03. diversity in living organism

8/21/2019 03. Diversity in Living Organism

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/03-diversity-in-living-organism 1/16

@LKIKE\

HL_JPWLX\ LM IL_LME KPECMLWA

Gkmtjmts

Lmtrkhugtlkm

BlstkrlgciCggkumt

_lrus

OlvjFlmehka Gicsslolgctlkm

Akmjrc

^rktlstc

^icmtcj

Oumel

Cmlacilc

3. GICWWLOLGCXLKM 44

Hjo lmltlkm 4

Xbj ajtbkh ko crrcmelme krecmlsas lmtk erkups km

sjts km tbj `csls ko slalicrltljs cmh hloojrjmgjs ls

gciijh gicsslolgctlkm.

0. XCRKMKA\ KP W\WXJACXLGW 44

Hjo lmltlkm 4

Xbj tcxkmkay kr systjactlgs ls tbj stuhy ko hlvjrslty

c mh f lm h k o k rec ml sas c m h t b j j v ki u tl k mc ry

rjictlkmsblp cakme tbja.

Lapkrtcmgj ko Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Lt acfjs tbj stuhy ko wlhj vcrljty ko krecmlsas

jcsy.

Lt ls jssjmtlci tk umhjrstcmh tbj lmtjrrjictlkmsblps

cakme hloojrjmt erkups ko krecmlsas.

Lt okras c `kmj okr tbj hjvjikpajmt ko ktbjr

`lkikelgci sgljmgjs.

Lt prkdjgts c plgturj ko cii iloj okras ct c eicmgj.

7. BLWXKPLGCI CGGKZMX 44

Crlstktcij gicssloljh cmlacis km `csls ko bc`ltct (icmh

wctjr cmh clr). Bj ourtbjr gicssloljh tbj cmlacis km

`csls ko prjsjmgj ko P@G lmtk Cmclac cmh Jbclac.

Jmclac wcs gicssloljh lmtk kvlpcrc (jee icyjrs) cmh

vlvlpcrc (Hlrtb tk ykume).

7.3 Xwk Flmehka Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Octbjr ko tcxkmkay - Gcrkius Ilmmcjus. Bj prjpksjh

okiikwlme flmehkas.

(C) ^icmtcj -

Ublgb lmgiuhjh @cgtjrlc, Oumel, Ciecj, Akssjs,Ilvjrwkrts, Ojrms, Gkmlojrs cmh Oikwjrlme picmts.

(@) Cmlacilc -

Lmgiuhjh ^rktkzkcm, Wpkmejs, Djiiy olsbjs,

Ukras, Grc`s, Lmsjgts, Aliilpjhjs, Gjmtlpjhjs,

Wplhjrs, Wmclis, Wtcr olsbjs, Wmcfjs, Orkes, @lrhs

cmh Acaacis.

7.0 Xbrjj Flmehka Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Xb ls w cs su ee j st j h ` y e jra cm ` l ki k el st,

J. Bcjgfji lm 32??. Cs skaj algrksgkplg slmeij gjiijh okras wjrj

umilfj picmts kr cmlacis citkejtbjr cmh gkuih mkt

`j picgjh lm jcriljr systja, tbus tbrjj flmehka

systja wcs prkpksjh. Lt lmgiuhjs (3) picmtcj,

(0) Cmlacilc, (7) ^rktlstc ... gkmtclmjh cii slmeij

gjiijh krecmlsas ilfj prktkzkcms cmh umlgjiiuicr

ciecj.

7GBC^XJP



@LKIKE\

(8)

(:)

(0)

(7)

(3) Bjch (HMC gkvjrjh Ultb prktjlm gkct)(0) Gkiicr, (7) Mjgf, (8) Xcli, (:) Jmh pictj

(3)

OLE - WXPZGXZPJ KOC @CGXJPLK^BCEJ

7.7 Okur Flmehka Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Xbls wcs hjvjikpjh `y Gkpjicmh lm 3<??.

Cs prkfcryktjs (Krecmlsas wltbkut truj mugijus)

wjrj hloojrjmt orka jufcryktjs (krecmlsa wltb

truj mugijus), c mjw erkup, akmjrc wcsokrajh.

7.8 Olvj Flmehka Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Xbls akst ocvkurjh sgbjaj wcs prkpksjh `y

P.B. Ublttcfjr lm 3<?<. Oumel gkuih mkt olmh

c sultcìj picgj lm jcriljr systja ko gicsslolgctlkms

cmh tbus wblttcfjr“s olvj flmehka tbjkry okumh

ocvkur cakmest akst `lkikelsts.

Xbls gicsslolgctlkm lmgiuhjs 4

(c) îcmtcj (`) Cmlacilc

(g) Oumel (h) ^rktlstc

(j) Akmjrc.

7.: Wlx Flmehka Gicsslolgctlkm 4

Lt wcs prkpksjh `y Ukjsj, Fcmhijr cmh Ujcils

(3<<>). Xbjy hlvlhjh akmjrc lmtk Crgbcj `cgtjrlc

cmh Ju`cgtjrlc.

(C) Xcxkmkalg Gctjekrljs 4

Flmehka

Wu`flmehka

^byiua (hlvlslkm lm picmts)

Gicss

Krhjr

Ocaliy

Ejmus

Wpjgljs

Wpjgljs Gkmgjpt 4

Wpjgljs ls tbj `cslg umlt ko tcxkmkay.

Acyr hjolmjh spjgljs cs erkups ko lmtjr`rjjhlme

mcturci pkpuictlkms tbct crj rjprkhugtlvjiylskictjh orka jcgb ktbjr erkup.

Wyapctrlg 4 Wpjgljs lmbc`ltlme tbj scaj

ejkercpblgci crjc crj syapctrlg.

Ciikpctrlg 4 Wpgljs lmbl`ltlme hloojrjmt

ejkercpblgci crjcs crj ciikpctrlg.

Wlìlme spjgljs 4 Pjictjh spjgljs wblgb crj

rjprkhugtlvjiy lskictjh `ct akrpbkikelgciiy

slalicr.

Jchjalg spjgljs 4 C spjgljs rjstrlgtjh tk c

elvjm crjc.(@) @lmkalci Mkajmgicturj 4

^rkpksjh `y Gcrkius Ilmmcjus.

Cggkrhlme tk tbls systja ko mkajmgicturj, jcgb

cmlaci kr picmt ls elvjm twk mcajs 4 tbj olrst kmj

ls tbj ejmjrlg mcaj cmh tbj sjgkmh kmj ls tbj

mcaj ko tbj spjgljs.

Wgljmtlolg mcajs crj ciwcys lm Ictlm.

Xbj olrst ijttjr ko tbj ejmjrlg mcaj ls ciwcys

gcpltcilzjh cmh tbct ko tbj spjglolg mcaj ls wrlttjm

lm sacii ijttjr. Okr jxcapij, tbj sgljmtlolg mcaj ko orke ls Pcmc tlerlmc, lm wblgb Pcmc ls tbj

ejmjrlg mcaj cmh tlerlmc ls tbj mcaj ko tbj

spjgljs.

8. _LPZJW 44

Xbj stuhy ko vlrusjs ls fmkwm cs vlrkikey.

_lrusjs `jikme tk lmtjrajhlctj zkmj `jtwjjm

ilvlme cmh mkm-ilvlme wkrihs.

Xbjlr slzj vcrljs orka 3>-0:> ma.

