02. architecture protocols
TRANSCRIPT
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Course Content
Warming UP The Physical Layer
RRC Modes, System Information, Paging, & UpdateProcedure
Cell Selection & Reselection
RRC Connection Establishment WCDMA Measurements in the UE GSM Measurements for Inter-RAT Cell Reselection &
Handover Mobility Management and Connection Management UTRAN Control Protocol Overview (without RRC)
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Warming Up
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Objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to Understand the RAB QoS parameters
Name the structure of UTRAN specific signalling interfaces
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UMTS Release 99In December 1999, the first UMTS Release was frozen. This release is called nowadays UMTS Release 99. Inthe specification phase, two main objectives had to be met:
New radio interface solutionMobile communication became a big business case in the 90s of the last century with unexpected growthrates. In some areas, this imposed capacity problems. There were not enough radio resources available to
supply the subscribers in a satisfying way. The 2 nd generation mobile communication systems were stilloptimised for speech transmission. Also in the 90s, there was an unprecedented growth in datacommunications. This was mainly caused by the introduction of user friendly GUIs, the browsers, to serve inthe net, and by the steadily dropping costs for computer and router.Therefore, during the standardisation process, one major focus lay on the radio interface solution. It had to bemore efficient to serve more subscribers in one geographical area, resp. to allow higher data rates. On theother hand, more flexibly was required, too, so that all kinds of present and future multimedia applicationscould be served.CDMA was selected as multiple access technology for the radio interface solution. The UMTS radio interfacesolution is often called WCDMA, because cdma is used on 5 MHz. Two duplex transmission solutions areavailable with UMTS Release 99, one based on the TDD and one based on the FDD mode.The introduction of a new radio interface solution required a new design of the whole radio access network,which is called UTRAN.
CN evolutionThere are more than 400 GSM operators worldwide. So one requirement to UMTS Release 99 was to enable asmooth evolution from 2G to 3G. Therefore, the UMTS CN is nowadays an enhanced GSM NSS.
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UMTS Releases
UMTS Release 99
UMTS Release 4
UMTS Release 5
UMTS Release 6
UMTS CN = enhanced GSM NSS UTRAN & WCDMA
Bearer independent CS domain Low chip rate TDD mode UTRA repeater MMS LCS enhancements etc. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) RNC connectivity to multiple CN nodes HSCSD
etc.
WLAN-3GPP feasibility study Network sharing feasibility study Security enhancements Push services etc.
19992001
2002
2003
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UMTS Release 99 Network ArchitectureThe UMTS CN can be organised into two main domains:
CS domainThis domain offers circuit switched bearer services. The cs domain is nowadays mainly usedfor real time data services, including speech and fax transmission. The network entities
MSC, GMSC and VLR can be found here.
PS domainThis domain offers packet switched bearer services. It is based on the GSM feature GPRS.Originally, this domain was developed for non-real time packet switched applications, suchas file transfer, email, access to the Internet. It is used today mainly for MMS. But there aretendencies to improve its offered QoS, so that real time services can be offered, too.The SGSN and GGSN are located in the packet switched domain. Other specified psdomain entities are the BGF and the CGF, which are often offered as stand alone devices.
There are also some network elements, which are shared by the packet switched andcircuit switched domain . The common network elements comprise the HLR, AuC and EIR.
A set of network elements were specified for application provisioning, which can be also foundin the CN. Examples are the Camel Service Environment and WAP. Some service solutionsaffect the access network, too. See for instance LCS.
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UMTS Release 99 Core NetworkCN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
commoncs & ps
networkelements
GERAN
UTRAN WAP
corporatenetworks
PDNIP-
backboneCGF
BillingCentre
BGF
Inter-PLMNNetwork
PSTN/ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
EIRHLR
AC
SGSN GGSN
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UMTS Release 99 Network ArchitectureThe UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the access network, which was developed withUMTS. The access network is organised in Radio Network Subsystems (RNS). Each RNS has one
radio resource control unit, called Radio Network Controller (RNC). The tasks of a RNC can be seen onone figure on the following pages. In each RNS, there is at least one Node B active, which is connectedto its controlling RNC. A Node B is the 3G base station. One or several cells can be activated with oneNode B. The main features of a Node B can be seen on one figure of the following pages.
