerized Tnventory and Bibliography of Introductions and Transfers

The WG has considered the needs for these data bases over the pastseveral years, but time, funds, and personnel to devote to these taskshave been limited. In the meantime, Dr. H. RosenthaI (Federal Republicof Germany) has produced what the WG no ted is a valuable and usefulbibliography on introductions and transfers (RosenthaI, in press).Proofs pages of Dr. Rosenthal's bibliography were passed out at the WGmeeting for the WG members to examine. Discussions focused on thecontinual updating of such a bibliography and the need for wideavailability.

It was'-decided to consider further discussions and consultations withthe TCES Secretariat relative to a specific focus on the development of acomputerized record of introductions and transfers of marine organisms inTCES member countries (the establishment, format, and implementation ofsuch arecord perhaps to coincide with the revision of CRR 116).

RECOMMENDATlONS

During the course of the meeting, recommendations to the parent committeewere formulated by the Working Group. These recommendations are,

(1)That attention be drawn to the dangers resulting from the increasinginternational movement of water as ballast in cargo vessels, and thesubsequent accidental introduction of exotic fishes and zooplankton (asin the North American Great Lakes) and the potential accidentalintroduction of exotic phytoplankton (such as species that may causetoxic blooms) and TCES member countries be urged to examine this criticalproblem, to determine the scale of this activity in their countries, andto consider control measures (slIch as the exchange of harbor (port,estuarine, bay) water for ocean water on the high seas),

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( 2 )That great concern bc expressed about the increasing cross-bordertransport of live bait organisms (fish, annclids, mollusks, crustaceans,and so forth) which are frcquently subscquently released in new areas,and urges TCES mcmber countries to cxamine this critic~l problem, todetermine thc scale of this activity in their countrics, and to considercontrol measures,

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( 3 )Th~ t, be ing made a'N.:lre 0 f gener<ll cxamples 0 f pathogcns of commcrc ia 1fish and shellfish being discovered, or the existence ignored and/or notreported, TCES member countries are urged to carefully considerimportations when commercial interests may influence subsequent orconcurrent publication of scientific findings of the species involved,

( 4) .That, in light of the occurrence in the North Atlantic Ocean ofpopulations of introduced coho salmon and Atlantic salmon breeding in thesame rivcr in Nova Scotia, Canada b~ urged to establish a continuingprogram of surveillance and documentation of these co-occurring species,relative in particular to successful reproduction and microhabitatutili=ation of salmonids in this river,

( 5 )That an international symposium entitled, "Case Histories of the Effectsof lntroductions and Transfers on Aquatic Resources and Ecosystems" beconvened for two days in separate session during the annual meeting ofthe World Aquaculture Society (WAS), between June 9 and 16, 1990, inHalifrax, and to be co-sponsored by lCES, FAO/ElFAC and WAS; and that Dr.C. J. Sindermann (lCES), Prof. K. Tiews (EIFAC) and Dr. J. CasteIl (WAS)be asked to be co-conveners. Said Symposium would consist of invited andcontributed papers that would be presented in sessions devoted to generallssues and theoretical concepts, fish and fisheries, shellfish and other

.. invertebrates, and plants,

( 6 )That the Working Group on lntroductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms(Chairman: Dr. C. J. Sindermann) meet at the Department of Fisheries andForestry in Dublin from May 23 - May 26 1989 in order to,

(a) evaluate the effects of the releases of introduced and foreignsalmonids on the genetic integrity of wild Atlantic salmonid stocks, towhich session national experts on the qenetic identity of salmonid stocksshould be invited to attend;

(b) prepare definitive advice and final recommendations relative to theintroduction and cultivation of the Japanese brown alga Undaria on theAtlantic coast of France, the WG to have been provided th~ reports ofstudies on the matter scheduled to be completed before June 1989, andwith National Experts Drs. J. Floc'h (France) and I. Wallentinus (Sweden)to be invited to this WG meeting in 1989;

(c) m.::lke detailed plans for thc international symposium, "Case Historeisof the Effects of lntroductions and Transfers on Aquatic Resources and

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Ecosystems," proposed to be held in Halifax in June, 1990;

(d) complete preparation of a document, "National Laws and Regulations ofICES Member Countries Concerning lntroductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms," for proposed publication in the ICES Conp~rative ResearchReport series;

(e) continue the overview of the status of proposed, new, and on-goingintroductions and transfers and their biological and ecological effects,relative to finfish, shellfish, and other invertebrates, and algae in andbetween ICES member countries.