_lrusjs bcvj cm jxtjrajiy `cslg strugturj, achjup ko c gjmtrci gkrj ko jltbjr c HMC kr PMC

strcmh.

Xbls ls gkvjrjh `y c prktjlm gkct gciijh gcpslh.



@LKIKE\

Xbj vlrusjs hk mkt bcvj cmy gytkpicsa kr ktbjr

ajtc`kilg acgblmjry. Xbjy hjpjmh jmtlrjiy km

tbj ajtc`kilg jmzyajs ko tbj bkst gjii. Bjmgj

tbjy crj tjrajh kìlectj pcrcsltjs.

_lrusjs lmojgt ciakst jvjry flmh ko prkfcryktlg

cmh jufcryktlg gjiis.

Lmslhj tbj ilvlme gjiis, tbj vlrusjs `jbcvj cs

ilvlme strugturjs cs tbjy auitlpiy cmh erkw.

Kmgj kutslhj tbj krecmlsas, vlrusjs `jbcvj cs

mkm-ilvlme jmtltljs.

_lrusjs lmojgt c vcrljty ko krecmlsas. _lrusjs

l mo jg tl me ` iu j e rj jm c ie cj c rj g ci ij h

Gycmkpbcejs.

@cgtjrlkpbcejs c rj v l ru sjs t b ct l m oj g t

`cgtjrlc cmh aygkpbcejs lmojgt tbj oumel.

Wkaj jxcapij crj lm acm, Pblmkvlrus ls tbj gkaakm

gkih vlrus. Xbj hrjchjh CLHW hlsjcsj ls cisk

gcusjh `y BL_ (Buacm Laaumk Hjolgljmgy _lrus).

:. OL_J FLMEHKA GICWWLOLGCXLKM 44

(C) Flmehka Akmjrc 4

Lt gkmslsts ko umlgjiiuicr prkfcryktlg krecmlsas.

Jx. - ìuj erjjm ciecj cmh `cgtjrlc.

(@) Flmehka ^rktlstc 4

Flmehka prktlstc lmgiuhj umlgjiiuicr jufcryktlg

krecmlsas. ^rktlsts crj akstiy cquctlg jufcryktlg

algrkkrecmlsas.

Xbjy pkssjss glilc, oicejiic kr psjuhkpkhlc okr

Ikgkaktlkm.

^rktlsts bcvj laajmsj rjprkhugtlvj pktjmtlci. Xbj

rjprkhugj csjxuciiy kr sjxuciiy.

Jx - Hlctkas (Mcvlguic), Hlmkoocejiictjs

(E km yc u ic x), W i la j a ku i hs (oui l ek ) c mh

^rktkzkcms (Cakj`c, ^crcajglua jtg.)

Lt lmgiuhjs auitlgjiijh erjjm picmts cmh ciecj.

Xbj aja`jrs ko tbls flmehka crj mkmaktlij,

tjrrjstrlci, auitlgjiiuicr tbct gkmtclm gbikrkpbyii

cmh prkhugj tbjlr kwm krecmlg gkapkumhs.

Cii picmt gjiis bcvj c gjiiuikslg gjii wcii. Jx.

Wplrkeyrc, Wjicelmjiic, ^lmus, hlgkt kr akmkgkt

picmt, ilvjrwkrts, akssjs.

(G) Flmehka Oumel 4

Oumel crj auitlgjiijh, mkm pbktksymtbjtlg

krecmlsa.

Wkaj oumel crj algrksgkplg wblij ktbjrs gcm `j

sjjm wltb tbj mcfjh jyjs. Wkaj oumel crj umlgjiiuicr wblij ktbjrs crj

auitlgjiiuicr gkmslstlme ko muajrkus olicajmts

fmkwm cs bypbcj.

Xbj bypbcj `rcmgb prkousjiy cmh orka c mjtwkrf

gciijh aygjilua.

W l mg j oum e l Ic gf g bi k rkp b yi i t bj y g cm “t

symtbjslsj tbjlr kwm okkh cmh tbjrjokrj tbjy

jltbjr ijch c pcrcsltlg kr spkrkpbytlg iloj.

X bj ^ c rc sl tl g o um el a cy l mo jg t t bj b ks t

supjrolglciiy kr tbjy acy pjmjtrctj tbj bkst

tlssujs (Jgtkpcrcsltj cmh jmhkpcrcsltj).

Xbj oumel hjvjikp bcustkrlc wblgb bjip lm

c`skrptlkm ko mutrljmts orka tbj bkst. Jx. augkr

(H) Flmehka Cmlacilc 4

Lt lmgiuhjs auitlgjiiuicr cmlacis.

Jxcapij 4 Wcipc, hkilkiua, icaprjy, sbcrf,

ilzcrh, smcfj, orke, pcrrkt, wbcij, `ct, acm, gkw

fcmecrkk.

?. Î CMX F LMEH KA ( FLMEHK AÎCMXCJ) 44

îcmt Flmehka

Gryptkecacj

(Mcfjh Ja`rykgciijh spkrjs)

(Wjjh wltb ja`rykcmh okkh)

Wu` flmehka

^bcmjrkecacj

?.3 Wu` Flmehka - Gryptkecacj 4

Lt lmgiuhjs - Oikwjrijss, Wjjhijss picmts.

Gryptkecacj ourtbjr hlvlhjh lmtk tbrjj

hlvlslkm -

Gryptkecacj

Xbciikpbytc ^tjrlhkpbytc@rykpbytc



@LKIKE\

3 Gjii wcii ls achj up Gjii wcii ls achj up

ko gjiiuiksj. ko oumeci gjiiuiksj

cmh gbltlm

0 Okkh actjrlci ls Okkh actjrlci ls stkrjhstkrjh usuciiy lm tbj lm tbj okra ko eiygkejm

okra ko stcrgb. kr kli.

7 Aja`jrs gkmtclm Gbikrkpbyii ls c s̀jmt

gbikrkpbyii.

8 Erkws ocst lm `rlebt Erkws ocst lm hcrf kr

ilebt. hla ilebt.

: Cii tbj aja`jrs crj Oumel crj bjtjrktrkpblg,

cutktrkpblg. l.j. jltbjr scprkpbytlg

kr pcrcsltlg

CIECJ OZMEL

Pblzkpus

Okilksj ilgbjm

Plgglc

(C) Hlvlslkm Xbciikpbytc 4

Akst prlaltlvj cmh slapij picmts. Xbj picmt `khy

ls mkt hloojrjmtlctjh lmtk stja, rkkt cmh ijcvjs,

`ut lt ls lm tbj okra ko cm umhlvlhjh tbciius.

Ajgbcmlgci cmh gkmhugtlme tlssujs crj c`sjmt(l.j., tbjrj ls mk vcsguicr systja)

Wjx krecms crj slapij, slmeij-gjiijh cmh tbjrj ls

mk ja`ryk okractlkm cotjr ojrtlilzctlkm.

Xbciikpbytjs

Ciecj Oumel Ilgbjms

Ciecj -

Akst ciecj crj wctjr-erkwlme kr cquctlg, `ktb

acrlmj cmh orjsb wctjr, skaj crj tjrrjstrlci, l.j.

ilvj km icmh mjcr aklst picgjs.

Xbjy crj cutktrkpblg, l.j., acmuocgturj tbjlr kwm

okkh. Pjsjrvj okkh ls ejmjrciiy stcrgb.

X bj pic mt ` khy acy `j umlgjiiui cr

(Gbicayhkakmcs), gkikmlci (_kivkx), olicajmtkus

(Ziktbrlx, Wplrkeyrc).

Gbicayhkakmcs

Oumel -

W la pi j m km -e rj jm p ic mt s wb lg b c rj m kt

pbktksymtbjtlg. Xbjy crj bjtjrktrk pblg.

Xbjy acy `j umlgjiiuicr (yjcst) kr olicajmtkus

(akst oumel). Xbj `khy ko c auitlgjiiuicr cmh

ol ic aj m tk us oum eu s l s g c ii j h c

aygjilua.

Oumel bcvj c gjii wcii gkmtclmlme c

alxturj ko gbltlm cmh gjiiuiksj.

Xbj rjsjrvj okkh ls eiygkejm.

Wilaj akih6 @rjch akuih (Pblzkpus,

Augkr, yjcst).

Ilgbjms -

Ilgbjms erkw km rkgfs, trjj-trumfs, cmh jvjm km

tbj erkumh. Xbjy crj vjry bcrhy.

Lm ilgbjms, ciecj cmh oumel ilvj lm sya`lksls,

(autucilsa), l.j., tbjy gkjxlst okr autuci `jmjolt.

Xbj ciecj gkapkmjmt ko tbj ilgbjm ls fmkwm cs

pb yg k` lk mt cm h tb j ou me ci

gkapkmjmt cs aygk`lkmt.

Xbj oumeus c`skr`s wctjr cmh

almjrci acttjr cmh suppiljs lt tk

tbj ciecj. Xbj ciecj, lm truj,

prjpcrjs okkh cmh suppiljs lt tk

tbj oumeus.

Ilgbjm crj akst sjmsltlvj tk WK0

pkiiutlkm.

Grustksj ilgbjms (j.e. Pblzkgcr`km, Ercpblgs)6

okilksj ilgbjms (j.e. ^crajilc, Gkiijac) cmh

orutlgksj ilgbjms (j.e. Cijtkrlc, Zsmjc)

(@) Hlvlslkm @rykpbytc 4

@rykpbytjs crj sacii auitlgjiiuicr erjjm icmh

picmts.

Xbjsj slapijst icmh picmts crj

gkmolmjh tk sbchy hcap picgjs.

Xbjy crj cisk gciijh

capbl`lcms ko tbj picmt

flmehka.



@LKIKE\

Hrykptjrls

Gygcs

Pjtlguictj ^lmmctj^crciiji ^lmmctj

_JMXLKM LM IJC_JW

Xbjlr picmt `khy ls c oict, erjjm tbciius lm

ilvjrwkrts ( Plgglc, Acrgbcmtlc)

Lm tbja c truj vcsguicr systja ls c`sjmt.

Jxcapijs 4 Plgglc, Acrgbcmtlc, Cmtbkgjrks.

(G) Hlvlslkm ^tjrlhkpbytc 4

Xbjy crj okumh aclmiy lm sbchy kr hcap picgjs.

Xbj picmt `khy ls achj up ko rkkt, stja cmh

ijcvjs.

X bj y b cv j wj ii h jv ji kp jh

vcsguicr systja.

Xbjsj picmts bcvj mk oikwjrs cmh

hk mkt prkhugj sjjhs.

Wjx krecms crj auitlgjiiuicr cmh

dcgfjtjh `y stjrlij gjiis.

Gi u` ak ss js - Wjicelmjiic,

Iy gk pk hl ua (’erkumh plmj‑)6

bkrsjtclis - Jqulsjtua6 cmh ojrms - Acrslijc.

Wu` flmehka-^ bcmj rkec acj kr

Wpjractkpbytc

^bcmjrkecacj lmgiuhjs blebjr picmts tbct `jcr

oikwjrs cmh sjjhs.

Xbj picmt `khy ls hloojrjmtlctjh lmtk rkkt, stja

cmh ijcvjs.

_csguicr systja crj wjii hjvjikpjh.

Wjx krecms crj auitlgjiiuicr.

Cm ja`ryk hjvjikps orka ojrtlilzjh jee.

Wpjractkpbytc

Eyamkspjracj

Wu` flmehka

Cmelkspjracj

(H) Eyamkspjracj4

Xbj sjjhs prkhugjh `y tbjsj picmts crj mcfjh

cmh crj mkt jmgiksjh wltblm orults.

(l) Gygchcj, j.e. Gygcs jtg.(ll) Gkmlojrcj, j.e. ^lmus,

Gjhrus, Elmfek, jtg.

(J) Cmelkspjracj 4

Cmelkspjras crj blebiy jvkivjh picmts cmh tbjy

prkhugj sjjhs tbct crj jmgiksjh wltblm tbj orult.

Xbj rjprkhugtlvj krecms crj ceerjectjh lm c

oikwjr.

Cmelkspjras

Hlgktyijhkmcj Akmkgktyijhkmcj

(Hlgkts) (Akmkgkts)

Hlgktyijhkmcj -

Xbj sjjhs prkhugjh `y tbjsj picmts

bcvj ja`ryks wltb twk oijsby ijcvjs,

tbj gktyijhkms.

Xbjlr ijcvjs bcvj rjtlguictj vjmctlkm, wltb c

mjtwkrf ko vjlms.

Xbj rkkt systja bcs c prkalmjmt tcp rkkt.Jxcapijs 4 ^ j c ( ^l su a sc tl vu a), pktctk

(Wkicmua tu`jrksua), sumoikwjr ( Bjilcmtbu s

cmmuus) , rk sj ( Pksc lmh lgc ), `cmycm ( Olgus

rjilelksc), mjja ( Ajilc lmhlgc), cppij ( Acius

slivjstrls).

3 _csguicr tlssuj crj _csguicr tlssujs crj

prjsjmt `ut prjsjmt cmh sjgkmhcry

sjgkmhcry erkwtb erkwtb ls prjsjmt.

ls c`sjmt.

0 Kvuij cmh sjjhs crj Kvuij cmh sjjhs crj

mkt okrajh. okrajh.

^XJPLHK^B\XJW E\AMKW^JPAW



@LKIKE\

Akmkgktyijhkmcj -

Xb j sj j h s k o t b jsj p i cm ts b c vj k m iy k m j

gktyijhkm.

Xbjlr ijcvjs bcvj pcrciiji vjmctlkm.

Xbj rkkt systja gkmslsts ko slalicr ol`rkus rkkts.

Xbj vcsguicr ùmhijs crj sgcttjrjh cmh

giksjh (l.j. icgf gca`lua). Wjgkmhcry

erkwtb hkjs mkt kggur.

Jxcapijs 4 Aclzj ( Tjc acys), Ubjct (Xrltlgua

vuiecrj), rlgj (Kryzc sctlvc), kmlkm (Ciilua gjpc),

suecrgcmj (Wcggbcrua koolglmcrua), `crijy

(Bkrhjua vuiecrj), `cmcmc (^cmhcmus), Gkgkmut

cmh ercssjs.

5. GICWWLOLGCXLKM KO CMLACIW 44

Cmlaci Flmehka

^rktkzkc (Zmlgjiiuicr kr gjiiuicr krecmlsas)

Ajtczkc(Auitlgjiiuicr krecmlsas)

Xjras 4

^rktkstkalc - @icstkpkrj okras akutb.

