00260976-photovoltaic powered water pumping design and implementation case studies in wyoming

7/31/2019 00260976-Photovoltaic Powered Water Pumping Design and Implementation Case Studies in Wyoming

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64 6 IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 8, No. 4, December 1993PHOTOVOLTAIC-POWERED WATER PUMPING - DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION:CASE STUDIES IN WYOMING

Kirk Stokesadrul H. Chowdhury, Sr. Member, IEEE Sadrul Ula, Sr. Member, IEEEElectrical Engineering Department NEOS Corporation

University of WyomingLaramie, WY 82071-3295

ABSTRACTA photovoltaic-powered water pumping project comprising ofseveral rural electric cooperatives and their customers is described indetail. A number of rem ote water pumping installations in the stateof Wyom ing are currently operating as a result of this project. Thedesign, installation and performance monitoring of these systems arediscussed. In general, it can be stated that PV-powered waterpumping in this state, has been a cost-effective alternative todistribution line extension or other conventional means of w aterpumping. Customer satisfaction, in terms of functional adequacyand low maintenance requirements of these systems, is high. Thebenefit for the utilities concerned, are cost savings and bettercustomer relations.

Keywords: Remote w ater pumping, photovoltaic power, alternateenergy.

1. INTRODUCTIONThe five year national photovoltaics program initiated in 1991targets the utility industry as the primary end-user for photovoltaic(PV) power. Its mission is to make PV a significant part of thenational energy mix. Demonstrations of PV projects by utilities innearly 30 states are working to promote PV as a viable alternativeform of electric utility generation [l-1 11. The utilization of PV forremote applications is gaining significant importance as awarenessof its advantages as a pow er supply option compared to distributionline extension or other conventional means becomes morewidespread. PV systems are already cost-effective for many remoteapplications, such as water pumping, cathodic protection, line

sectionalizing, etc. [121. Amo ng these applications, remot e waterpumping for residential water supply, small-scale imgation orlivestock watering, is perhaps the leading candidate for potentialwidesprea d acceptance [13-151. A t the present time, there are morethan 20,000 PV-powered w ater pumping installations around theworld. The recent successful completion of the K.C. Electric projectin Colorado [161 provides valuable lessons on this relatively newfield.93 WM 135-4 ECby the I EEE Energy Development and Power GenerationCommittee of the IEE E Power Engineering Society forpresentation at the IEEE/PES 1993 Winter Meeting,Columbus, OH, January 31 - February 5, 1993. Manu-script submitted September 1, 1992; made availablefor printing January 5, 1993.

A paper recommended and approved

Lakewood, CO

Most rural elecm c cooperatives (REC) n the western states areresponsible for operating and maintaining electrical distributionsystems that service primarily remote ranching and farming loads.This distribution system O& M can be costly at times to both theutility and its customers, especially when natural disasters dama gethe system. Incorporating PV pow er into their operation can helpsolve the high costs of serving these small remote loads and at thesame time maintain good relations with existing customers.How ever, for these utilities, reducing the cost of service is only partof the answer: system performance and reliability are two additionalfactors that are critical. With these goals in sight, five RECs in thestate of Wyoming with the help of Sandia National Labs. and theUniversity of Wyoming, initiated a two-year pilot project forinstalling and monitoring several PV-powered water pumpingsystems around the state. The major objectives of the project wereto: Demonstrate to the rural electric cooperatives and theircustomers, the cost-effective nature of the specific PVapplication - water pumping.Educate the rural electric cooperatives and their customers onprocuring such systems on their own.Monitor for an extended period of time, the performance andreliability of each sub-system, for example, the motor-pumpassembly, the PV modules, the batteries, etc. under differentseasonal conditions.Monitor customer satisfaction.

This paper describes the project in detail such that similarprojects elsewhere can be conceived and brought in to reality. Closeattention is paid to each phase of the task and successes and failuresare pointed out clearly.

The tasks defined fo r the project were:Site selection.System design.System Installation and testing.System performance m onitoring.Descriptions of implementation of the above tasks are given in alater section. The general process of designing a PV-powered waterpumping system is described first.