With UTRAN, four new interfaces were specified: Iu
Iu connects UTRAN with the CN. A distinguishing is drawn between the Iu connection to the ps domain,which is labelled Iu-PS, and to the cs domain, which is called Iu-CS. In both cases, ATM is used astransmission network solution. Please note, that there are differences in the protocol stacks on the Iu-
CS and Iu-PS interface. Iub
This interface is used between the Node B and its controlling RNC. Iur
This is an inter-RNS interface, connecting two neighbouring RNC. It is used among others in softhandover situations, where a UEs active cells are under the control of more than one RNC. One RNC isresponsible for the UE; it is called S-RNC. The remaining RNCs are called D-RNC.
UuUu is the acronym for the WCDMA radio interface.
On the interfaces Iu, Iur, and Iub, ATM is used for the transport of user data and higher layer signallinginformation.
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UTRAN
CN
circuitswitched
(cs)domain
packetswitched
(ps)domain
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
UE
MSC/VLR
SGSN
RNC
RNC
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RNC Tasks and Functions
WCDMA radio resource management
incl. Radio resource management ofchannel configurations,traffic and control channels, handovers,power control.
Telecom functionalityincl. Location & connection management,ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management,ATM switching and multiplexing
Maintenance
incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration Operation
incl. RNC and Node B parametermodification
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Node B Tasks and Functions
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Iub Interface
ATM
Uu InterfaceWCDMA
Cellular Transmission managementManaging ATM switching and multiplexingover the Iub interface. Control of
AAL2/AAL5 connections. Control of thephysical transmission interfaces E1, PDH,
SDH or microwave.
Air Interface management .Controlling Uplink and Downlinkradio paths on the Uu Air
Interface. Baseband to RFconversion. Antenna multi-
coupling.
O&M Processing .Interfacing with NMS
and RNC for alarm andcontrol (Operations andMaintenance) functions.
Radio Channel functions .Logical to physical channel
mappings. Encoding/Decoding Spreading/Despreading user
traffic and signalling.
RNC
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Key WCDMA FactsTwo radio interface solutions were specified with UMTS Release 99: FDD mode (high chip rate) TDD modeThe used carrier frequency band is 5 MHz. The radio interface is organised in 10 ms frames,
which are divided into 15 timeslots. 72 10 ms frames represent one hyperframe, which was
introduced for UMTS-GSM Handovers. The information bearing stream is spreaded with theso-called spreading code. The spreading code consists of 3.84 Mchps. The spreading codeis a composition of two codes, the channelisation and the scrambling code. The scramblingcodes are derived from the Gold code family. They represent pseudo noise sequences. As aconsequence, if there is multipath propagation in the system, the individual multipaths canbe detected due the scrambling codes. There are 512 primary scrambling codes defined forthe downlink transmission. Uplink, several million scrambling codes are available. Ascrambling code repreats with every 10 ms frame. The channelisation code are used forchannel separation within one multipath. The channelisation codes are orthogonal codes.There repeat with each information bit, which has to be transmitted. Data rates andchannelisation codes are consequently related.Uplink, user data and control data are code multiplexed on one physical channel. Downlink,they are time multiplexed. The modulation is QPSK in UMTS Release 99.
Different types of handovers are supported: soft handover (FDD only) , softer handover (FDDonly), and hard handovers. Hand handovers can be classified into inter-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-RAT handovers.
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Key WCDMA Facts
Duplex Transmission Modes: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Multiple Access: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Modulation (Rel. 99) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Bandwidth (Rel. 99) 5 MHz
Time Organisation: 10 ms per radio frame 15 time slots per frame 72 radio frames per hyperframe 2560 chips per timeslot
Spreading Spreading codes =
channelisation codes & scrambling codes Chip rate: 3.84 Mchips Channelisation codes = orthogonal codes,
length: depends on spreading factor Scrambling codes = pseudo noise codes
(derived from Gold code family)length: 38400 chips (10 ms)
Spreading Factors (FDD mode): UL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 DL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512The spreading factor can be changed every
TTI (10, 20, 40, or 80 ms).
Handover types: Soft & Softer HO (FDD only),Hard Handover;
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Access StratumStrata were introduced to group protocols related to one aspect of service. In this course,especially the Access Stratum is of importance. The Access Stratum comprises
infrastructure and protocols between entities of the infrastructure specific to the appliedaccess technique. In UMTS it offers services related to the data transmission via the radiointerface. It also allows the management of the radio interface on behalf of other parts of
the network. Two access strata are defined in UMTS: UTRAN MT
The protocols in use between UTRAN and the mobile phone specify in detail radiointerface related information. AS signalling is used to inform the UE about how to use theradio interface in the UL and DL direction.