-- -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the conclusion of its deliberations the Working Group extended theirthanks to SecrctaryMalcolm Windsor and his staff of NASCO Headqu~rters

in Edinburgh for their gracious hospitality, and to Dr. A. Munro (MarineLaboratory, Aberdeen) and NASCO for inviting the Working Group toScotland for its 1988 meeting; to Dr. R. Roberts and his staff of theInstitute of Aquaculture of the University of Stirling for an informativeand detailed review and site visit of the Institute's work, and to theEdinburgh City Administration for their gracious hospitality .

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Appendix I

AGENDA

ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine organismsEdinburgh, Scotland, May 31 - June 3 1988

31 May 1988Tuesday

:.; .;

•

•

9:00AM

12:00

1:00 PM

5:00 PM

5:30 PM

1 June 1988Wednesday

9:00 AM

12:00

1:30 ­5:00

* Opening Session oE Working GroupWelcome by M. Windsor, Secretary, NASCOComments by WG Chairman

* Review of. agenda* st~tus of recommendations -- 1987 meeting* National Reports

Lunch

* National Reports (continued)* status of Introductions and Transfers:

Brown alga Undaria pinnatifida in France* 1988 Minisymposium on Introductions and Transfers

(Bergen) :Brown alga Undarla pinnatlfidaPacific oyster Crassostrea gigasBrown alga Sargassum muticumEel parasitesCoho and other Pacific salmonAtlantic salmonGyrodactylus in Scandinavia

Adjourn

Reception (City Chambers, Edinburgh City Administration)

* Continue discussion of plans for 1988 Minisymposiumon Introducticns and Transfers of Marine and Aquaticorganisms

* Plans for 1990 World Symposium on Introductions andTransfers of Marine and Aquatic organisms

Lunch

* Site Visit and Field Trip: Institute of Aquacultureat the University of Stirling

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2 June 1988Thursday

9:00 AN

12:00

1:305:00

5:00

5:30

3 June 1988Friday

9:00 AM

12:00

- 37 -

Appendix I(contlnued)

AGENDA

* Convene joint sess i on of I CES Work ing Group alHJ.NASCO representatlves> Review of NASCO activitles related to transfers

and Introductions> Review of TCES actlvities related to transfers

and Introductions> Review of Atlantic salmon transfers

(status, pathology, genetics, ecology)> Review of Pacific salmon introductions

(status, pathology, genetics, ecology)

Lunch

* Reconvene Joint Session> Review codes of practice, protocols, other documents> Discussion of possible joint activities> Preparation of joint statement:

Conclusions, recommendations, and directions

Adjourn

Reception (NASCO Headquarters)

* Update of Cooperative Research Report 116* Publication of Summary of National Laws concerning

introductions and transfers* Discussion of establishment, format and implementation

of a computerized record of introductions and transfersin TCES countries

* Discussion of establishing an international bibliography0: introductions and transfers of aquatic organisms

* other international activities relative to introductionsand transfers: IUCN, SCOPE

* Discussion of recommendations to parent committee* Time, place, and principal agenda items for 1989

meeting

Adjourn

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APPENDIX II.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References Cited in WG 1988 Report

Bye, V.1988. Introductions and transfers of aquatic organi~m~. Trout News

Number 5: 3-6. (A publication of the Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries anu Food (MAFF), Dlrectorate of Fisheries Research,Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHT, England)

Dekker, W. and J. van Willigen1987. Short note on the distribution and abundance of Anguillicola

in the Netherlands. Paper presented at the European Inland FisheryAdvisory Commission (EIFAC/FAO), Eel Working Group, Bristol, 6 pp.(mimeo)Related napers:W. Dekker and J. van Willigen, 1988, De aalparasiet in 1987.Visserij 40(6): 461-465.