2.SYSTEM DESIGN TO REALITY - A JOINTVENTURE BETWEEN UTILITY AND CUSTOMERIt is becoming apparent that the utility should get involved withits custome rs in promoting PV power for water pumping in remotelocations. Both the utility and the customer benefit from suchcooperation. Radial line extensions can become matters of copiousinvestm ents for both parties and can be easily avoided by seekingthe photovoltaic alternative. By working together, they can arrive ata m utually acceptable solution - one where the customer receives theservice of water pumping, and the utility retains a satisfied customerwithout the need for exte nding the distribution line.

0885-8969/93/$03.00 0 1993 IEEE


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647Most si tes around Wyoming are at high elevations, thusreceiving radiation with less atmospheric scattering than usual. Thisincreases the possibility of the direct beam radiation reaching thesurface rather than the diffuse. Monitoring the direct and diffuseradiation at these sites for a certain period of time will indicateconclusively, the predominance of either component.An important factor in selecting PV systems is whether the arrayshould be allowed to track the sun continuously. Passive trackinghas received muc h attention in the recent past for such stand-alo ne

applications of PV power. However, continuous tracking, albeitconduciv e to higher daily collected solar energy, may prove to be acause of maintenance problems due to seve re wind loadings in somelocations. The question to be answered is then, does the specificwater pumping application require the benefits of a 20-30% ncreasein the total energy collected through a tracker? In answer to thatquestion, one needs to investigate the daily energy demand, thecomparative economics of a tracker versus an increase in the numberof fixed solar panels to supply the sam e energy demand.

In orde r to bring about an atmosphere of problem-free coopera-tion among the parties involved, it is necessary to delegate specialresponsibilities. These a re listed below:U :Identify pumping sites using a predefined criteria (describedbelow).Complete the pumping specification worksheet (describedbelow) with customer.Estimate size and cost of the system.Submit Request For Proposals to prospective offerors of PV -powered water pumping systems.ORBuy system components from vendors. The sub-systems are:

- PVmodules.- Motortpump assembly.- Control box, electrical switches , etc.- Support rack and pole for PV panel.- Float switch.- Trackers (optional).- Inverter (optional).- Batteries (optional).Supervise installation and testing.

Customer:Comp lete pumping specification worksheet with the utilityrepresentative.Review bids from offeror and select suitable system.Becom e cognizant of operation and maintenance of system .

2. 1 System Design GuidelinesThe systems installed within a utilitys service territory willdepend on consideration s of both technical and economic factors.These considerations, which are described in the following sections,must be optimized in orde r to provide a cost-effective and reliablewater pumping option for the customer.

Technical FactorsThe technical factors evaluated for each installation will includethe well and pump ing characteristics, the solar radiation availabilityat the site, and the array configuration. In order to design aneffective water pumping system, the designer must understand the

well, the site terrain, the water requirements, and the storage systemdetails. An understanding of the well requires information regardingthe casing diameter, the static and the dynam ic water depths. Inaddition, the water requirements should be know n in gallons per dayon a seasonal and daily basis. These parameters are used tocalculate pumping time, pump size, and power demand on the pumpwhich are in turn used to determine the load current from which thePV sys tem size can be calculated. It is important to know the largestpossible water production requirements, so that the system designwill account for the worst-case scenario.Once the sites for locating the PV-powered water pumps areidentified, an assessm ent of the solar radiation a t the particular sites

is essential. While both flat-plate and concentrator moduletechnologies have matured, the two technologies convert solarradiation to electricity in somewhat different manners. Flat platecells utilize the global aspects of insolation, i.e., both the direct anddiffuse components, while concentrators use only the direct beamcomponent. Naturally, certain sites will be m ore adaptive to onetechnology than the other and hence, it becomes a matter ofeconomics to choo se the right one.

The total amount of water required depends on the specificapplication. If the application is livestock water tank,hen the waterrequirement is found from average consumption of each animalspecies. In case of irrigation, the requirement is gallons of water perminute needed for a specific land area.

The PV power required is found directly from the total waterrequirement and the total vertical distance from ground level down tothe static water level in the well. Also important is the season duringwhich the well will be used. While irrigation in the state ofWyoming is almost exclusively done is the summer, livestock tanksmay need to be operational throughout the year. That meansavailability of water during the harsh months of winter. Thisrequirement obviously increases the power required from the PVsystem because of the additional power for heating the tank. In caseof water requirement during times of the day when the sun is notshining, a storage option should be considered. Lead-acid batteriesare now considered a reliable storage option with a lifetime of overten years.