UTRAN CNThe CN requests the access network to make transmission resources available. Theinteraction between UTRAN and the CN is hereby independent of the interaction betweenthe UTRAN and the UE. In other words, the UTRAN CN access stratum is independent ofthe used radio interface technology.
In this course, we focus our interest mainly on the transmission of signalling informationand related parameters via the radio interface. Consequently, the access stratum betweenthe UE and UTRAN will be discussed in detailed. But also NAS signalling will be outlined.NAS signalling is exchanged between the UE and the serving network. In this coursematerial, this signalling is regarded as part of the non-access stratum.
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AS and NAS Signalling
UTRAN
RNC
UE CN Iu edge node
NAS signalling and user datai.e. MM, PMM & CC, SS, SMS, SM
Access Stratum Signalling(Uu Stratum)
RRC
Access Stratum Signalling(Iu Stratum)
RANAP
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UMTS QoS ArchitectureWhen a subscriber requests a network service, he expects to get and is willing to pay for a
specific end-to-end quality of service. In a peer-to-peer communication, the QoS has to beprovided between the two participating terminals. The QoS of an end-to-end bearer service hasto be described. Parameter such as minimum bit rate, guaranteed bit rate, and end-to-end delaycan be used.
An end-to-end bearer service may be made available by several operators. This is the situationdisplayed in the figure on the right hand side. The UMTS provider offers the UMTS bearerservice, a service established between the UE and a CN edge node (GMSC, GGSN).
The UMTS bearer service and its QoS depends on the underlying bearer services: The CN bearerservice and the Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service. The signalling protocols RANAP between
the CN Iu edge node (MSC/VLR, SGSN) and the RNC is used among others to establish,maintain, modify and release the Iu Bearer Service, which is required to establish the RABbetween the CN Iu edge node and the S-RNC. Between the S-RNC and the UE, the signallingand control protocol RRC is used to establish Radio Bearer (RB) Services, which is alsorequired to establish a RAB Service.
The RRC is used peer-to-peer between the UE and the S-RNC. There are two intermediatedevices, which also have to be informed about the bearer management: The Node B and during a soft handover the D-RNC. The management of the Iub resources to offer adequateQoS to higher layer bearer services is done with the NBAP. This protocol is also used toinform the Node B about the transmission and reception of common and dedicated informationon the radio interface Uu. The RNSAP is used between neighbouring RNCs for features suchas inter-RNC soft handovers and S-RNC relocation.
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QoS Management Functions in the Control Plane
TE ext.networkCN
GatewayMT UTRANCN Iu
edge node
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
RABManager
CN BSMana-
ger
Iu BSMana-
ger
Ext. BSMana-
ger
CN BSMana-
ger
Iu BSMana-
ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
LocalBS
Mana-ger
BB NSMana-
ger
Iu NSMana-
ger
BB NSMana-
ger
Iu NSMana-
ger
UTRAph. BSMana-
ger
UTRAph. BSMana-
ger
SubscrControl
Adm/Cap.
Control
Adm/Cap.
Control
Trans-lation
Adm/Cap.
Control
Adm/Cap.
Control
Trans-lation
(adopted from TS 23.107)
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UMTS QoS ArchitectureIn UMTS, four QoS classes have been defined: Conversational class
is the QoS class for delay sensitive real time services such as speech telephony. Streaming class
is also regarded as real-time QoS class . It is also sensitive to delays ; it carries traffic, which
looks real time to a human user. An application for streaming class QoS is audiostreaming , where music files are downloaded to the receiver. There may be an interruption inthe transmission, which is not relevant for the user of the application, as long as there is stillenough data left in the buffer of the receiving equipment for seamless application provision togap the transmission time break.
Interactive classis a non-real time QoS class , i.e. it is used for applications with limited delay sensitivity(so-called interactive applications). But many applications in the internet still have timingconstraints, such as http, ftp, telnet, and smtp . A response to a request is expected within aspecific period of time. This is the QoS offered by the interactive class.
Background classis a non-real time QoS class for background applications, which are not delay sensitive .Example applications are email and file downloading .