W. Dekker and J. van Willigen, 1988. Abundance of Anguillico]acrassa in Dutch outdoor w~ters and the reaction of its hostAnguilla anguilla. ICES/C.M./M. Anacat Committee.

Floc'h, J.-Y., R. Pajot and I. Wallentinus1988. The Japanese brown alga Undaria pinnatifida on the coast of France

and the possibilities of its establishment in European waters.Abstract, Minisymposium on Case Histories of Effects of Introductionsand Transfers on Marine Ecosystems, at the 76th Statutory Meetingof ICES, October 1988, Bergen.

Frerichs, G.N., S. D. MilIar and R. J. Roberts1986. Ulc~rative rhabdovirus in fish in South-East Asia. Nature

322 (6076): 216.

Gowen, R.J. and N.B.Bradbury1987. The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters:

a review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25: 563-575.

Hartog," C. den, G. van der WeIde1987. Invasions by plants and animals into coastal, brackish, and

freshwater of the Netherlands. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. vanWetensch., C90 (1): 31-37.

Kar155on, ,7.1988. S."u:-gassum mut i ,-um (Fucles, Phaeophyceae) -- a new member of the

marine algal flora of the Swedish west coast. In press.

Nielsen, J. G. (Zoological Museum, Copenhagen)1988. Fishes new to Denmark 1962-1987. In press.

Phillips, M. J., M.C.M. Beveridge and L.G.Ross1985. The environmental impact of salmonid cage culture on inland

fisheries: present status and future trends. J. Flsh. Blol.27 (Suppl.): 123 - 137.

'.:' "'~"',7"''':'''':.,,,~;· ~ : ,'~ -- "-"" , . ," "'.. ':":..~_.~ '.. ,,~ " .

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- 39 -

APPENDIX II.BIBLIOGRAPHY

(continued)

Rasmussen" E.1987. status over uldhandskrabbens (Eriocheir sinensis) udbredelse og

forekom~t i Danm3~k. Flora og Fauna 93(3): 51-58. (in Danish"English abstract) [A review cf thp distribution and occurrence ofthe Chine~e mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Denmark]

References Cited in USA River Ruffe Report

Bagenal" T. B.1970. The Observer's Book of Freshwater Fishes. Frederick Warne & Co."

Ltd." London" 140 pp.

Busch" W.-D." D.H.Davies, and S. J. Nepszy1977. Establishment of white pereh, Marone americann, in Lake Erie. J.

Fish. Res. Eu. Can., 34: 1039-1041.

Bur, M. T., D. M. Klarer and K. A. Krieger1986. First records of a European cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi,

in Lakes Erie and Huron. J. Great Lakes Res. 12: 144-146.

Lange, C~ and R. Cap1986. Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Cercopagidae: a Cladoceran): a new

record for Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res., 12: 142-143.

Lind, E. A.1977. A review of pikepereh (Stizostedion lucioperca), Eurasian perch

(Perca fluviatilis) and ruff (Gymnocephalus cernua) in Finland. J.Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 34: 1684-1695.

Maitland, P.S.1987. Fish introductions and translocations -- their impact in the

British Isles, pp. 57-65, in: P. S. Maitland and A. K. Turner, eds.,Ang1ing and Wi1dlife in Fresh Wnters. Institute of Terrestrial EcologySymposium No. 19.

sterligova, O. P. and s. A. Pav10vskly1984. Consumption of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, eggs by ruffe,

Gymnocephalus cernua, and invertebrates. Journal of Ichthyology25: 166-169 (origina1ly in Voprosy Ikhtio1ogii, 24(6): 1036-1039).