Hjutjrkstkalc - @icstkpkrj okras cmus.

Gkjika - Gcvlty `jtwjjm cilajmtcry gcmci cmh `khy

wcii.

^sjuhkgkjika - Ocisj gkjika

Jugkjika - Xruj gkjika ilmjh wltb ajskhjra.

X bj W ci lj mt O jct ur js c mh G ka ak m

Jxcapijs ko Gjrtclm Aclm ^byic ko Flmehka

Cmlacilc crj cs Okiikws 4

5.3 ^byiua - ^rktkzkc 4

Zmlgjiiuicr akstiy cquctlg cmlacis.

Wkiltcry kr gkikmlci, orjj ilvlme kr pcrcsltlg kr

sya`lktlg.

Ksakrjeuictlkm `y gkmtrcgtlij vcgukij.

@khy sbcpj acy `j lrrjeuicr, spbjrlgci, kvci,

jikmectjh kr oicttjmjh.

Gytkpicsa hloojrjmtlctjh lmtk kutjr jgtkpicsa

cmh lmmjr jmhkpicsa.

Ikgkaktlkm `y olmejr-ilfj psjuhkpkhlc, oicejiic

kr glilc.

Jxcapijs - Cakj`c, Jueijmc, ^crcajglua

cmh îcsakhlua.

Ole - Cakj`c

5.0 ^byiua - ^krlojrc 4

Wjsslij (stcif-ijss), sjhjmtcry (cttcgbjh tk tbj

su`strctua), cmh acrlmj jxgjpt kmj erkup tbct

ilvjs lm orjsb wctjr.

Wlapijst auitlgjiiuicr, hlpikìcstlg cmlacis.

Bcvj krecmlsctlkm ct gjiiuicr gkikmy ijvji. Xbus,

gjiis crj ikksjiy bjih tkejtbjr cmh hk mkt okra

tlssujs.

Csyaajtrlgci kr rchlciiy syaajtrlgci. Wpkmejs

acy `j vcsj-ilfj, rkumhjh, scg-ilfj `rcmgbjh.

@khy ls pjrokrctjh `y muajrkus pkrjs, tbj kstlc

tbct kpjm lmtk c gcmci systja bcvlme gcmcis cmh

gbca`jrs ilmjh wltb gkiicrjh oicejiictjh gjiis kr

gbkcmkgytjs.

Ole- Wygkm Jxcapijs - Wygkm, Jupijgtjiic, (_jmus oikwjr

`csfjt) Wpkmeliic (Orjsb wctjr spkmej).

5.7 ^byiua - Gmlhcrlc (Gkjijmtjrctc) 4

Cquctlg, akstiy acrlmj, c ojw sugb cs Byhrc crj

orjsb wctjr skiltcry kr gkikmlci okras.

3. ^crciiji vjmctlkm ls Pjtlguictj vjmctlkm ls

prjsjmt lm ijco. prjsjmt lm ijco.

0 Ja`ryk gkmslsts ko Ja`ryk gkmslsts ko

kmiy kmj gktyijhkm. twk gktyijhkms.

7. Jxcapij - Aclzj Jxcapij - ^jc

AKMKGKXW HLGKXW



@LKIKE\

F LMEHKACMLACILC

^rktkzkc Ajtczkc

^crczkc

^krlojrc

^rktkzkc

Gmlhcrlc

Juajtczkc

@lictjrlcPchlctc

Hjutjrkstkalc

GbkrhctcBjalgbkrhctcJgblmkhjractcCgkjikactc

îctybjialmtbjs

^sjuhkgkjikactc

Csgbjialmtbjs

Gkjikactc

Cmmjilhc

Crtbrkpkhc

Akiiusgc

^rktkstkalc

Gtjmkpbkrc

Gmlhcrlcms kr gkjijmtjrctjs crj auitlgjiiuicr,

hlpikìcstlg cmlacis wltb tlssuj erchj ko

krecmlsctlkm.

@khy sbkws rchlci syaajtry.

^ ks sj sj s pj gl ci lz jh g ji is

(gmlhkìcsts) `jcrlme stlmelme

krecmklhs gciijh mjactkgysts.

Mjactkgysts sjrvj tbj oumg tlkms

k o p cr ci ys lm e t bj p rj y ` y

lmdjgtlme pklskm kr tk bkih tbj

prjy.

Jxbl`lt tbj pbjmkajmkm ko pkiyakrpblsa

(Jx- ^byscilc).

@khy sbkws twk aclm okras, tbj pkiyps cmh tbj

ajhuscj.

Jxcapijs - Byhrc, K`jilc (sjc our) , Curjilc(djiiyolsb), Ajtrlhlua (sjc cmjakmj).

5.8 ^byiua - îctybjialmtbjs 4

@lictjrciiy syaajtrlgci cmh hkrskvjmtrciiy

oicttjmhjh cmlacis.

@khy tblm, skot, ijco-ilfj kr rl``km-ilfj.

Hlejstlvj gcvlty (wbjm prjsjmt) wltb c slmeij

kpjmlme, tbj akutb (cmus ls c`sjmt).

Wugfjrs cmh bkkfs crj usuciiy prjsjmt.

Glrguictkry cmh rjsplrctkry systja cmh sfjijtkm

crj c`sjmt.

Jxgrjtkry systja gkmslsts ko ìlmh tuùijs gciijh

prktkmjpbrlhlc.

Jxcapijs 4 Huejslc (îcmcrlc), Ocsglkic (ilvjr

oiufj), Wgblstkskac (@ikkh oiufj), Xcjmlc skilua

(^krf Xcpj wkra).

Ole - Xcjmlc skilua

5.: ^byiua - Csgbjialmtbjs kr mjactkhc

Xbjy crj pcrcsltlg kr orjj-ilvlme.

Ole - Byhrc



@LKIKE\

Ole - Jcrtbwkra

Ole - ^rcwm

Ole - ^lic

Xbjy crj trlpikìcstlg,

umsjeajmtjh cmh sbkw `lictjrci

syaajtry.

@khy gcvlty ls mkt c truj gkjika.

Cilajmtcry gcmci ls gkapijtj.

Wjxjs crj sjpcrctj.

Jxcapijs 4 Csgcrls (Pkumh

wkra), Jmtjrk`lus (^lm wkra),

Uugbjrjrlc (olicrlc wkra)

5.? ^byiua - Cmmjilhc 4

Xbjy kggur lm aklst skli, orjsb wctjr cmh sjc.

Xbjy crj jikmectjh, wltb sjeajmtjh `khy cmh

`lictjrci syaajtry.

Olrst cmlacis wltb truj `khy gcvlty (gkjika).

@khy `jcrs ictjrci

cppjmhcejs okr ikgkaktlkm

lm tbj okra ko gbltlmkus sjtcj

kr pcrcpkhlc.

Jxcapijs 4 Mjrjls (scmh

wkra) Cpbrkhltj (sjc akusj),

^b jr jt la c (jcrtbwkra),

Blruhlmcrlc (Gcttij ijjgb)

5.5 ^byiua - Crtbrkpkhc 4

@khy ls gkvjrjh wltb c tblgf gbltlmkus gkvjrlme.

Pjsplrctlkm tbrkueb ejmjrci `khy surocgj, `y

eliis, clr tu`js (trcgbjcj) kr `kkf-iumes.

