40fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

Èlaje,a, uOH uyd úoHd,hSh /iaùï Yd,dj W;aij ú,dihla f.k ;snqKs'Èkh ud¾;= ui fojk od h' Yd,dj ;=< YsIH YsIHdfjda o .=re uKav,h o wiqkaf.k isáhy' fõÈldj u; wdrdê; wuq;af;da lsysmfofkls' Yd,dj ;=< ±äksYaYío;djls' úÿy,am;s;=udf.a ms<s.ekSfï yd wruqKq meyeÈ,s lsÍfï l;dfjkalshjqfKa fuÈk úoHd,fha l=udr;=x. uqksodi .=KdkqiaurK W;aijh meje;afjknj;a" tu W;aijhg iu.dó j 8 jk fY%aKsfha YsIH YsIHdjka úiska ixúOdkhlrk ,o nqoaê uKAv, idlÉPdjla meje;afjk nj;a h' l=ur;=Õ= iure .Sh.dhkd lsÍfuka wk;=re j nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdj wdrïN úh' idlÉPdjfufyhjk ,oafoa 8 jk fY%aKsfha idys;H ix.ufha f,alï wñ,d ÈidkdhlYsIHdj úisks'

hg;a úð; hq.fha § isxy, NdIdj yd isxy, ixialD;sh wvmK

fjñka mej;s wjêhl § bmso" —fy<fha uy mçrejk˜ f,i

úreodj,S ,;a l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍka úiska bgqlrkq ,enQ cd;sl

fufyjr úYsIag h' fy< nfia wreuh;a" ixialD;sfha fm%!V;ajh;a

biau;= lrñka foi ni /i k.kakg mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l<

t;=ud ienE NdId fma%ñfhls¦ foaY fm%añfhls¦ lúfhls¦ úpdrlfhls¦

.;a l;=jrfhls¦ wOHdmk{fhls' úfYaIfhka isxy, <ud idys;Hhla

f.dvke.Sug moku ±uQ t;=udf.a f;dr;=re fï mdvug we;=<;a fõ'

l=ur;=Õ= yrir5

41 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

wñ,d Èidkdhl ( wdrdê; iïNdjkSh úoaj;=kaf.ka o" uf.a úoHd,fha .reúÿy,am;s;=ud we;=¿ ohdnr .=re uKav,fhka o" uf.awdorKSh ifydaor ifydaoßhkaf.ka o wjirhs' wo ud¾;=udfia fojk od l=udr;=x. uqksodi iure Èkhhs' taksñ;af;ka meje;afjk fï nqoaêuh ixjdohg iyNd.sùu i|yd wmf.a wdrdOkdfjka meñK isák úoaj;auKav,h uu uq,ska u wdhqfndajka lshd mss<s.kakjd'

wdhqfndajkaæ

wo fï idlÉPdjg iyNd.s jk úoaj;=ka Tng y÷kajd§u uf.a hq;=lula' uf.a ol=Kq me;af;ka uq,ska u jdä ùisákafka rdcH f,aLkdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iyldrwOHlaI wdßhjxY ú;dk uy;aud' ueo wiqfka isákafkam%lg lúhl= yd f,aLlfhl= jk pkaok .=Kj¾Okuy;aud' B<Õg wiqka f.k isákafka Èia;%sla l,d ix.ufha.re f,alï nkaÿ, fmf¾rd uy;d'

l%s( j( 1887 cQ,s ui 25 jk Èk bmso l%s' j' 1944 ud¾;= ui02 jk Èk ±fhka iuq.;a l=udr;=x. uqksodi úh;dKkaf.aY%S kduhg fï jev igyk Wmydrhla fõjdæ hs m%d¾:kdlrñka wms idlÉPdj wdrïN lruq' l=ur;=Õ= uqksoiqkams<sn| j l;d l< hq;= fndfyda foa we;;a wo wm jeäwjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka

42fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

t;=udf.ka <ud idys;Hhg isÿ jQ fiajh ms<sn|j idlÉPdlsÍughs' <uhska i|yd fmd;am;a ,sùu myiq ld¾hhlafkdfjhs' l=ur;=Õ=jka ta wNsfhda.h id¾:l f,i ch.;aflfkla' .oH moH foflka u ta ymkalu fmkak,d;sfhkjd' t;=udf.a rij;a ldjH ks¾udK ms<sn| idlÉPdlrkakg uu uq,ska u wdrdOkd lrkjd pkaok .=Kj¾Oklsú÷kag'

pkaok .=Kj¾Ok ( fyd|hs" Tn lSjd jf.a u <ud idys;H ks¾udK lsÍuwmyiq ld¾hhla' úfYaIfhka l=ur;=Õ=jka .ek lshkjdkï t;=ud ìys jQ hq.fha NdId idys;Hfha miqnEula ;snqKd'isxy, NdIdjg ;ekla ;snqfKa kE' tjka miqìul ksrjq,ania jyr y÷kajd foñka nfia ri u;= lrñka ksjy,aÑka;khg u. mdoñka kj m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug t;=udlghq;= l<d' thska fkd kej;=Kq t;=ud ksis fia niyiqrjñka idys;HlrKhg msúiqKd' tys m%;sM,hla f,it;=ud w;ska úYsIag <ud idys;H .%ka: lsysmhla ks¾udKhjqKd' <ud idys;Hhg ufkdaúoHd;aul mokula ;sìhhq;= hs' <ud is;=ï me;=ï" reÑ wreÑlï" nqoaêuh yelshdy÷kd f.k fm!reI ixj¾Okhg yd wdl,am j¾OkhgWÑ; mßÈ <ud idys;H lD;s ks¾udKh l< hq;= fjkjd'talhs <ud idys;H ks¾udK lsÍu wmyiq ld¾hhla nj udi|yka lf<a'