Some guidelines are now provided for the technical portion ofthe design process:sit e S election Criteria:Customer enthusiasm. The utility should work with acustomer who feels the need for such a system. The customermust be willing to be educated. A preferred candidate wouldbe on e who has requested a line extension.Remoten ess from the distribution line. The economics of thePV system will be enhanced relative to the cost of the lineextension.Suitable water source. A well, spring, pond or similar sourceshould be available. The source should be operational. Siteswith currently operating windmills, diesel generators, etc. areexamples of suitable water sources. Well test should be doneprior to making the final decision.Accessibility. Easy access for periodic maintenanc e is useful.Water storage availability. Tank(s) or other devices withadequate capacity should be available.Possibility of vandalism. PV modules are expensive items.They have glass encapsulants and are therefore susceptible tobreakage due to vandalism. This can be avoided by selectingsites at some distance from busy thoroughfares.Weather conditions. At certain locations, mostly isolatedrange lands at higher elevations, wind can beco me a factor foreither pole-mounted or tracker-mounted PV panels. Also,locations with high probability of cloud cover or evenpollution can be detrimental to PV power production.


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648Pump Sizing Worksheet:The size of the pump w ill depend of several factors, such as thewater use, the water source, etc. Such information must be studiedthoroughly in order to avoid pumping inadequacies after theinvestment has been made. Table 1shows a worksheet that can beused.for this purpose.

Table 1 . Worksheetfor pump sizing

Daily Volume of Water Required:Summer: GallonsDayWinter: Gal lonspaySpringiFall: Gallons/DayWater Application: (Please circle one)1. Domestic household use2. Livestock watering - Number of head:-

ypeof livestock:

Type of Storage: (Please circle one)1. Above ground tank Size:2. Below ground tank - Size:3. Pressure tank - Pressure:

GallonsGallonsps i

Source of Water: (Please circle one)1. Drilled Well - Well casing diameter2. S t reamorpond3. Other - Please specify:Static Water Level:(Distance from ground surface to water when not pumpin g)Drawdo wn Level:(Distance water level dropswhen pumping)Discharge Head:(Vertical distance water is pumped uphill to tank or distribution) Feet

inchesResults based on a recent well test? Ye s No

Feet

Feet

TotalHe ad (Add previous three answers)Maximum Pumpin g Rate for Water Source Gallons per Minute

Feet

Distance to nearest distribution line: feet or miles

Economic FactorsAn economic analysis consists of first determining the capitalcost for the PV system and conventional alternative and thencalculating the simple or discounted payback periods. Table 2

shows an approximation of capital costs of PV systems andconventional systems found from recent installations [171.

Table2. Cost approximationsof various energysystem componentsPhotovoltaic Systems (With Batteries) = $20/peakwattPhotovoltaic Systems (Without Batteries) = $15/peak wattPhotovoltaic Modules (Alone) = $5-12/peak watt

= $5001kilowaniesel Generator CostBattery Storage Cost = $0.16/watt-hoursElectric Grid Rates = $0.03-0.13/kWhrPrimary (Non-rechargable) Batteries = $2/watt-hour

The capital cost of a PV-powered system consists of subsystemcosts, such as P V panels, panel structure, pump and motor, batteries(if required), inverter or pow er conditioning unit (if ac motors areused), system controller and miscellaneous items such as wiring,site preparation, computer housing, etc.At the present time, PV power systems for large scale powergeneratio n are plagued by high initial capital cost. How ever, forremote applications, the initial capital cost of conventional energysources should also reflect all the associated capital costs, such asexcavation, wiring, and transformer costs commonly associatedwith line extension.The com bination of costs, or in other words, the life cycle costis the true measure of cost-effectiveness and should be used as thebasis for selecting a specific power system for water pumping. Apayback period is simply a calculation of how long it would take to"pay for" the new equipment taking into account the savings to berealized. The "simple" payback period does not take into account thetime value of money; the "discounted" payback period does. Simplepayback is calculated according to the following formula:

Capital cost of PV system - Capital cost of conventional systemFust year O&M cost of conventional system - First year O& M cost of PV systemThe total cost of the PV system is related to the amount of waterthat is to be pumped. Table A1 of the appendix shows thisrelationship, which can be utilized to arrive at an approximate cost ofthe system.