A set of UMTS bearer attributes have been defined to specify the UMTS service . They arelisted on the right hand side. When a UMTS bearer is established, modified or released, aspectssuch as the UE capabilities, subscription profiles and network specific QoS profiles have to betaken under consideration.
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UMTS Bearer Attributes
Traffic class BackgroundclassInteractive
classStreaming
classConversational
class
Maximum bit rate
SDU formatinformation
SDU error ratio
Residual biterror ratioDelivery of
erroneous SDUsTransfer delay
Guaranteed bit rateTraffic handling
priorityAllocation/Retention
priority
Delivery orderMaximum SDU size
(adopted from TS 23.107 chap. 6.4.3.3)
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UTRAN Specific Signalling and Control Protocols
3G-MSC/VLR
3G-SGSN
UE Node BRNC
RNC
RNS
RNS
RRC
Iur: RNSAP
I u - P S : R A N A P
I u - C S : RA N A P
I u b : N B A P
TS 25.331TS 25.331
TS 25.433TS 25.433
TS 25.423TS 25.423
TS 25.413TS 25.413
TS 25.413TS 25.413
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General Protocol Model for UTRAN InterfacesThe general protocol model for UTRAN interfaces can be seen in the figure on the right handside. It is organised in horizontal and vertical planes.
There are two main vertical layers:
The control plane is used for signalling and control. UTRAN specific signalling protocols hadbeen developed, such as the RNSAP. This is one example of an application protocol, asdenoted in the figure. Each signalling and control protocol requires a signalling bearer. Thesignalling bearers in UMTS are based on standard bearer protocols (e.g. ATM).
The user plane describes the user data transport. The data streams are transmitted via databearers.
Within the transport network layers, there are vertical transport network user and controlplanes. A transport network control plane is responsible for the transport of higher layer data.The transmission resources for the control plane are made available by operation andmaintenance. The Transmission resources for the user data streams can be made availableon demand. On some interface, ALCAP is used. It is a transport network control planespecific signalling protocol to establish, maintain, modify, and release data bearers. It is forinstance in use on the Iu-CS interface, but not on the Iu-PS interface. The signalling bearersfor ALCAP are always set up by operations and maintenance.
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Physical Layer
General Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces(copied from TS 25.401 chap. 11.1.1)
Control Plane User PlaneRadioNetworkLayer
TransportNetworkLayer
ApplicationProtocol
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
ALCAP
DataStreams
Transport NetworkControl Plane User Plane
Transport NetworkUser Plane
Transport Network
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General Protocol Model for UTRAN InterfacesThe figure on the right hand side shows the Uu access stratum protocols as implemented inthe UE. The UE protocol stack can be divided into a control and a user plane. The L3
protocol RRC is used to inform the UE about the use of the uplink and downlink radioresources. The RRC protocols peer entities are the RNC and the Node B. The receivingentity has to configure the MAC, PHY, PDCP, and BMC protocol entities in accordance to
the received commands.
The protocol stacks for signalling and user data transfer can be seen with the two figures,which follow the next one.
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MAC Layer
RLC Layer
PHY Layer
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (in UE)(copied from TS 25.301 chap. 5.1)
Control Plane Signalling User Plane Signalling
RRC Layer
TrCHs
RLCRLCRLC
RLC
RLC RLCRLC
RLC
BMC
PDCPPDCP
PDCP
PhyCHs
LogCHs
RBs
controlcontrol
control
control
control
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ReferencesFor this course module, following ETSI specifications were used:
TS 23.002 V3.05.0 TS 23.101 V3.10.0 TS 24.410 V3.08.0
TS 25.301 V3.11.0 TS 25.401 V3.10.0
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GSM & UMTS Evolution
1990/91 1994 97 98 1999/2000 01 year
Phase 1Tele & Bearer
ServicesFR speech
SMSData 9.6 kbps
Phase 2
SupplementaryServices
HR speech
96 97 98 99
99
Phase 2+
HSCSD, GPRS & EDGE PS Domain New Services
IN-applications EFR & AMR .
Annual ReleaseR4 R5 R6 R7
99 02 04 06
WCDMA
UTRAN VHE .
ATM CN TD-SCDMA
IMS HSDPA IP UTRAN
EUDCH new services
e.g. PoC, MBMS W-AMR
MIMO WLAN
Integration GSM
UMTS
4G
2010?
2G2.5G
3G3.5G
4
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Radio Protocol Architecture
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Channel Configuration Scenario
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