@khy sjeajmts crj erkupjh lmtk twk rjelkms-

gjpbciktbkrcx (bjch cmh tbkrcx tkejtbjr cmh

c`hkajm, kr tbrjj rjelkms-bjch, tbkrcx cmh

c`hkajm.

Xrlpikìcstlg, `lictjrciiy syaajtrlgci cmh

ajtcajrlgciiy sjeajmtjh cmlacis.

Jcgb `khy sjeajmt usuciiy `jcrs pclrjh ictjrci

cmh dklmtjh ijes kr cppjmhcejs.

Jxcapij 4 ^cijakm (^rcwm), Hcpbmlc (wctjr

oijc), Ilauius (Flme grc`), ^cicamcjus (Wgkrplkm)

5.2 ^byiua - Akiiusgc 4

Xbjy bcvj skot, umsjeajmtjh `khy.

@khy ls hlvlhjh lmtk tbrjj rjelkms (bjch vlsgjrci

acss cmh vjmtrci okkt).

Kutjr surocgj ls gkvjrjh `y c bcrh gcigcrjkus

sbjii.

Pjsplrctlkm ls `y eliis gciijh

gtjmlhlc.

Xbj sjxjs crj usuciiy sjpcrctj.

Jxcapijs 4 Gbltkm, ^lic (Wmcli),

Zmlk (Orjsb wctjr aussji),

Kgtkpus (Hjvli olsb).

5.< ^byiua - Jgblmkhjractc 4

Xbjy crj acrlmj, erjecrlkus (ilvj lm erkups) cmh

orjj-ilvlme cmlacis.

Wbcpj acy `j stcr-ilfj, spbjrlgci kr jikmectj.

@khy surocgj ls gkvjrjh cii kvjr `y gcigcrjkus

splmjs.

Crlstktij“s icmtjrm okr acstlgctlkm.

Xbjlr syaajtry ls rchlci lm chuits ùt `lictjrci lm

icrvcj.

Xu`j ojjt okr ikgkaktlkm.

Xbjsj crj umsjeajmtjh.

@khy gcvlty ls akhloljh lmtk c wctjr-vcsguicr

systjakr caùicgrci systja wltb tu`j ilfj

kutwcrh jxt jmsl km okr

ikgkaktlkm, gciijh tu`j ojjt.

Jxcapijs 4 Cstjrlcs (Wtcr

olsb), Jgblmus (Wjc urgblm),

Bk ik tb ur lc (Wjc gugua`jr),

Cmtjhkm (Ojctbjr stcr)

5.3> ^byiua - Gbkrhctc

Gbkrhctc crj gbcrcgtjrlzjh `y okiikwlme `cslgojcturjs 4

C hkrsci, bkiikw, tuùicr mjrvj gkrh.

Mktkgbkrh prjsjmt.

Elii silts lm tbj pbcrymx.

Xcli `jblmh tbj cmci kpjmlme.

_jmtrci bjcrt.

Csgcrlsiua`rlgklhjs

Ole- Wtcr olsb



@LKIKE\

Ole - @cicmkeikssus

GBKPHCXC

Cgrcmlctc

Zrkgbkrhctc

CemctbcGjpbcikgbkrhctc Emctbkstkactc

_jrtj`rctc

Bjalgbkrhctc

5.33 ^byiua Bjalgbkrhctc 4

@khy skot, umsjeajmtjh wkra-ilfj cmh `lictjrciiy

s ya aj tr lg ci . X bj sj c ml ac is p ks sj ss c

gka l̀mctlkm ko lmvjrtj`rctj (mkmgbkrhctj) cmh

gbkrhctj gbcrcgtjrs.

@khy ls hlvlhjh lmtk prk`ksgls, gkiicr cmh trumf.

Xbjsj cmlacis rjsjaìj gbkrhctjs kmiy lm bcvlme

pbcrymejci elii-gijots cmh tbjy icgf mktkgbkrh

cmh truj hkrsci mjrvj gkrh.

@uggci hlvjrtlguiua

j cr il jr r je cr hj h c s

’mktkgbkrh‑ ls prjsjmt

lm prk`ksgls.

Jx gi u sl vj i y a crl mj ,

sk il t cry k r g k ik m lc i ,

akstiy tu`lgkikus cmh

hjtrltus ojjhjrs ilfj tbj

jcrtbwkras.

Jxcapij 4

@c ic mk ei ks su s (cgkrmwkra kr tkmeuj wkra).

5.30 Wu`pbyiua - Zrkgbkrhctc 4

@khy ls umsjeajmtjh cmh usuciiy chuits icgf

tcli.

@khy ls gkvjrjh `y c tumlg. Mktkgbkrh kggurs lm

tcli lm icrvci okras kmiy.

^bcrymx bcs sjvjrci elii silt.

Jxcapijs 4 Bjrhacmlc (Wjc squlrt).

Ole - Bjrhcacmlc

5.37 Wu`pbyiua - Gjpbcikgbkrhctc 4

Olsb-ilfj, ajtcajrlgciiy sjeajmtjh, bjchijss

gkjikactj cmlacis wblgb rjtclm mktkgbkrh, hkrsci

tuùicr mjrvj gkrh cmh pbcrymejci elii-siltstbrkuebkut iloj.

Mktkgbkrh cmh mjrvj gkrh (wltbkut c hlstlmjt

`rclm) jxtjmh tbj jmtlrj ijmetb ko `khy pkssjss

pkst cmci tcli.

Jxksfjijtkm, bjch, dcws cmh pclrjh olms crj

c`sjmt.

^bcrymx icrej cmh pjrokrctjh `y muajrkus elii-

silts.

Jxcapijs 4 Capblkxus kr @rcmgblkstkac

(icmgjijt)

Ole - Capblkxus

<. EPKZ^ - _JPXJ@PCXC 44

Lt lmgiuhjs tbj acdkrlty ko gbkrhctjs.

Bjch ls wjii hloojrjmtlctjh.

Mjrvkus systja cmh jmhk sfjij tkm crj blebi y

hjvjikpjh.

Mktkgbkrh ls rjpicgjh `y c dklmtjh vjrtj`rci

gkiuam. Xbjrj crj twk pclrs ko cppjmhcejs.

Pjsplrctlkm ls `y eliis lm cquctlg cmlacis cmh `y

iumes lm icmh cmlacis.

<.3 Wuèrkup - Cemctbc 4

Cmlacis bcvlme vjrtj`rci gkiuam cmh grcmlua.

Akst prlaltlvj vjtj`rctjs.

Mk dcws6 akutb sugtkrlci.

Mk ictjrci cppjmhcejs kr olms.

<.0 Wuèrkup - Gygikstkactc 4

@khy ikme, jikmectjh cmh jji-ilfj.

Wflm, skot, silay, sakktb cmh sgcijijss.

Akutb rkumh, sugtkrlci cmh wltbkut dcws. Xbjy

crj jgtkpcrcsltjs cmh usj akutb tk stlgf tk tbj

`cgf ko tbj ktbjr olsb.



@LKIKE\

Ole - @uok

Wlmeij cmh ajhlcm mkstrli prjsjmt.

Jxcapijs 4 ^jtrkayzkm (icaprjy), Ayxlmj

(bceolsb).

Ole - Ayxlmj

Emctbkstkactc

Gbkmhrlgbtbyjs

^lsgjs Xjtrkpkhc

Kstjlgbtbyjs

Capbl`lc

Pjptlilc

Cvjs

Acaacilc

3>. ^LWGJW 44

Cquctlg vjrtj`rctjs wblgb rjsplrj `y eliis cmh

akvj wltb bjip ko olms. Bjcrt 0 gbcm`jrjh.

