04-braverman - fetal abdominal wall abnormalities

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Fetal Abdominal Wall Abnormalities Jennifer Braverman, MD Assistant Professor, Maternal Fetal Medicine University of Colorado

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Page 1: 04-Braverman - Fetal Abdominal Wall Abnormalities

Fetal Abdominal Wall Abnormalities

Jennifer Braverman, MDAssistant Professor, Maternal Fetal Medicine

University of Colorado

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Disclosures

• I have no disclosures to report.

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Objectives

• Describe the normal embryology of fetal gut formation and physiologic herniation.

• Review the different forms of abdominal wall defects.• Review ultrasound of the fetus with abdominal wall defects.• Describe when to be concerned for genetic abnormalities in abdominal wall defects.

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Embryology

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Embryology of ventral wall (Sadler 2010)

• 3rd to 4th week after LMP• Gastrulation:

• Ectoderm: CNS, skin, sensory organs• Mesoderm: skeleton, connective tissue, CV, urogenital• Endoderm: gut, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

• Embryo folding: • cranial to caudal end• horizontal and sagittal planes

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Embryology of ventral wall

• Lateral body folds (ectoderm and parietal mesoderm) grow ventrally to fuse

• Vitelline duct (yolk sac) and connecting stalk (umbilical cord) fuse• Endoderm and visceral mesoderm move ventrally to form gut tube and mesenteries

• Head and tail folds form

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Figure 2 (A) Sagittal section of a 17-day (postfertilization) embryo at the disk stage showing a 2-layered embryo with ectoderm dorsally and endoderm ventrally. During the next 12 days, the process of gastrulation will establish 3 germ layers in the embryo. Thomas W. Sadler

The embryologic origin of ventral body wall defectsSeminars in Pediatric Surgery, Volume 19, Issue 3, 2010, 209 - 214

http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2010.03.006

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Video of ventral wall development

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMnpxP6EeIY

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Physiologic gut herniation

• Bowel grows faster than abdominal cavity in early gestation• Around 8 weeks gestation, midgut herniates into the base of the umbilical cord

• While in the umbilical cord, the midgut rotates 90° counter clockwise• At 10‐11 weeks it returns to the abdomen, and rotates additional 180° counter clockwise and becomes fixed to the retroperitoneum.

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Ultrasound of physiologic gut herniation

• Best seen at 9‐10 weeks• Should NOT be seen after 12‐13 weeks

• Typically NOT larger than the fetal abdomen at any point

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Types of abdominal wall defects we will cover

• Gastroschisis• Omphalocele• Body Stalk Anomaly• Bladder and Cloacal Exstrophy• Pentalogy of Cantrell

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Gastroschisis

• Most common abdominal wall defect• ~4/10,000 live births and rising• Affects male and female fetuses equally• Most consistent risk factor: young maternal age

• Typically isolated• Not associated with aneuploidy• Defect is to the right of the cord• No covering membrane

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Gastroschisis – Prenatal Diagnosis

• Can be seen on late 1st trimester (>12 weeks) or 2nd trimester ultrasound

• Cord inserts lateral to extruded bowel• AFP elevated on serum screening• Ultrasound + serum screening detects 90%• Typically isolated finding – consider amnio if not

• Excellent prognosis if isolated; worse outcome if bowel dilation, liver out, other anomalies

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Gastroschisis ‐ Ultrasound Images

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Omphalocele• 2nd most common abdominal wall defect

• ~2:10,000 live births

• Membrane covered midline defect• Abdominal contents herniated into base of cord. 

• Not a failure of ventral wall closure.

• Most common: bowel and liver out (sometimes just bowel)

• Just bowel  higher risk of aneuploidy

• Often associated with other anomalies• Prognosis depends on other anomalies• If truly isolated, survival 80‐90%

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Omphalocele – Associated Anomalies & Syndromes

• 25‐30% have other anomalies• 50% of associated anomalies are cardiac, 40% GI

• 30‐40% have a chromosomal abnormality• Other associated syndromes:

• Beckwith‐Wiedemann (~30%):• Macrosomia, hemihypertrophy, macroglossia, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac abnormalities, polyhydramnios, increased risk of childhood tumors

• OEIS: • Omphalocele, bladder Exstrophy, Imperforate anus, Spinal defects

• Pentalogy of Cantrell

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Omphalocele – Prenatal Diagnosis• Can be seen on late 1st trimester (>12 weeks) or 2nd trimester ultrasound

• Cord inserts into membrane – but not always centrally

• Color Doppler to visualize cord insert• AFP may be elevated, but not always

• Typically lower than in gastroschisis• All cases should be offered amniocentesis

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Omphalocele – Ultrasound images

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Body Stalk Anomaly• Lethal malformation with abdominal viscera attached to placenta

• Scoliosis• Often abnormal limbs (limb‐body wall complex)• Umbilical cord very short/absent• Some or all of the fetus outside the amniotic sac

• Can be seen as early as 8 weeks, often diagnosed at NT scan

• Markedly elevated AFP• Not associated with aneuploidy, no significant recurrence risk

• 1:7500 at NT scan, very low rate of live birth

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Body Stalk Anomaly – Ultrasound Images

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Bladder and Cloacal Exstrophy

Bladder exstrophy: Failure of lower abdominal wall to close leading toexposed bladder

• 1:50,000 live births• More common in males (5:1)• Associated genitourinary anomalies• Cord inserts just above defect

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Bladder Exstrophy – Ultrasound Images

SagittalAxial 3‐D

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Bladder and Cloacal Exstrophy

Cloacal exstrophy: hemibladder exstrophy, hindgut extrusion, imperforate anus• Very rare: 1:200,000 pregnancies, 1:400,000 live births

• Many also have omphalocele (64%), spinal abnormalities (OEIS syndrome)

• Significantly more rare and worse prognosis than bladder exstrophy

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Cloacal Exstrophy – Ultrasound Images• Look for bowel between the legs and “elephant trunk”

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Pentalogy of Cantrell

• Five associated midline abnormalities:• Abdominal wall (more commonly omphalocele, less commonly others)• Sternum• Diaphragm• Pericardium• Heart

• Most do not have all five! • 1:65,000‐200,000 live births• Most have no genetic cause, but familial cases and cases with aneuploidy (T13, T18 and Monosomy X) have been reported.

• Prognosis depends primarily on severity of cardiac defect. • Most severe form includes omphalocele and ectopia cordis, but can also be much more mild.

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Pentalogy of Cantrell – Ultrasound images

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Approach to the fetus with an abdominal wall defect• Step 1: Is the cord insertion normal?

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References

Sadler, Thomas. The Embryologic Origin of Ventral Wall Defects. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, Volume 19, Issue 3, 2010, 209 – 214.

Woodward, Paula J. ed. Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics, 3rd edition. 2016. Elsevier, Philadelphia PA.