2.2 Installing and Testing the SystemThe system should be installed to optimize the use of the solarirradiance available at the site. All appropriate NEC code should befollowed for installing the system. Suggested practices for PVsystem installation that follow the NEC code, have recently beencompiled [181.Upon completion of the installation, the system should be tested

An "instantaneous" system test (e.g., 5 minutes) to assess thepower supply performance. Measure solar irradiance, systemp o w e r, V m , ISC, module temperature, and water outputduring this time.A "one hour" system test to determine the nominal systempumping effectiveness. Measure solar irradiance periodically(e.g., 15 minute intervals) and water output f or the one hourperiod.Testing of autom atic and manual control functions.Measurement of battery output and cell(s) capacity if batteriesare used.

for functionality. Testing should include:


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'

3. WYOMING PILOT STUDY RESULTS

1 - Bridger Valley Electric Assoc.2 - Carbon Power & Light

Mountain View, WYSaratoga, WY

H

3 - University of WyomingLaramie, WY4 - Rural Electric Co.Pine Bluffs, WYLinnle, WY5 - Wyrulec Co.

Fig. 1 Map of Wyoming Showing GeographicalLocation of Each Participant.

31 4,

3.1 Candidate Site Selection

6 - Tri-County Electric Assoc.Sundance,WY

During a kickoff meeting, all five participants were asked toidentify potential sites according to a given set of criteria, forinstalling the PV-powered water pumping systems. Some weekslater, the information provided by each utility was compiled andseven specific sites were selected. The most common reasons forsuch selection were:

Table3. System DescriptionsPV-POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS

carbon #1 CarbonWL Rural Bridger Tri-County Wyrulec uwSite DescriptionPresent power supply Gas generator Gas generator WmdmiU Diesel generator None Windm ill AC lineEnd Use Livestock Livestock Livestock Livestock Livestock LivestockivestockTotal Head (feet) 298 22 140 27 140 WI: 95 SU: 135 10Storage type and Above ground (3) Above ground Above ground Excavated dirt pond Above ground Above gmund Above groundElevation (feet) 8,200 7.200 5,100 7,220 4.750 4,500 7.200Pum p Descriptionh P ype Centri-submersible C entri-submersible Centri-submersible Centri-submersible Submersible-diaphrag r Centri-submersible Centri-subm ersibleModel NIA 211008DM 211011DK 211008DM SDS-D-128 21108DK NIAMotor type ac Brushless dc Brushless dc Brushless dc Brushed dc Brushless dc Brushed dcManufacturer Gnlndfos A.Y. MacDonald A.Y. MacDonald A.Y. MacDonald Solq'ac k A.Y. MacDon ald ApolloPV Array Description

size (gals) 50,000 1 000 4,000 10,000 1,400 15,000 7,500

Module Rating (watts) 60 56 63 56 56 60 60Manufacturer Solarex Solarex Kyocera Solarex Solarex Solarex SolarexNo. of Modules 16 6 9 4 2 10 2Total rated power (watts) 960 336 576 224 112 600 120Nominal voltage(V) 120 (2) 36 61 24 24 60 24MountingConfigurationType 1-axistracking Fixed 1-axis tracking Fixed 1-axis racking Fixed FixedManufacturer Zomeworka N/A Zomeworks NIA Zomewo rks NIA NlASystem DescriptionInstallationDate. May-91 Nov-91 Oct. 10.1991 Nov. 12,1991 Oct. 24,199 1 Nov. 22,1991 Sept. 22,1991Design flow raw (galslday) 1500 7.500 2,250 2,500 485 2,500 2,520Seasonal use Su, p. Fa Year-round su Su,Sp, Fa Su,Sp, FaInstalled cost ($) 14.000 8,928 6.116 5,644 3,439 8,697 3,850Utility line Extension_cost ($) 50,000 9,000 7,500 9,000 13,000 11,457 NIA(1 ) Portable bailermountedsystem (2)AC motor ispowered through nverter (3) Uses gravity-feed to smaller ranks

Sp, Wi, Fai, Su 1)Bat my capacity NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA NIA 220

Distance(miles) 3.5 0.75 1 1 1.33 1.5 NIA

Customer had requested a line extension.Custom er was enthusiastic in learning about the alternativetechnology.Multiple pumping sites located at the same ranch. A portabletrailer-mountedPV system could be experimented with.Ease of access from utility headquarters. (The utilityrepresentative needs to make frequent visits).High visibility. This was impomnt because of the demonsrra-tive nature of the project.