3>.3 Gicss - Gbkmhrlgbtbyjs 4

Acrlmj olsbjs wltb gkapijtjiy gcrtlicelmkus

jmhksfjijtkm. Xbjy crj ejmjrciiy icrej lm slzj

(up tk 3>-0> ajtjrs ikme)

@khy ls jltbjr ictjrciiy gkaprjssjh cmh splmhij-

sbcpjh kr hkrskvjmtrciiy oicttjmjh cmh hlsg sbcpjh.

Akutb vjmtrci lm pksltlkm.

Wflm ls tkueb cmh gkvjrjh wltb almutj picgklhsgcijs.

Pjsplrctlkm `y eliis. Olvj kr sjvjm pclrs ko eliis

kpjm kutslhj `y ajcms ko elii-silts. Xbj elii-silts

crj mkt gkvjrjh `y elii-gkvjr kr kpjrguiua.

Jxcapij 4 Wgkilkhkm (hke-olsb, Lmhlcm sbcrf),

Wpbyrmc (bcaajr-bjchjh sbcrf), Xkrpjhk (jijgtrlg

rcy), Xryekm (stlme rcy), ^rlstls (scw-olsb)

Ole - Wgkilkhkm

3>.0 Gicss - Kstjlgbtbyjs 4

Acrlmj cmh orjsb-wctjr olsbjs wltb pcrtiy kr

wbkiiy `kmy jmhksfjijtkm.

Wlzj vcrljs orka 3> aa tk 8 ajtjrs.

@khy ls ejmjrciiy splmhij-sbcpjh.

Wflm ls jltbjr mcfjh kr gkvjrjh wltb gygiklh kr

gtjmklh sgcijs.

Akutb ls usuciiy tjralmci (cmtjrlkr) lm pksltlkm.

Jxcapij 4 Ic`jk (rkbu, gcrp), Gctic (fctic), Blisc , Kpblkgjpbciu (gbcmmc kr smcfjbjchs),

Gicrlcs (acmerl)

Ole - Gicrlcs

3>.7 Gicss - Capbl`lc 4

Lm jvkiutlkmcry tjras, capbl`lcms okra tbj olrst

erkup cakme tbj gbkrhctjs tk ilvj kut ko wctjr

cmh tk gkaprlsj olrst okur-ijeejh (tjtrcpkh) icmh

vjrtj`rctjs. Xbjy ilvj km icmh ùt icy tbjlr jees

lm wctjr. Capbl`lcms crj vjrtj`rctjs ijchlme twk

ilvjs.

Xbjsj gkih ìkkhjh cmlacis ilvj pcrtiy lm orjsb

wctjr cmh pcrtiy km icmh (aklst picgjs).

Wflm ls sakktb kr rkueb, aklst, silay, eicmhuicr

cmh akstiy wltbkut sgcijs.

Bjcrt 7 gbca`jrjh.

@khy wltb hlstlmgt bjch cmh trumf, mk mjgf.

Xwk pclrs ko pjmtchcgtyi (olvj hlelt) ila`s crj

prjsj mt. Hlelt s kr tkjs

wltbkut gicws. Ila`s acy

`j c`sjmt lm skaj gcsjs.

Jxcapij 4 Lgbtbykpbls,

Cap bluac (gk mek jii ),

Wcicacmhrc, Ca`ystkac,

Mj gt ur us , Pcmc (ùii

orke), @uok (tkch), Byic (trjj-orke).

3>.8 Gicss - Pjptlilc 4

Gkih-ìkkhjh, tjrrjstrlci kr cquctlg vjrtj`rctjs

wltb `khy gkvjrjh wltb hry wctjr-prkko sflm

bcvlme bkrmy sgcijs kr sgutj pictjs.

B jc rt 7 ± g b ca `j rjh . G rkg k hy ij s b c vj 8

gbca`jrjh bjcrt.

@khy vcrljs lm okra cmh ls usuciiy hlvlhjh lmtk



@LKIKE\

bjch, mjgf, trumf cmh tcli.

Ila`s tjtrcpkhkus pjmtchcgytij (olvj-tkjh) typj

wltb gicwjh hlelts (ila`s crj c`sjmt smcfjs cmh

skaj ilzcrhs).

Xyapcmua sacii cmh hjprjssjh.

Xjjtb crj prjsjmt lm cii rjptlijs jxgjpt lm tkrtklsjs

cmh turtijs.

Jxcapij 4 Fcgbuec (rkkojh-tjrrcplm), Xjstuhk

(icmh-tkrtklsj), Zrkacstlx (scmh-ilzcrh),

Bjal hcgt yius (wcii ilzcrh), Gciktjs (ecrhjm-

ilzcrh), Hrcgk (oiylme-ilzcrh) Gbcacjijkm, Gk`rc

jtg.

Ole - Gk`rc

3>.: Gicss - Cvjs 4

Ucra-̀ ikkhjh, tjtrcpkhkus vjrtj`rctjs (`lrhs)

wltb vcrlkus oilebt chcptctlkms.

Wlzj rcmejs orka saciijst buaalme `lrh tk icrejst

kstrlgb.

Bjcrt 8 gbca`jrjh.

Bkrmy sgcijs pjrslst km tbj ojjt ùt ojctbjrs

gkvjr akst ko tbj `khy. Gutcmjkus eicmhs crj

c`sjmt.

@kct-sbcpjh `khy ls hlvlslìj lmtk bjch, mjgf,

trumf cmh tcli.

Okrj-ila`s akhloljh lmtk wlmes okr oilebt. Flwls

bcvj vjstlelci wlmes.

Jxcapij 4 Eciius (gblgfjm), ^cssjr (bkusj

spcrrkw), Gkrvus (grkw), Gkiua`c (plejkm),

^slttcguic (pcrrkt), ^cvk (pjcokwi pjcgkgf),

Juhymcays (fkji), @u`k (kwi)

Ole - ^cssjr (bkusj spcrrkw)

3>.? Gicss - Acaacilc 4

Acaacis crj wcra-ìkkhjh cmh akst jvkivjh

cmlacis ko Cmlaci flmehka.

Bjcrt 8 gbca`jrjh.

Bclrs cmh su`gutcmjkus oct okra cm lmsuictlme

icyjr. Gutcmjkus eicmhs sugb cs swjct eicmhs

cmh sj`cgjkus (kli) eicmhs crj cùmhcmt.

Hlcpbcre prjsjmt.

Ojacijs bcvj alif-prkhuglme acaacry eicmhs

wblgb sjgrjtj alif okr tbj mkurlsbajmt ko tbj

ykume.

5 sjrvlgci vjrtj`rcj (jxgjpt wbcij, hkipblm).

Jxtjrmci jcr (plmmcj) prjsjmt.

Jxcapij 4 Acgrkpus (fcmecrkk), Jrlmcgjkus

(bjhejbke), Xcipc (akij), Wkrjx (sbrjw),

^tjrkpus (oiylme okx), @ct , Acmls (sgciy cmt-jctjr),

Bystrlx (pkrguplmj), Oumcaùius (squlrrji) Pcttus

(rct), Krygtkiceus (rc``lt), gcaji (sblp ko h`jrt).

