04-02-2005/amvdbint. ws saltdome shower array slac 3-4 feb. 20051 neutrino detection in salt domes...

04-02-2005/AMvdB Int. WS Saltdome Shower Array SLAC 3-4 Feb. 2005 1

Neutrino Detection in Neutrino Detection in Salt Domes under LOFARSalt Domes under LOFAR

Ad M. van den BergAd M. van den BergKernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Groningen, NLKernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI), Groningen, NL

International Workshop onInternational Workshop on Saltdome Shower ArraySaltdome Shower Array

nuclear physics research


OutlineOutline

High-Energy High-Energy Program Program

ZEchstein SAlt Neutrino Array (ZESANA)Directly linked to

– LOFAR and its CR program (KVI, Uni Nijmegen, ASTRON)– development of next generation of radio and signal-

processing techniques– cross calibration with other experiments (PAO ?)


National APP topics in NL*National APP topics in NL*

Compact Objects (GRB’s, mergers, collapsers, magnetars, SNR’s)

Dark Matter & Exotic ParticlesFundamental Physics

*Preliminary streamlining by “Comité Astrodeeltjesfysica Nederland” CAN


Messengers and DetectorsMessengers and Detectors

• Messengers– Cosmic Rays and ’s– Gravitational waves

• Detectors– LOFAR/PAO/Extensions– ANTARES/KM3NeT (deep-sea)– (mini-Grail, LISA-p)

& THEORY& THEORY


New site in the NetherlandsNew site in the Netherlands


LOFAR: Low Frequency ArrayLOFAR: Low Frequency Array• interferometer in frequency range of 10 - 200

MHz• array of 100 stations of 100 dipole antennas• baselines of 10 m to 400 km• fully digital: received waves are digitized and

sent to a central super computer (IBM Blue Gene @ university of Groningen)

• Science:– Cosmology: HI at z >10 (époque of re-

ionization)

– Surveys: >108 new sources

– All-Sky monitor: transient eventsSee http://www.lofar.org


LOFAR: a digital telescopeLOFAR: a digital telescope

All-sky map from LOFARs Initial Test Station: 30 MHz (10-40), 60 antennas, 3o resolution.

Courtesy: Michiel Brentjes ASTRON/RUG


LOFAR: a sensor networkLOFAR: a sensor network

Courtesy: KNMI NL


LOFAR as CR or LOFAR as CR or detector detector

from: Heino FalckeUni Nijmegen, ASTRON

CRCR


CR coherent synchrotron radiation CR coherent synchrotron radiation T. Huege and H. Falcke A&A 412 (2003) 19-34


LOPES @ Kascade (FZK)LOPES @ Kascade (FZK)

• LOPESLOPES (LOLOFAR Prototypee SStation, Heino Falcke et al*)

• First CR events recently detected

*) H. Falcke and P. Gorham, Astropart. Phys., 19 (2002) 477-494

T. Huege, H. Falcke, A&A, 412 (2003) 19-34


First ResultsFirst Results

From: Heino Falcke, 2nd Symposium “Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands”

From: A. Bellétoile et al, SF2A 2004 CODALEMA @ Nançay France


High-energy CR spectrumHigh-energy CR spectrum

Bram AchterbergColloquium Kapteyn 15 November 2004

Pierre AugerPierre AugerObservatory !Observatory !


Marginal explanation by Marginal explanation by conventional models conventional models

Bra

m A

chte

rber

gC

ollo

quiu

m K

apte

yn

15 N

ovem

ber

2004


Built a UHE Built a UHE detector detector

UHE ’s provide complementary informationsources are transparentUniverse is transparentno charge; no influence from EM fieldsvelocity is knowndirect link between and spectrum


How (one option ...)How (one option ...)

• Detect UHE ’s using rock salt in Northern Europe (Groningen)

• Monitor UHE CR’s with LOFAR• Develop:

– radar techniques for salt domes– techniques to install antennas in salt domes– understanding of UHE CR and interactions with

matter– calibrate various detector systems (PAO LOFAR)


Underground salt layers*Underground salt layers*

Zechstein salt

salt pillars

cavern

* © TNO-NITG


Footprint of LOFARFootprint of LOFAR

salt domes


Zuidwending salt domeZuidwending salt dome

3D model of the Zuidwending salt dome: view from the East. The active horizon is the top of the salt.

Purple: Triassic; Dark green: Lower Cretaceous; Light green: Upper Cretaceous Orange: Lower Tertiary; Yellow: Miocene-Quaternary.

© TNO-NITG

2

,5 k

m

7,5 km


Zuidwending Dome ?Zuidwending Dome ?

Aardgasbuffer Zuidwending: a fast Compressed Natural Gas storageGastransport Services, Akzo Nobel Salt, NUON (Energy Valley)


LOFARLOFAR

Salt domes under LOFARSalt domes under LOFAR

CRCR


i n s i t u m e a s u r e m e n t sP . G o r h a m e t a l

N a C l , D i e l e c t r i c M a t e r i a l s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s ( A . R . v o n H i p p e l e d . ) , 1 9 5 4

t a n δ = 2 × 1 0 - 4

R o c k s a l t H o c k l e y m i n e , U S A

R o c k s a l t , H a l s t a d t m i n e , A u s t r i a

N a C l s y n t h e s i z e dL i m e s t o n e , K a m a i s h i , J a p a n

L i m e s t o n e , M t . J u r a , F r a n c e R o c k s a l t , A s s e m i n e , G e r m a n y

H i p p e l 2 5 G H z

1 G H z c a v i t y 5 . 5 G H z

8 . 2 G H z

1 1 G H z

N a c l p o w d e r

T e f l o n

D i e l e c t r i c r e s o n a t o r

tan

1

L

G r a n i t e , K a m a i s h i , J a p a n

First preliminary results (Chiba)First preliminary results (Chiba)


R & D NeededR & D Needed

• Radio attenuation length measurement • Ultra-sensitive underground radar techniques

(receiver antennas)• Cross calibration with other experiments

(PAO, acoustic, WSRT, ...?)


ConclusionConclusion• Radio techniques for detection of UHE are

very promising and provide an important step for the next generation of telescopes

• LOFAR, the largest radio telescope in the world, can be used for UHE CR and detection; it can be complemented with ZESANA using ‘standard’ techniques

LOFAR + PAO S/N ? & ZESANALOFAR + PAO S/N ? & ZESANA

PAO South & LOFARPAO South & LOFAR

04-02-2005/amvdbint. ws saltdome shower array slac 3-4 feb. 20051 neutrino detection in salt domes...

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