GEOMORPHOLOGY

Complete the following questions by selecting the corresponding letter which matches the correct answer.

1. The process whereby lithospheric plates come together is called:

a) divergenceb) convergencec) sea floor spreadingd) translation

2. Molten rock that comprises the upper part of the mantle is referred to as:

a) lithosphereb) asthenospherec) mesosphered) biosphere

3. A large, irregularly shaped section of the earth that floats on the molten centre is called a:

a) continentb) ridgec) plated) trench

4. The earth’s crust is comprised of a series of large plates that carry both oceanic and continental crust on their back. These plates “float” on the mantle as the plates are:

a) less dense than the mantle beneath themb) more dense than the mantle beneath themc) of similar density to the mantle beneath themd) exact density to the mantle beneath them

5. Convergent plate margins occur when:

a) any two plates collideb) any two plates divergec) sea floor spreading occursd) translation occurs

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6. If two plates were to collide, what possibilities may result?

a) mountainous regionsb) earthquake activitiesc) volcanic activityd) all of the above

Questions 7–9 refer to the plate tectonics map below:

7. The names given to the plate number 8 and 4 respectively are:

a) Nazca and Indo-Australian b) African and Asian c) Pacific and Indonesiand) South American and Indo-Australian

8. The dotted lines represent:

a) subduction zonesb) major earthquake activityc) plates moving apartd) plates coming together

9. The feature labelled as A is:

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a) the Mid-Atlantic Ridgeb) South East Indian Risec) San Andreas fault lined) a rift valley

10. External forces that bear down and wear away the earth’s surface are known as:

a) vulcanismb) diastrophismc) gradationd) tectonics

11. The black dots on the world map below are representative of only:

a) collision zonesb) active volcanoesc) subduction zonesd) spreading ridges

12. The process where plate margins are drawn into the mantle is:

a) divergenceb) translationc) subductiond) vulcanism

Questions 13-16 refer to the diagram below:

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13. The resultant feature formed at location A is a:

a) volcanic mountain chainb) fold mountain rangec) mid ocean ridged) volcano

14. This feature formed at A has resulted from:

a) the melting of the subducting oceanic plateb) the melting of the subducting continental platec) the scraping of sediment along the continental plated) an increase in pressure within the lithosphere

15. This destructive process involves which two plates?

a) oceanic & oceanicb) continental & continentalc) continental & oceanicd) all of the above

16. The movement of these two plates and the resulting features produced illustrate the destructive process of:

a) translationb) divergence:subductionc) convergence:collisiond) convergence:subduction

17. Which of the following lists describes in the correct order the earth’s cross-section from the innermost to outermost layer:

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AB

a) core / mesosphere / asthenosphere / lithosphere b) core / asthenosphere / mesosphere / lithospherec) lithosphere / core / mesosphere / asthenosphered) core / lithosphere / mesosphere / lithosphere

18. Convection currents are believed to be responsible for initiating movement of the lithospheric plates. These currents are thought to originate from the:

a) mesosphereb) corec) asthenosphered) mantle

19. The diagram below illustrates a particular current type, where warm air rises and sinks downwards as it eventually cools:

a) convectionb) thermal c) conductiond) rising

20. The earth’s landforms have been shaped through internal forces. These forces which originate from below and build up the earth’s surface is referred to as:

a) diastrophismb) vulcanismc) tectonicsd) gradation

21. The gap that results from the divergence of two oceanic plates is a:

a) trenchb) faultc) central valleyd) ridge22. A “v” shaped depression that results from subduction is:

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a) a ridgeb) an ocean deepc) a central valleyd) an island arc

23. The sideways movement of two lithospheric plates is classified as:

a) divergenceb) translationc) laterisationd) convergence

24. Divergence is illustrated by number:

a) Cb) Ac) Bd) De) E

25. The Ring of Fire refers to the arc of:

a) seismic activity along the rim of Pacific oceanb) volcanic activity along the rim of the Atlantic oceanc) seismic and volcanic activity along the rim of the Atlantic oceand) volcanic and seismic activity along the rim of the Pacific ocean

26. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) secondary earthquakes occur only during the collision of platesPage 21

Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3

continentcontinental crust

oceanic

convection currents

mantle

C

D

E

AB

b) island arcs occur from the convergence of oceanic platesc) subduction results in new ocean floor being createdd) island arcs occur from the divergence of oceanic plates

27. The Mid Atlantic Ridge and South East Indian Rise result from:

a) subductionb) convergencec) translationd) divergence

28. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) converging boundaries or constructive boundaries occur at trenches where two plates come together

b) diverging boundaries or destructive boundaries occur at mid ocean ridges where two plates move apart

c) diverging boundaries or constructive boundaries occur at mid ocean ridges when two plates come together

d) converging boundaries or destructive boundaries occur at trenches where two plates come together

29. Geomorphology:

a) refers to the processes which build up the earth’surface throughbuckling and folding

b) studies the arrangements of patterns of landforms on the earth’s crustc) studies the breaking up of the continents into their present day configurationd) studies forces that occur within the earth’s mantle

30. The Mid Atlantic Ridge is formed through the spreading of which sets of plates?

a) Nazca and South Americanb) Antarctic and Australianc) African and Eurasiand) South American and African

31. Through which tectonic movement are the Alps created?

a) convergence: oceanic plate & continental plateb) convergence: continental plate & continental platec) convergence: oceanic plate & oceanic plated) divergence: continental plate & continental plate

32. The world’s most famous fault line is the:

a) San Andreas

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b) African Rift c) Mid Atlanticd) South East Indian

33. A normal fault is best depicted by which diagram below?

a) b)

c) d)

34. The supercontinent thought to have existed over 200 million years ago is named:

a) Gondwanab) Laurasiac) Pangead) Gwondana

35. It is believed that through the process of continental drift, the continents have slowly moved to their present day configuration across a period of millions of years. Through this drift process, it is theorised that

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Australia, Antarctica and Africa were once joined together to form a great southern section of land known as:

a) Laurasiab) Gondwana landc) Pangead) Southern Land

Question 36 refers to the Continental Drift diagram below:

36. This stage of Continental Drift a proposed 135 million years ago, illustrates Laurasia comprised the continents of:

a) Asia and Europeb) North America and Europec) North America, Asia and Africad) Asia, Europe and North America

*37. A laccolith is:

a) horizontal solidified magma between rock layers b) a vertical pipe of solidified magmac) a solidified magma reservoird) an igneous intrusion of magma forming a dome like structure

38. A horizontal sheet like mass of volcanic rock that intrudes between layers of sedimentary rock:

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135 million years ago

splits

a) sillb) batholithc) dyked) laccolith

39. Metamorphic rocks are:

a) fire formedb) secondary rocksc) tertiary rocksd) primary rocks

*40. Pluton plugs are a result of weathered:

a) solidified dykesb) sillsc) laccolithsd) solidified cores

41. Limestone, shale and sandstone are examples of which rock type:

a) sedimentaryb) igneousc) metamorphicd) intrusive

42. Rocks which undergo a change in rock texture, structure or colour are referred to as:

a) sedimentaryb) metamorphicc) graniticd) igneous

43. Basalt is an example of which rock type?

a) igneousb) sedimentaryc) metamorphicd) secondary

*44. The Benioff zone refers to:

a) the zone of grinding during subduction

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b) the resulting “v” shaped depressionc) the crumple zone of fold mountainsd) the edge of the subducting plate

*45. Mohorovicic Discontinuity is the boundary between the:

a) mesosphere and asthenosphereb) core and asthenospherec) crust and mantled) core and mantle

46. The Japanese Archipelago is created through the process of which two plates converging?

a) Eurasian and Pacificb) Eurasian and Africanc) Pacific and Indo-Australiand) Juan de Fuca and Eurasian

47. Molten rock that is able to find a weakness in the earth’s crust to reach the earth’s surface is called:

a) asthenosphereb) lavac) magmad) crust

48. Anticline refers to:

a) the upfolds of folding crustb) the valleys or downfolds of folding crustc) the valleys or upfolds of diverging crustd) the upfolds of diverging crust