The sites ranged from flat range lands to rolling hills vegetated withsagebrush and native grasses. All locations are at high elevations,ranging between 4,500 to 8,200 feet above sea level. The wind canbe a severe impediment to tall structures in such locations. Ofcourse, most locations in Wyoming are known for their harshwinters and heavy snowfall.3.2 System Selection

A total of six systems were selected through competitive biddingfrom system vendors. A separate system which was to be installedat the UW site was donated for the project by Apollo EnergySystems of Navasota, Texas. System descriptions of the sevensystems are shown in Table 3. Figures 2 an d 3 show the RuralElectric Association PV system during testing and the Tri-CountyPV system during installation respectively.


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Fig. 2 The system at Pine Bluns, WY. The oldwindmill can be seen in the background.

Fig. 3 . Installation and testing of the system atSundance, WY.

Six out of the seven systems are direct-coupled or panel-directsystems operating without the aid of a battery. The other system,located in Laramie, uses a battery to operate the motor. The choiceof this alternative form of operation w as dictated by our desire tolearn about specific characteristics of such a system which includedthe ability of batteries to withstand sub-freezing temperatures, a verycommon Occurrence in the state during the winter. Typically in waterpumpin g applications, the function of the battery is not so much forstorage as for its suitability for large volume pumping in lesser time.Of course, the cost of the battery is an additional cost item.However, it must must be weighed along with other criteria. Thefollowing points will highlight some of the differences of a panel-direct versus a battery-operated system.A panel-direct system is norm ally meant to be used for lowvolume, low head pum ping use.A panel-direct system requires larger number of PV m odulesto generate enough amperage to drive the motor.Most often, a panel-direct system will require a trackingsystem for extending the operating time so it can pump similar

amount of water.Inadequate sunlight during partly cloudy days can prevent themotor from operating in panel-direct systems.

3.3 Performance and Reliability MonitoringOne of the goals of the project was to collect data on theperformance and reliability of PV-powered water pumping systems.The seven systems installed in Wyoming are being monitoredclosely, both by utility representatives and customers. Theperformance and reliability aspects of these systems to date issumm arized individually under each utility participant.

Carbon Power - s v uPerformanceSummary:System type: Centrifugal-Submersible.Operating Period:Owner feedback "Satisfactory".Aug. '91 - Oct. '91, Jun. '92.

ReliabilitySummaryFailures: 2Failure D escription:Failure Cause: High wind loading.RepairComments:

Tracker problems. Shock absorber.Shock absorber repaired on both occasions.The system was re-started in June 1992.However, it was shutdown almostimmediately due to pipeline problems. T hepipeline had to be repaired.

Carbon Power - System #2Performance Summary:System type: Centrifugal-Submersible.Operating Period:Owner feedback: Nov. '91 - Apr. '92"Very Satisfied". System pumpe d 16,425gals in 41 days of testing.Reliability SummaryFailures: 1Failure Description:Failure Cause:Repair:Comments:

Pump clogging due to sand from well.Sand content in well.Pump w as cleaned and filter re-installed.System operation during summer w asdelayed because the summer well had to b e"blown".Rural ElectricPerformance Summary:System type: Centrifugal-Submersible.Operating Period: Oct, '91.Reliability SummaryFailures: 1Failure Description: Well collapsed.Failure Cause: Poor well selection.Repair:Comments: New well was being drilled.System operated as expected duringinstallation.Brideer VallevPerformance Summary:System type: Centrifugal-Submersible.Operating Period:Owner feedback May. '92 - Aug. '92"Very Satisfied". System pumped 51,800gals through June 3rd. Averages 2,200 -

2,300gpd in the summer.Reliability SummaryFailures: NoneComments: Modules needed periodic cleaning because ofaccumulation of dust and bird dropping.


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65 1Several key questions are being answ ered through this on-going

Relative ad vantage s of panel-direct versus battery-includedsystems.Specific problems of sub-system operation at sub-zerotemperatures.Relative performances of four different pump variety: theGrundfos centrifugal submersible ac pump, the Solarjacksubmersible diaphragm dc pump, the A.Y. MacDonaldcentrifugal submersible dc pump and the Apollo stagedimpeller, centrifugal submersible dc pump.