Ole - Gcaji



@LKIKE\

C. _JP\ WBKPX CMWUJP X\^JW SZJWXLKMW

S.3 Mcaj tbj flmehkas cggkrhlme tk tbj Ilmmcjus

gicsslolgctlkm ;

S.0 Ubk lmtrkhugjh tbj Olvj-flmehka gicsslolgctlkm ;

S.7 Ubct ls tbj gcusci cejmt ko CLHW ;

S.8 Ubk prkpksjh @lmkalci mkajmgicturj ;

S.: Ubct typj ko cmlacis crj lmgiuhjh lm akmjrc ;

S.? Mcaj twk Eyamkspjra picmts ;

S.5 Elvj twk jxcapij ko Crtbrkpkhc ;

@. WBKPXCMWUJP X\^JW SZJWXLKMW

(C`kut 7>‗8> wkrhs)

S.2 Ubct crj `rykpbytjs ;

S.< Urltj lapkrtcmt gbcrcgtjrs ko vlrusjs ;

S.3> Ubct crj ilgbjms ;

S.33 Hloojrjmtlctj `jtwjjm hlgktyijhkmcj cmh

akmkgktyijhkmcj picmts ;

S.30 Ubct crj tbj su` pbyiiua ko gbkrhctc ; Elvj

jxcapijs.

G. IKME CMWUJP X\^JW SZJWXLKMW

(Akrj tbcm ?>‗5> wkrh)

S.37 Urltj hkwm tbj aclm gbcrcgtjrs ko tbj flmehka

akmjrc kr prktlstc ;

S.38 Ilst tbj hlstlmeulsblme ojcturjs ko tbj pbyiua

gbkrhctc ; Ajmtlkm lts gicssjs wltb kmj jxcapij

jcgb.

S.3: Urltj hkwm lapkrtcmt gbcrcgtjrs ko tbj pbyiua-

îctybjialmtbjs ;

S.3? Elvj tbj ejmjrci gbcrcgtjrs cmh gicsslolgctlkm ko ^bcmjrkecajs ;

S.35 Hlstlmeulsb ptjrlhkbytjs cmh Eyamkpsjras wltb

jxcpijs ;

H. OLII LM XBJ @ICMFW

S.32 _lrus ls gkmmjgtlme ilmf `jtwjjm ................ cmh

......................

S.3< ................ ls rjaja`jrjh cs tbj octbjr ko

tcxkmkay.

S.0> Caùicgrci systja ls gbcrcgtjrlstlg ko ................

S.03 Mkm-sjjh `jcrlme vcsguicr picmt crj ............

S.00 ^rktkzkc crj .................. cmh ............. cmlacis.

J. XPZJ KP OCIWJ

S.07 _lrusjs hk mkt bcvj cm lmhjpjmhjmt ajtc`kilsa.

S.08 Cvjs crj gkih - ìkkhjh cmlacis.

S.0: Flwls ls oilebtijss `lrhs.

S.0? Bjhejbke `jikmes tk gicss acaacilc.

S.05 Lm tbciikpbytc ajgbcmlgci cmh gkmhugtlme tlssujs

crj c`sjmt.

S.02 Oumel crj Cutktrkplg.

S.0< ^tjrlhkpbytc picmts bcvj mk oikwjrs cmh hk mkt

prkhugj sjjhs.

O. WLMEIJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

S.7> Ublttcfjr oclijh tk elvj cmy picgj tk kmj ko tbj

okiikwlme lm bls gicsslolgctlkm -

(c) Gycmk`cgtjrlc (`) _lrus

(g) Wilaj akuihs (h) cii c`kvj

JRJPGLWJ



@LKIKE\

S.73 ^crczkc ko lmgiuhjs -

(c) ^rktkzkcms

(`) ^krlojrc

(g) ^crcsltjs ko lmvjrtj`rctjs (akskzkc)

(h) Mkmj c`kvj

S.70 _lrusjs crj jssjmtlciiy achj up ko -

(c) ^rktjlms cmh mugijlg cglh

(`) ^rktjlms cmh gcr`kbyhrctjs

(g) Ilplhs cmh mugijlg cglhs

(h) Wtcrgb, prktjlms cmh ilplh

S.77 ^rkfcryktjs crj lmgiuhjh lm tbj erkup -

(c) Akmjrc (`) @cslhlkaygjtjs

(g) @rykpbytjs (h) Xrcgbjkpbytc

S.78 Okur flmehka systja ko gicsslolgctlkm wcs elvjm

`y -

(c) Gkpjicmh (`) Ublttcfjr

(g) Ilmmkjus (h) _k m akbi

S.7: Ublgb erkup ko picmts crj gciijh ’Capbl`lcms

ko picmt wkrih‑ -

(c) @rykpbytc (`) Eyamkspjras

(g) Ciecj (h) Oumel

S.7? Ublgb ko tbj okiikwlme krecmlsa bcs gbcrcgtjrsko `ktb cmlacis cmh picmts -

(c) @iuj-erjjm ciecj (`) Jueijmc

(g) Akss (h) Gygcs

S.75 _csguicr ùmhij crj okumh lm -

(c) Xbciikpbytc (`) @rykpbytc

(g) ^tjrlhkpbytc (h) Ilgbjms

S.72 C `rcmgb ko `lkikey wblgb hjcis wltb tbj

lhjmtlolgctlkm, mkajmgicturj cmh gicsslolgctlkm ko

krecmlsas ls gciijh -

(c) Akrpbkikey (`) Jgkikey

(g) Xcxkmkay (h) ^bytkejkercpby

S.7< @lmkalci mkajmgicturj wcs lmtrkhugjh `y -

(c) Dkbm Pcy (`) C. .̂ hjGcmhkiij

(g) C. I. hj Dusslkm (h) Gcrkius Ilmmcjus

E. ACXGB XBJ GKIZAMW

S.8> Gkiuam - L Gkiuam - LL

3. Ilaìjss rjptlij c. Icaprjy

0. Dcwijss vjrtj`rctj `. Wcicacmhjr

7. Capbl`lcm g. Wciakm

8. Gcrtlicelmkus olsb h. Wmcfj

:. Oilebtijss `lrh j. Wbcrf

o. Kstrlgb

B. OLII XBJ @KR ULXBC^^PK^PLCXJ UKPH

S.83 Cemctbc bcs mk -

S.80 Wjeajmtjh wkras wltb gkapijtj hlejstlvj trcgt

krlelmctjh lm pbyiua -

S.87 ^jtrkayzkm ls jxcapij ko -

S.88 Flwl ls okumh lm -

L. CWWJPXLKM-PJCWKM X\^J SZJWXLKMW

Xbj okiikwlme qujstlkms gkmslst ko twk stctjajmt

jcgb 4 cssjrtlkm (C) cmh rjcskm (P). Xk cmswjr tbjsj

qujstlkms, acrf tbj gkrrjgt citjrmctlvj cs hjsgrl`jh

`jikw 4

(c) Lo `ktb C cmh P crj truj cmh P ls tbj gkrrjgt

jxpicmctlkm ko C.

(`) Lo `ktb C cmh P crj truj ùt P ls mkt gkrrjgt

jxpicmctlkm ko C.

(g) Lo C ls ocisj ùt P ls truj.

(h) Lo `ktb C cmh P crj ocisj.

S.8: C 4 Wgkilkhkm ls gciijh hke olsb.

P 4 Lt bcs c hjvjikpjh sjmsj ko sajii.



