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BASQUE COUNTRY

Currently, the predominant languages in the Spanish Basque Country and French

Basque Country are, respectively, Spanish and French. In the historical process

o orging themselves as nation-states, both Spanish and French governments

have, at times, tried to suppress Basque linguistic identity. The language chosenor public education is the most obvious expression o this phenomenon, some-

thing which surely had an eect in the current status o Basque.Despite being spoken in a relatively small territory, the rugged eatures o the

Basque countryside and the historically low population density resulted in

Basque being a historically heavily dialectalised language, which increased the

value o both Spanish and French, respectively, as lingua rancas. In this regard,the current Batua standard o the Basque language was only introduced by the

end o the 20th century, which helped Basque move away rom being perceived –

even by its own speakers – as a language unt or educational purposes.

While the French Republics –the epitome o the nation-state– have a long his-

tory o attempting the complete cultural absorption o ethnic minority groups

—including the French Basques— Spain, in turn, has at most points in its his-tory granted some degree o linguistic, cultural, and political autonomy to its

Basques. Basques have been historically overrepresented both in the Spanish

Marine and military ever since the time o the Spanish Empire until recently,

same as Basque ports have been historically crucial to inland Spain.

But under the regime o Francisco Franco, the government tried to suppress the

newly born Basque nationalism, as it had ought on the Republican side o theSpanish Civil War in Gipuzkoa and Biscay. In general, during these years, cultural

activity in Basque was limited to olkloric issues and the Roman Catholic Church,

while a higher, yet still limited degree o tolerance was granted to Basque culture

and language in Álava and Navarre, since both areas mostly supported Francoisttroops during the war.

Nowadays, the Basque Country within Spain enjoys an extensive cultural and

political autonomy and Basque is an ocial language along with Spanish. In

Spain, it is avoured by a set o language policies sponsored by the Basque

regional government which aim at the generalization o its use. It is spokenby approximately a quarter o the total Basque Country, its stronghold being

the contiguous area ormed by Guipúzcoa, northern Navarre and the PyreneanFrench valleys. It is not spoken natively in most o Álava, western Biscay and

the southern hal o Navarre. O a total estimation o some 650,000 Basquespeakers, approximately 550,000 live in the Spanish Basque country, the rest

in the French.

The Basque education system in Spain has three types o schools dierentiated

by their linguistic teaching models: A, B and D. Model D, with education entirely

in Basque, and Spanish as a compulsory subject, is the most widely chosen

model by parents. In Navarre there is an additional G model, with educationentirely in Spanish.

In Navarre the ruling conservative government o Unión del Pueblo Navarroopposes Basque nationalist attempts to provide education in Basque through

all Navarre (which would include areas where it is not traditionally spoken).

Basque language teaching in the public education network is thereore limited

to the Basque speaking north and central regions. In the central region, Basqueteaching in the public education network is airly limited, and part o the exist-

ing demand is served via private schools or ikastolak. Spanish is spoken by the

entire population, with ew exceptions in remote rural areas.

The situation o the Basque language in the French Basque Country is

tenuous[vague], where monolingual public schooling in French exert great

pressure on the Basque language. Basque teaching is mainly in private schools,or ikastolak.



FOOD



HISTORY

Basque (Basque: Euskara, is the ancestral language o the Basque people, who

inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in northeastern Spain and

southwestern France. It is spoken by 25.7% o Basques in all territories (665,800

out o 2,589,600). O these, 614,000 live in the Spanish part o the Basque countryand the remaining 51,800 live in the French part.

In academic discussions o the distribution o Basque in Spain and France, it iscustomary to reer to three ancient provinces in France and our Spanish prov-

inces. Native speakers are concentrated in a contiguous area including parts o

the Spanish Autonomous Communities o the Basque Autonomous Community

(Spanish: País Vasco; Euskara: Euskadi) and Navarre and in the western hal o theFrench Département o Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The Autonomous Community o

País Vasco/Euskadi is an administrative entity within the binational ethnographic

Basque Country incorporating the traditional Spanish provinces o Biscay, Gipuz-

koa, and Álava, which retain their existence as politico-administrative divisions.

These provinces and many areas o Navarre are heavily populated by ethnic

Basques, but the Euskara language had, at least until the 1990s, all but disap-peared rom most o Álava, western parts o Biscay and central and southern

areas o Navarre. In southwestern France, the ancient Basque-populated prov-

inces were Labourd, Lower Navarre, and Soule. They and other regions were con-

solidated into a single département in 1790 under the name Basses-Pyrénées, aname which persisted until 1970.

A standardized orm o the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was devel-oped by the Basque Language Academy in the late 1960s. Euskara Batua was

created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all

Basque speakers. This standard Basque is taught and used as a teaching lan-

guage (as an option, together with standard Spanish) at most educational levelsin the Spanish part o the Basque Country, while the intensity, status and unding

by state bodies to Basque language instruction varies depending on the area.

In France, the Basque language school Seaska and the association or a bilingual

(Basque and French) schooling Ikasbi meet a wide range o Basque language

educational needs up to the Sixth Form. while oten struggling to surmount -

nancial and administrative constraints.



BUILDINGS AND LANDMARKS PICTURES






The 2006 sociolinguistic survey o all Basque provinces showed that in 2006 o all

people aged 16 and above: in the Basque Autonomous Community, 30.1% were

fuent Basque speakers, 18.3% passive speakers and 51.5% did not speak Basque.

The percentage was highest in Gipuzkoa (49.1% speakers) and lowest in Álava(14.2%). These results represent an increase on previous years (29.5% in 2001,

27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage o speakers can now beound in the 16-24 age range (57.5%) vs 25.0% in the 65+ age range.

In Iparralde, 22.5% were fuent Basque speakers, 8.6% passive speakers and

68.9% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in Labourd and Soule

(55.5% speakers) and lowest.

In the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz conurbation (8.8%). These results represent an-

other decrease on previous years (24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996). The highestpercentage o speakers is in the 65+ age range (32.4%). The lowest percentage

is ound in the 25-34 age range (11.6%) but there is a slight increase in the 16-24

age range (16.1%)

In Navarre 11.1% were fuent Basque speakers, 7.6% passive speakers and 81.3%

did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the so-called Basque Zone

in the North (60.1% speakers) and lowest in the non-Basque Zone in the South(1.9%). These results represent a slight increase on previous years (10.3% in 2001,

9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). The highest percentage o speakers can now be

ound in the 16-24 age range (19.1%) vs 9.1% in the 65+ age range.

Taken together, in 2006 out o a total population o 2,589,600 (1,850,500 in the

Autonomous Community, 230,200 in the Northern Provinces and 508,900 in Nav-arre), there were 665,800 who spoke Basque (aged 16 and above). This amountsto 25.7% Basque bilinguals overall, 15.4% passive speakers and 58.9% non-

speakers. Compared to the 1991 gures this represents an overall increase rom

528,500 (out o a population o 2,371,100 in 1991) to 665,800 (in 2006)

DEMOGRAPHICS

DEMOGRAPHICS PICTURES

DEMOGRAPHICS PICTURES



AUDIO CD

This audio CD will teach you everything you need to know about the basics o the

languge o Basque. The CD eatures English to Basque translations. Featured on

the CD it includes basic words and phrases to whole dialogues. This CD doesn’t

require the listen to have any prior knowledge o Basque.

Total running time:

480 minutes

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