project. These are:Tri-County ElectricPerformance Summary:System type: Subm ersible-Diaphragm .Operating Period:Owner feedback May '92 - Aug. '92Feels not enough water is available for thelivestock. Wan ts to install batteries for 24hour operation.Reliability SummaryFailures: None.Comments: Solarjack may replace pump because of lowerflow rate than designed.Wyrulec CompanyPerformance Summary:System type: Centrifugal-Submersible.Operating PeriodOwner feedback: Nov. '91 - Apr. '92, May '92 - Aug. '92."Satisfied'. System is pumping 2,8 00 gpd onthe average during the summer.Reliability SummaryFailures: 1Failure Description:Failure Cause:Repair:Comments:

Pump clogging d ue to sand from well.Sand content in well.Pump was cleaned and filter re-installed.Golf-ball sized hail was reported at the site.No noticeable damage to the modules wasobserved.

uwPerformance Summary:System type: Centrifugal-Subm ersible.Operating PeriodOwner feedback: "Very Satisfied'.Feb. '92 - May '92Reliability SummaryFailures: 1Failure Description:Failure Cause: Freezing temperatures.Repair

Electric float switch froze.Switch was replaced by a ball float.

More specific system operation data will be made available afterthe systems have been in operation for at least two years. For thepresent time, it can be concluded that photovoltaic pow er is a cost-effective alternative for remote water pumping judging from theadequacy of performance of the installed systems and customersatisfaction. Most of the reliability problems that have occurred todate have been due to events unrelated to the PV system, e.g. wellcollapse and high wind gusts.This demonstration project has resulted in an increasedawareness of PV-powered water pumping technology among bothelectric cooperatives and ranchers/farmers around the state. Anumber of cooperatives and their customers have inquired about thesystems and the possibility of acquiring such systems for

themselves. Some have already installed similar systems at theirsites, while others are in the process of replacing their existingpower sources with PV systems.

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[414. CONCLUSIONSThis paper takes a com prehensive look at PV-powered waterpumping systems from conceptualization to design and implementa-tion. Remo te water pumping is now a cost-effective application ofPV power because of the high initial cost of distribution lineextension arising from such capital costs as as excavation, wiring,and transformer costs.The paper also describes a pilot project initiated in the state ofWyo ming in 1991. The overall importance and timeliness of thisproject for the U.S. in general and W yoming in particular, is under-scored by the composition of the various parties for this project: (1)Five Wyoming Rural Electric Associations each contributingtechnical man-power and site location; (2) Sandia National Labora-tories, having the premier national laboratory for photovoltaic

applications research; (3 ) NEOS Corporation which has a multi-year, competitively-won contract to provide technical assistance tothe Western Area Power Administration's Conservation andRenewable Energy Program covering thirteen western statesincluding, Wyoming; and (4) he University of Wyoming. Thiscoopera tive effort provided the project a unique pe rspective fromacadem ic insight, balanced by indu stry realism and practicality.

[71[81

191

5. REFERENCESD. Richard Neill, Benil S.M. Granborg, "Report on thePhotovoltaic R&D Program in Hawaii", Presented at theIEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, NewYork, 1986, Paper # 86 WM 031-9.F.S. Huraib, A. Al-Sani, B.H. Khoshaim, "OperationalResults from the Saudi Solar Village Photovoltaic PowerSystem", Pro c. of the 17th Intersociety Energy C onversionEngineering Conference, 1982.B.L. Gross man, B.L. Brench, L.L. Bucciarelli, F. J. Solman,"Simulat ion of the Performance of a 100-kW-P eakPhotovoltaic System", Proc. of the 15th Intersociety EnergyConversion Engineering Conference, 1980.L.L. Bucciarelli, R.F. Hopkinson, "Performance of the Mead,Nebraska, 25 kWP Photovoltaic Solar Energy System andComparison with Simulation", Proc. of the 14th IntersocietyEnergy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1979.T. Tablawi, H. Fotouh, M. Taha, M. Fahed, J.F. Hoelscher,R. Quinn, "Design of a PV-Powered Desalination Plant inEgypt , Proc. of the 19th IEEE Photovoltaic SpecialistsConference,1987.P.D. Freen, B. Marion, H. Healey, "Flat-Plate PV ArrayPerformance Comparison of Four Different Tracking Modes",Pro c. of the 19th IEEE P hotovoltaic Specialists Conference,1987.D. Eskenazi, D. Kerner, L. Slominski, "Evaluation ofInternational Photov oltaic Projects", Proc. of the 19th IEEEPhotovoltaic Specialists Conference; 1987.A.A. Salim, F.S. Huraib, N.N. Euginio, T.C. Lepley,"Performance Comparison of Tw o Similar Concentrating PVSystems Operating in the U.S. and Saudi Arabia", Proc. ofthe 19th IEEE P hotovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1987.L.E. Sch lueter, "Maintenance Requirements and Costs at theCarissa Plains Photovoltaic Plant", Proc. of the 19th IEEEPhotovoltaic SDecialists C onference, 1987.[101 C. Jennings, "PG&E has 400 Cost-Effective PhotovoltaicInstallations", Proc. of the 21st IEEE Photovoltaic SpecialistsConference,1990.[111 P.A. Hutchinso n, D.E. Andersen, V.V. Riss er, "Synthesis ofPhotovoltaic System Performance.Worldwide", Proc. of the21st IEEE P hotovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1990.