'iVi 11 e ms e n , J.1977. Population dynamlcs of pereids in Lake IJssel and some smal1er

lakes in The Netherlands. J.Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 34: 1710-1719.

Additional New Pnpers

Bamber, R. N.1985. The intinerant sea-spider Ammathea hilgendorfi (Bohm) in British

waters. Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol Soc. 41: 169-187.[Japanese pycnogonid species, in Southampton Water]

,'" '. ~. ". ,-~ ~ . '

.... , ~ ~

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- 40 -

APPENDIX II.BIBLIOGRAPHY

(eontinued)

Carlton, J.T.1987. Patterns of transoeeanie marine biologieal invasions in the Paeiflc

Ocean. Bull. Mar. Sei. 41: 452 - 465.

Chapman, John1988. Invasions of ~he northea~t Paclfle by Asian and Atlantic

gammaridean amphipod erustaeeans, including a new species ofCorophium. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8(3): 364 - 382.

Coleman, N.1986. A review of introduetions of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

around the world and a discussion ur the possible ecologicalconsequences of introducing the species into Victoria, Australia.Marine Science Laboratories [Queenscliff, Victoria, AustraliaJ,Teehnical Report No. 56, 39 pp.[A publieation of the Marine Science Laboratories (of the Department ofConservation, Forests, and Lands), P. O. Box 114, Queenscliff,Victorla 3225, Australial

Eldredge, L. G.1987. Coral reef alien species. Chapter 16 (pp. 215-228), in: B. Salvat,

ed., Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations.Antenne Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia (ISBN 2-905630-06-X)

Essink, K. and H. L. Kleef1986. Rose Garnalen in Het Eems-Dollard Estuarium in 1986. (Pink coloured

shrimp in the Ems-Dollard estuary in 1986). Report series ofRijkswaterstaat (Ministry of Publie Works and Transport), Departmentof Tidal Waters (Dienst Getijdewateren), Report GWAO 87.152, 5 pp.(Available from: Dienst Getijdewateren, Hereweg 99a, 9721 AA,Groningen, The Netherlands). (in Dutch)

[In the spring of 1986 pink coloured shrimp, Crangon crangon,were caught in the Ems-Dollard estuarYi the occurrenc of pinkindividuals of this species is known from other place, andtherefore a local pollution source cannot be taken intoaccount as causingit]

Sheath, R. G.1987. Invasions into the Laurentian Great Lukes by murine algae. Areh.

Hydrobiol. 25: 165-186.

Williams, R. J., F.B.Griffiths, E. J. Van der Wal and J. Kelly1988. Cargo vessel ballast water as a vector for the transport of

non-indigenous marine species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science26: 409-420.

Biological Invasions: World Literature

In 1982 SCOPE ("The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment)'set Up a "Program on the Ecology of Biological Invasions". The final

.. " ..\',........ ~ .',.-, 'J. ...... ' .''- '. ,:'.', ~ -. -' ; .. '" ....', ....J

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41 -

APPENDIX II.BIBLIOGRAPHY

(contlnued)

}

meeting of this Program was held in 1986. The primary results of SCOPE'scfforts have been the appearance of aseries of monographs from Britain,the United States, the Netherlands, South Africa, and Australia (seebelow). These monographs, totalling more than 1,500 pages, are importantcontributions to the understanding of the introductions anä transfers ofnon-native species in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystemsaround the world:

H. Kornberg and H. H. Williamson, editors1986: Quantitative aspects of the ecology of biological invasions.

Philosophical Tran~actlons of the Royal Society of London, B,Biologlcal Sciences, 314: 501-746.

H. A. Hooney and J. A. Orake, editors1986: Ecology of blological invasions of North America and Hawaii.

New York: Springer-Verlag (Ecological Studles 58), 321 pp.

R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, editors1986: The ecology of biological invasions: an Australian perspectlve.

Cambridge: cambridge Universlty Press, 166 pp.