@LKIKE\

C. WLMEIJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

S.3 Ciecj crj -

(c) Cutktrkplg (`) Bjtjrktrkplg

(g) @ktb (h) Mkmj

S.0 Gbicayhkakmcs ls tbj jxcapij ko -

(c) Ciecj (`) Oumel

(g) Ilgbjms (h) Mkmj

S.7 Ublgb gicss ls gciijh capbl`lcms ko tbj picmt

flmehka -

(c) Xbciikpbytc (`) @rykpbytc

(g) ^tjrlhkpbytc (h) Eyamkspjra

S.8 Jxcapij ko ptjrlhkpbytc ls -

(c) Wjicelmjiic (`) Gygcs

(g) ̂ lmus (h) Mkmj

S.: Gmlhk`icsts ls gbcrcgtjrstlg ojcturj ko -

(c) Gkjijmtjrctc (`) ^krlojrc

(g) ^rktkzkc (h) Crtbrkpkhc

S.? ^cijakm (prcwm) ls tbj jxcapij ko -

(c) Crtbrkpkhc (`) Cmmjilhc

(g) Gkjijmtjrctc (h) ^rktkzkc

S.5 Okur gbca`jrjh bjcrt ls okumh lm -

(c) Hrcgk

(`) Bjalhcgtyius

(g) Xkrtklsjs cmh turtijs

(h) Pkgkhyij

S.2 Lm akiiusgc rjsplrctkry krecm ls gciijh -

(c) Gtjmlhlc

(`) Iumes

(g) @kkf-iumes

(h) Cii tbj c`kvj

S.< Lm icrvci stcej wblgb syaajtry ls prjsjmt lm

jgblmkhjractc -

(c) Pchlci (`) @lrchlci

(g) @lictjrci (h) Mkmj ko tbjsj

@. AZIXL^IJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

S.3> Ublgb ko tbj okiikwlme erkups ko cmlacis ls

okumh lm acrlmj bc`ltct -

(c) Wkaj olsbjs (`) Jgblmkhjras

(g) Ubcij (h) Mkmj ko tbjsj

S.33 Ublgb stctjajmt ls gkrrjgt -

(c) Xbciikpbytc bcs mk vcsguicr systja

(`) Oumel bcvj c gjii wcii gkmtclmlme c alxturj ko

gbltlm cmh gjiiuiksj

(g) Gygcs ls tbj jxcapij ko ptjrlhkpbytc

(h) Pksj ls tbj jxcapij ko akmkgktyijhkmcj

S.30 Xruj gkjikm ls okumh lm -

(c) Cmmjilhc (`) Mjactkhc

(g) Gmlhcrlc (h) Cii c`kvj

S.37 Lm tbj olvj flmehka systja ko gicsslolgctlkm

hjvjikpjh `y Pk`jrt Ublttcfjr, aja`jrs ko tbj

flmehka cmlacilc crj bjtjrktbkpblg, jufcryktlg

cmh -

(c) Auitlgjiiuicr

(`) Aktlij

(g) Jltbjr umlgjiiuicr cmh auitlgjiiuicr

(h) Mkmj ko tbjsj

S.38 Ublgb acaaci gcm oiy -

(c) @ct (`) Ilzcrh

(g) Wpcrrkw (h) Mkmj

S.3: Ublgb hkjs mkt `jikme tk gicss gkjijmtjrctc -

(c) Byhrc (`) Curjilc

(g) Ajtrlhlua (h) Jupijgtjiic

JRJPGLWJ 0



@LKIKE\

S.3? Ublgb cmlaci ls lmgiuhjh Cvjs -

(c) Fcmerkk (`) Bjhejbke

(g) ̂ jmeulm (h) @ct

S.35 Ucra - `ikkhjh cmlacis crj -

(c) Pjptlilc (`) Olsb

(g) Cvjs (h) Capbl`lc

S.32 Jxcapij ko Capbl`lc ls -

(c) Capblkxus (`) Ayxlmj

(g) Capblgac (h) Ca`ykstkac

S.3< Pjsplrctlkm lm crtbrkpkhs kggurs tbrkueb -

(c) @khy surocgj (`) @kkfiumes

(g) Elii (h) Iumes

G. ^CWWCEJ @CWJH SZJWXLKMW

^CWWCEJ 3 (S.0> XK S. 07)

Cm calacis crj acrlmj cmh bcvj tu`j ojjt okr

ikgkaktlkm. C wjii hjvjikpjh systja ko gcacis ls

prjsjmt okr akvjajmt ko wctjr lm tbj `khy. Icrvc cmh

chuit bcvj hloojrjmt syaajtry.

S.0> Cmlacis wltb cilvj gbcrcgtjr `jikme tk wblgb

pbyiua ;

S.03 Ubct ls mcaj ko tbj systja ko gcmcis ;

S.00 Ubct ls tbj syaajtry lm icrvc cmh chuit ko sugb

cmlacis ;

S.07 Mcaj twk jxcapijs cmh tbjlr gkaakm mcajs ;



@LKIKE\

C. _JP\ WBKPX CMWUJP X\^JW SZJWXLKMW

3. îcmt flmehka, Cmlaci flmehka.

0. Pk`jrt B. Ublttcfjr

7. CLHW ls gcusjh `y Buacm Laaumk-hjolgljmgy vlrus

(BL_).

8. Akmjrc

:. îcmtcj

?. Zmlgjiiuicr, jufcryktlg krecmlsas

5. Gygcs, ^lmus

2. ^cijakm (^rkwm), Ilauius (Flme grc`)

H. OLII LM XBJ @ICMFW

32. Cm ilvlme wkrih, mkm-ilvlme wkrih.

3<. Gcrkius ilmmcjus

0>. Jgblmkhjractc

03. ^tjrlkpbytj

00. Zmlgjiiuicr cmh cquctlg.

J. XPZJ KP OCIWJ

07. Xruj 08. Ocisj 0:. Xruj

0?. Xruj 05. Xruj 02. Ocisj

0<. Xruj

O. WLMEIJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

7>. ` 73. ` 70. c 77. c

78. c 7:. c 7?. ` 75. g

72. g 7<. h

E. ACXGB XBJ GKIZAMW

8>. 3-h, 0-c, 7-`, 8-j, :-o

B. OLII XBJ @KR ULXBC^^PK^PLCXJ UKPH

83. Dkws 80. Cmmjilhc

87. gygikstkactc 88. Mjw Tjcicmh

L. CWWJPXLKM-PJCWKM X\^J SZJWXLKMW

8:. c

C. WLMEIJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

3. c 0. c 7. ` 8. c :. c

?. c 5. h 2. c <. g

@. AZIXLÎJ GBKLGJ SZJWXLKMW

3>. c, `, g 33. c, ` 30. c 37. c, `

38. c 3:. h 3?. g 35. g

32. g 3<. c, `, g

G. ^CWWCEJ @CWJH SZJWXLKMW

^CWWCEJ 3 (S.03 XK S. 08)

0>. Jgblmkhjractc03. Caùicgrci systja kr wctjr vcsguicr systja.

00. Icrvc - @lictjrci cmh

Chuit - Pchlciiy syaajtrlgci.

07. Cstjrlcs (stcr olsb)

Jgblmus (sjc urgblm)

CMWUJP JRJPGLWJ

JRJPGLWJ 0

03. diversity in living organism

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