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65 2[12]. J.W. Stevens, M.G. Thomas, H.N. Post, A.V. Arsdall, [16]. NEOS Corporation, "Photovoltaics as a Utility Service:"Photovoltaic Systems for Utilities", Sandia National Labs., Lessons Learned from K.C. Electric Association", Western

Area Power Adm inistration,April 1992.AND90-1378, October 1990.[13] R.E. Davis, "Design, Installation, and Operation of a 13 kWphotovo~taic-poweredWater proc , of the 1EEE [171. Meridian Corporation, "Photovoltaics for M ilitary Applica-Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,1987. tions: A Decision-Maker's Guide", Sandia National Labs.,[141 J.P. Dunlop , M. Keita, "Characte rization and Perform ance SAND87-7016, December 1988.Modelling for Two Photovoltaic-Powered Water Pumping [ 181. Southwest Technology Development Institute, "PhotovoltaicSystems", Proc. of the 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Power Systems and The National Electric Code: Suggested

Practices", Draft, New Mexico State University,April 1991.onference, 1990.[15] H.N. Post, P. Garvison, "Photovoltaic Water Pumping forBolivia", Proc. of the 19th IEEE Photovoltaic Spe cialistsConference, 1987.

APPENDIXTable A I . PV Water Pumping System Size and Cost Estimation Chart. (1)

PRICE FO R SYSTEM (3)PEAK WATTS FOR SYSTEM (3)Cheyenne, Wyoming

GAL1DP

PUMPING HEAD (Feet)(1 ) This chart gives a rough frst estimate of the size and cost of PV pumping systems excluding installation. These estimates(2) No pumps identified for this size application.(3) The costs, peak watts and water delivery (gallonsper day) are based on a direct-coupled system (no batteries) hat includes

a single axis tracker et for latitude til t

are based on a sampling of available pumps and PV system components.

ru l H. Chow dhury (M- 87) received his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in Electrical Engineering fro m the Bangladesh University ofEngineering and Technology in 1981. He Obtained his M.S. in1983 and his Ph.D. in 1987, both in Electrical Engineerin g fromVirginia Polytechnic Institute and Sta te University. He is currentlyan Assistant Professo r in the Electrical Engineering dep artment ofthe University of Wyoming.Dr. Chow dhury is involved in teaching and research in the areaof Power Engineering. H is major areas of research interests are instatic and dyna mic security analysis, application of expert systemsand neural networks f or on-line security monitoring and control, andalternate energy systems. He has authored several technical papersin these areas. He is the principal investigator in a number ofresearch projects sponsored by external agencies.

m r u l Ula received his B.S degre e in 196 8 from Bangladesh, hisM.S degree from B angladesh in 1 973 and his Ph.D. degre e fromLeeds University in England in 1977 all in Electrical Engineering.He was a post-doctoral research fellow at M.1.T from 1977 to 1982.He is currently a Professor in the Electrical Engineering departmentat the University of Wyoming. His research interests are in energyconversion, alternative energy systems and power engineering.K i r k S t o ke was born in 1957. He received his B.S degree fromNew M exico State University in 1981 and his M.S degree fromColorado State University in 1985, both in Mechanical Engineering.In 1985, he joined the staff of the New Mexico State UniversitySolar Energy Ins titute as a research eng ineer on renewable energyprojects. In 1989, he joined the staff of NEOS Corporation wherehe is currently providing technical assistance and managerial supporton conservation and renewable energy projects for electric utilities.

00260976-photovoltaic powered water pumping design and implementation case studies in wyoming

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