HacOona1d, I.A.W., F. J. Kruger, and A.A. Ferrar, editors1986: The ecology and management oE biological invasions in southern

Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press

e Kitching, R. L., editor1986: The ecology of exotic animals and plants: same Australian case

histories. Brisbane, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 276 pp.

Orake, J., et al., editors1988: Biological invasions: aglobai perspective. New York: John

Wiley and Sons

W. Joenje, K. Bakker and L. Vlijrn, editors1987: The ecology of biological invasions [in the Netherlandsl.

Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van'Wetenschappen, val urne 90, number I, 80 pp .

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'~PPENDI X I I I.

Working Group Site Visit: 1988 Meeting

On June 1 1988 members of the Working Group visited the Institute ofAquaculture of the Univcrsity of Stirling. Thc group was greeted byInstitute Director Professor Ron Roberts and other members of his staff,who provided a detailed introduction anQ backgr0und to the Institute'shistory and current research programmes.

The group w~s set up in 1971 (and attained Institute status in 1978) to·address problems of fish diseases, with the idea of bringing togetherbiological and veterinary expertise. Dy the mid-1970s, the Institute'sint~rests were expanded to other areas of aquaculture, including fishgenetics, fish nutrition, and environmental considerations relative toaquaculture. The Institute initially took over an old trout farm startedby Sir Jamcs Maitland (famous for his salmonid work at Howietoun), andnow owns seven farms.

Today the Iristitute h~s a· st~ff of about 90 and is part of thepostgraduate curriculum of the School" of Biological Sciences of theUniversity. It is anticipated that in two years there will be offeringsat the undergraduate (bachelor's) level. A major emphasis of theInstitute is the teaching of postgraduatc rcsearchers from around theworld (through the EEC, the Overseas Development Administration, and theResearch Ceuncil). The budget of the Institute is about 2.3 millionpounds per year, about 300,000 of which is from the University and therest from external funding sourees. Major emphases today of theInstitute are questions focused on disease, genetics, and nutrition,especially relative to biotechnology. As an example, the InstituteIswork lead to the founding of an independent company (StirlingDiagnostics) as an international fish disease diagnostics centre (on acommercial paying basis).

The Working Group toured the laboratories and fish holding andexperimental facilities of the Institute at length, and discussed withthe st~ff problems of introductions and transfers internationally:

The Institute's genetics proaram focuses on aenetlc analyses(includlng mitochondrial DNA) of tropical species (especiallyTilaoia) to determine species origins and the maintenance of purespecies stocks (that came out of Africa in the mid 1970s); geneticengineering to produce up to 1000 fish per brood per month (withfemales maturing at 6 mos of age), and ~pplications tO commercialpractices, and ~enetic cryopreservation of Tilapia gametes (holdinggenetic diversity in a milt gene library).

The Institute's diseasen program focuses on the histopathology,biology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of fishpathogens and parasites, including viral and bacterial diseases; anadditional focus i5 on aquatic vaccines and immune systems (e.g.,the control of virunculosis). A particular concern has been theSoutheast Asia epizootie rhacdevirus study (with FAO 3nd ODA jointfunding): annual outbreaks of a severe, ulcerative disease with veryhigh mertalities of wild and pond cultured freshwater fishes have

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APPENDIX 111.

Working Group Site Visit: 1988 Meeting

(continued)

occurred throughout South~a~~ A~ia since 1980, causing multimilliansof dollars in fish loss. It is now wtcespread and spreading throughthe tropics (see the work of the Institute's G. Frerichs et al.,published in Nature in 1986).

The Institute's nutrlt i 0n p~oqram focuscs on que~tion5 relative toAtlantic salmon stocks and freshwater prawns (three viruses are nowsprea~ around the world and are either directly pathogenlc or lowerthe animal's overall disease resistance}.

Information about the Stirling University Aguaculture Institute iscontained in their Annual Report, in their Aquaculture News, and innumerous research, teaching, and advisory publications (c/o Professor RonRoberts, Director, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling,Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom) .

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