49. This complex fold is identified as a:

a) nappeb) monoclinec) cross-over fold

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d) bend

50. The major opening around which a volcano occurs:

a) pipeb) calderac) craterd) vent

51. Which of the following statements regarding a caldera are false?A caldera:

1. is a large crater2. is the central channel of a volcano3. is formed through the collapse of the summit cone4. may have secondary cones develop through subsequent eruptions5. may become filled with water to form a lake6. is a dome like peak that may be removed from an eruption

a) 1,2 & 6b) 1,3,4 & 5c) 2 & 6d) 4 & 6

52. Which of the following statements regarding subduction is true?

1. It results in ejected magma solidifying to produce new sea floor2. Involves the collision of two oceanic plates3. Results in the formation of volcanic mountain ranges4. May involve the convergence of an oceanic and continental plate5. Produces a series of fold mountains6. The less dense plate will always subduct

a) 3,4,5b) 2,3,4c) 1,2,3 & 6d) 2,3,4 & 5

53. Volcanoes that no longer erupt and are classified as in a state of permanent inactivity are:

a) dormantb) activec) extinctd) eruptive

54. A dormant volcano is one that has:

a) eroded down to a volcanic plug

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b) no record of eruption c) erupted and is likely to continue to eruptd) erupted within historic times but not recently

*55. Which of the following statements regarding acid lava is correct? Acid lava is:

a) is thick and viscous and does not flow easily, forming a steep cone.b) flows more easily and spreads over a large area, forming a gently

sloping volcanoc) forms a gently sloping strata volcano of ash and lavad) flows easily forming a steep cone near vent*56. Which order classifies pyroclastic materials in size order, from the smallest to

largest ejections?

a) bombs, cones, pumice, ash, dustb) dust, ash, cones, pumice, bombsc) ash, dust, pumice, cones, bombsd) dust, ash, pumice, cones, bombs

57. The Hawaiian Island chain is formed through which tectonic process?

a) hot spot activityb) subductionc) divergenced) island arcs

*58. Steam ejections from super heated water are most commonly found in:

a) fumerolesb) geysersc) mud holesd) nuées ardentes

*59. Which one of the following features in list 1 correctly matches its description in list 2?

LIST 1 LIST 2

a) geyser eruptions of hot water and steam through a pipe

b) hot spring steam mixed with volcanic dust to produce bubbling mud

c) fumerole super heated water mixed with cool groundwater

d) mud pot water turned to steam thatis released from the ground

60. What feature is represented by the letter A?

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a) coneb) volcanic plugc) calderad) cratere) vent

61. A composite volcano is so named due to the:

a) acidic composition of the ejected ashb) alternate layers of lava and ashc) volcano consisting of many layersd) steepness of the volcanic sides produced through eruptions

Questions 62-63 refer to the plutonic cross section below:

62. What intrusive volcanic feature is illustrated by point A?

a) dyke

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A

BC

D

E

A

b) batholithc) sill d) laccolith

63. A batholith is represented by which letter?

a) Cb) Dc) Bd) E

Questions 64–67 refer to the volcanic cross section diagram below:

64. The volcanic feature numbered 2 is a:

a) fumeroleb) secondary pipec) crustal weaknessd) vent

65. A plug is represented by number:

a) 7b) 6c) 1d) 4e) 5

66. Number 3 would best match which description?

a) solidified lava in the pipe of a volcanoPage 30

6

5

2

3

41

7

b) the bowl shaped mouth of a volcanoc) weakness in the crust through which magma can escaped) molten liquid rock held under pressure beneath the earth’s crust

67. Mt Pinatubo is an active volcano located in:

a) the Philippinesb) Italyc) Hawaiid) Columbiae) Indonesia

68. The volcanic diagram below is an example of which volcano type?

a) compositeb) shieldc) cinderd) gaseouse) mixed

69. The point of origin of an earthquake is the:

a) centreb) focusc) pointe) epicentre

70. The place on the earth’s surface above the point of origin of anearthquake is called:

a) focusb) centrec) epicentree) origin71. The strength of earthquake vibrations are measured through which instrument?a) seismographb) richtergraph

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explosive eruption

ash pellets

c) wave recorderd) tremomometer

72. Which of the following statements is false concerning the richter scale?

a) it is a logarithmic scaleb) it is an open ended scalec) it is a closed scale, ten being the largest quake to be measuredd) an earthquake registering 6 produces 10 times as much energy as an

earthquake registering 5

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