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Traditions and Encounters

A Global Perspective on the Past 3rd Edition

Jerry H. Bentley

Herbert F. Ziegler

PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson

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Chapter 1

Before History

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Forming the Complex Society

Basic development: Hunting and Foraging Agriculture Complex Society

Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies

3500 BCE – 500 BCE

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Prehistory

What is “history”? Documentation

Written records Archaeological discovery

Requisite human presence (or “natural” history)

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Development of Hominids

Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves

Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures

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Australopithecus

Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy”

40% of SWF, 4’6”, 55lb., bipedal Brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit

Estimated date of death: 3.5 million years ago

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Later Hominids

Homo Erectus, “upright man” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use,

control of fire Homo Sapiens, “wise man” Homo Sapiens Sapiens, “very

wise man” (most of us) Largest brain, esp. frontal regions most sophisticated tools and social organization Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens

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Global spread of hominids and Homo Sapiens

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The Natural Environment

By 13,000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world

Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools

Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hutlike dwellings Use of fire, animal skins

Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climactic change may have accelerated process

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Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”)

Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies

Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Groups of 30-50 Division of labor along gender lines

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Relative Social Equality

Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill,

fertility, charisma Possible gender equality related to food

production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gethering

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Big Game Hunting

Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics

Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones

Requires planning, communication

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Paleolithic Settlements

Natufian society Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding

Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing

Chinook society Pacific Northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs

Groups of 1000 or more

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Neandertal Peoples

Neander valley, western Germany Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial

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Cro-magnon Peoples

Physically similar to modern humans Greater capacity for speech? Homo sapiens sapiens Increased variety of tools Adornments, decorative furniture, cave paintings “Venus” figurines Cave paintings

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Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”)

Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished

Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurtured vegetation rather than foraging Spread of Agriculture

Slash-and-and burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another

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Origins of early spread of agriculture

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Agriculture and Population Growth

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3000BCE

2000BCE

1000BCE

500 BCE

Population (millions)

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Surplus Food and the Specialization of Labor Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, occupied

7250-5400 BCE Tremendous range of manufactured products

Pottery, Jewelry, Textiles, Copper tools Development of crafts

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Social Distinctions

Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Archaeological evidence in variety of household

decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük

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Religious Values

Elements of natural environment essential for functioning

Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines

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Beginnings of Urbanization

Jericho: concentration of wealth, building a wall Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers