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1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

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1Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Chapter 11

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

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2Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Establishment of Rome

Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

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The Etruscans

Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6th c. BCE

Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north

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The Kingdom of Rome

Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE Streets, temples, public buildings

Major center of trade routes

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Establishment of the Republic 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan

king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls senate

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Social Conflict

Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for

representation Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE Yet 6-month appointments of dictators

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Expansion of the Republic

Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives

Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship

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The Punic Wars

Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C.

BCE

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Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution

Perennial problem Development of large latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders

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The Roman Empire to 146 BCE

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The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of landless

peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

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Civil War

87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83

BCE Reign of terror follows

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Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror

Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises to popularity

Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

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Caesar’s Policies

Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemploymnent Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE

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Augustus

Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony &

Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

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Augustus’ Administration

Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military

power Stablilized empire Death in 14 CE

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Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas

Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural

resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

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The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”

27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork

Curbs, drainage, milestones Postal service

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Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman

Rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court

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Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

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The City of Rome

Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce

Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts

Technology: concrete

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Roman Attractions

Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus

250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladitorial Games

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Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into

slavery Women not allowed to inherit property

Rarely enforced

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Wealth and Social Change

Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

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Slavery

2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population Customary manumission at age 30

Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

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Roman Deities

Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures

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Cicero and Stoicism

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism

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Mithraism

From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,

discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular

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Judaism in Early Rome

Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures

Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in

Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

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Synagogue at Capernaum

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The Essenes

Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

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Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify

Jesus

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Jesus’ Early Followers

Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament

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Paul of Tarsus

Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Intensive travel, missionary activity

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Early Christian Communities

Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual

Nature of resurrection Role of women

Gradual acceptance of core texts

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Growth of Early Christianity

Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women