04. willoughby 31
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Curacao 2012 Durable Energy Conference Renewable Integration Issues Ron Willoughby – Vice President DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability United States of America March 31, 2012
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Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges
& Opportunities
Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System
Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid
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Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges
& Opportunities
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The Power System
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G T D L + + +
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Impact of randomly placement
Integration out-pacing grid expansion
Dynamic control of real power limits, reactive power levels; i.e., to operate like traditional power plants
Lost revenue & cost recovery from net metering
Public acceptance (affects policy makers)
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Renewables Integration Issues
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Maintaining reliable system performance Adequacy of T & D lines System protection & control Dispatchable generation Use of energy storage Substation / distribution automation Data acquisition & management Compatibility / speed of communications Cyber security
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Renewables Integration Issues (cont)
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Source: CIGRE Biennial Session - 2010
Frequency Correction Using Storage
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V-Control V-Flicker Fault Current Power Flow Protection Frequency
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Studies - Essential Planning Tool
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Time Step Increases
1 ms 1 cycle 1 second 1 minute 10 minutes 1 hour 1 day 1 month 1 year
Harmonics
Stability
Protection
Frequency Response
Regulation
Balancing /Dispatch
Capacity
Economics
Transient Stability and Harmonics Short Circuit
Power Factory PSSE DigSilent
Production Costing Market Simulation Expansion Planning
ProMod GE MAP
Statistical Analysis of AGC and Balancing
Replacement Reserves
Governor Response
Spinning and Short Term Reserves Storage
Replacement Reserves Emissions Performance
Long Term Generation, Transmission, DSM, and DG Investments
KERMIT Simulation Tool KEMA Energy Ecology Model Traditional T-Planning
TOOLS
STUDIES
ISSUES
Ops Planning & Sched Realm Real Time Ops Realm Auto Control Realm
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Analysis Timeline
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Renewables Integration – Lessons Learned
System level - Most installations wind & solar. - Maintaining grid operations biggest challenge.
Transmission level - Renewables remote from load, creating T-issues.
Distribution level - Significant impacts on distribution protection.
>20% penetration starts to
become problematic 10
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How to reduce integration costs?
How to simplify system protection?
How to simplify operations for operators?
How to add predictive load curves?
How to add predictive health monitoring?
How to manage as utility revenue source?
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Challenges / Opportunities
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Integration Example – Lanai PV Intermittent Renewable
Economic drivers, isolated grids, faster penetration
PV Application - One project can drive “%
penetration” above 20% 3.5 MW peak
~4 MW generation
1 MV PV
The transmission
system
The transmission
system
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EXAMPLE - Geothermal (Base Load Renewable) St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC Feasibility Study
Connection routes - North or south? - Include St Croix? - Distance estimates HVDC terminals, mono or bi-polar, etc? Cable size / capacity Voltage levels, losses Capital costs for cables and terminals Impacts on power system at all terminals Cost savings / displaced fuels / other benefits
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St Kitts Nevis
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Possible St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC
HVDC submarine
cable
HVDC O/H
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St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC
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Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges
& Opportunities
Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System
Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid
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Reduce conductor loading
Reduce losses
Delay capital upgrades
Improve voltage control (access to inverter controls)
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Distribution PV – Benefits
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Example - Distribution Feeder
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Distribution - 7.2 MW Peak - 12.47 kV Rating - 4.3 km (3-phase) - 1 Transformer
PV Site - 1.18 MW - 1.0 PF
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Peak Demand Reduced & Shifted
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Reduced Demand
Shifted Peak
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40 kW PV on Tuvalu
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40 kW PV on Tuvalu (cont)
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Tuvalu from the Air
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PV Site Outage
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.050 50 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Seconds
PU V
olta
ge
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
PV S
ite
SubPV
Loss of PV Output – Substation Voltage
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PV Site Outage
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
10 50 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Seconds
PU V
olta
ge
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
PV S
ite
EOFPV
Loss of PV Output – End-of-Feeder Voltage
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
7:42 9:30 11:18 13:06 14:54 16:42 18:31
Time of Day
Ou
tpu
t (k
W)
Intermittency of PV Output
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Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges
& Opportunities
Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System
Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid
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Definition of Smart Grid
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Communication Building Blocks
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SCADA
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Data Drives T&D Technology Advances
> Renewables Integration > Advances in AMI > Advanced DA & Volt-VAR Controls > Distribution Storage Deployed > Utility Scale Storage Deployed > Electrification of Transportation > Integrated T&D Substations > Advanced System Protection > Cyber Security Measures
> AMI Functional > Distribution Automation (DA) > Volt-VAR Control > System Protection > Local SCADA > Multiple Automation Platforms
> AMI Installed > Substation Upgrades
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Key Elements of a Smart Grid
Distribution has bi-directional flows Great need for information exchange Integration of HVDC & power electronics Role of energy storage New concepts for operation & control New concepts for protection
Source: CIGRE Biennial Session - 2010 30
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Example – Home Architecture
Source: IEEE Power & Energy, May/June 2010 31
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Tonga from the Air
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Backup Generator at Business in Tonga
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Load Reduction by DSM Program
Source: KEMA Utility of the Future, Volume 3, 2010
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www.dnvkema.com
Ron Willoughby – Vice President DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability United States of America