wñ,d Èidkdhl ( fyd|hs" Tn;=ud i|yka l< lreKq l=ur;=Õ=jkaf.a ldjHks¾udK lsysmhla weiqßka meyeÈ,s lf<d;a ''''''''''''''''

pkaok .=Kj¾Ok ( wms lú lsysmhla .dhkd lr n,uq' iqÿ u,ska msÍ .sh j;=iqÿ .ia fï orefjda ±l, we;s' l=ur;=Õ=jka flfia o j;=iqÿ .i ÿgqfõ'

.i j;= iqÿù msß iqÿfmdfydh ke; ÿis,a .;a n÷

fld;rï iqkaor lshukla o@ orejkag b;d ióm w;a±lSula"iqkaor ldjH ks¾udKhla njg m;a lsÍug ni yiqrejdwe;s whqre n,kak' msßisÿ ù tfyu ke;akï —fmafj,d˜fmdahodg is,a .kakd wdldrh <uhs okakjd' iqÿ is,a frÈfmrjd f.k is,a .;a Wmdil Wmdisldjkaf.ka mkai,msÍ hkjd' fmdah ke;;a j;=iqÿ .i is,a wrf.k jdf.hs'orejka ;=< Nla;su;a yeÕSula ±k ùug j;=iqÿ .i fhdodf.k we;s wdldrh lÈuhs'

43 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

frdai u, fld;rï mshlre o@ fld;rï iqj| o@ tys rejmeyeh fld;rï is;a .kakdiq̈ o@ <uhska fld;rï iqkaoro@ <uhskq;a frdai u,a jdf.hs' yenehs frdai u,a jf.afjkafka keK" .=K oï" rej" meye hk fï .=KhkaTjqka ;=< ;snqfKd;a ;uhs' lúhd th mjik whqre n,kak'

keK .=K oïrej meye ;=ïwe;s wh kïfrdai l=iqï

u,a" iuk,hka jf.a <ud f,dalh yd iïnkaO" <uhskaf.ais;a .;a foaj,a ;sfhkjd' u,la u; iuk,fhla jidisàu fld;rï iqkaor o@

uy mqÿfulsu,l uf,lskeye ta ilsiuk, fhls

u,la Wv u,la" uy mqÿuhla' keye ta u,la fkdfjhs'iuk,fhla' <uhskag ióm w;a±lSï fhdod .ksñkaTjqkaf.a reÑl;ajh j¾Okh lrñka wdiajdohla ,nd§ugiqÿiq mßÈ ldjH ks¾udKh lr we;s nj fï lúj,skameyeÈ,s fjkjd' ta i|yd fhdod f.k we;s NdIdj b;du;air,hs' <ud lú rpkfha § NdIdj id¾:l f,i fhdodf.k we;s nj Tn ldg;a u;l ;sfhk fï lúj,skajvd;a meyeÈ,s fjkjd'

yd yd yß ydjdlef,a ueÈka wdjdysgf.k .Õ .djdjgmsg weye ,Ejd

ìreï y~la wdjdby< ùis jQjdfld÷ weg ysgejQjdlka fol È. mEjd

îÍu keje;+jdkdih ìu .Ejdweyska /yeka ,Ejdfldhs o fldhs o ydjd

nfika ymkalï ±la jQ l=ur;=Õ=jka jpk lsysmhla rij;alúhla njg m;a lrk whqre n,kak'

44fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

f.dv b;d

f,dl= i;d

n, j;d

n, we;d

l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍka w;ska ,shjqKq ldjH ks¾udK

w;r ydjdf.a j." fodrg jevqu" ke<ú,a, hk <ud lú

tod fuka u wo;a orejkaf.a ri úkaokhg fnfyúka

bjy,a fjkjd'

wñ,d Èidkdhl ( pkaok .=Kj¾Ok lsú÷kag fnfyúka u ia;=;sjka;

fjkjd' wfma ifydaor ifydaoßhkag rij;a" w¾:j;a

jákd woyia rdYshla bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| j' l=udr;=x.

uqksodi iQÍkaf.a <ud idys;H lD;s w;r moH muKla

fkdfjhs rij;a .oH ks¾udK lsysmhl=;a ;sfnkjd'

tajd ms<sn|j;a hula m%ldY jqfKd;a fyd|hs lsh,d ys;kjd'

ta .ek flá úia;rhla lsÍug uu f.!rjfhka wdrdOkd

lrkjd wdßhjxY ú;dk ue;s÷kag'

wdßhjxY ú;dk ( fyd|hs" wñ,d wms ta .ek iq¿ jYfhka fyda l;d lruq'

uu ys;kafka tu ks¾udK fï orejkag wuq;=fjka y÷kajd

Èh hq;= keye lsh,hs' ta l;d fkd lshjmq flfkla

fu;k we;s lsh, uu úYajdi lrkafka keye' y;amK"u.=,a lEu yd ySka ierh hk <ud l;d l=udr;=x. uqksodi

iQÍkaf.a ks¾udK l=i,;dj m%lg lrk úYsIag ks¾udK

f,i y÷kajkak mq¿jka' ñksiqka yd i;=ka fhdod .ksñka

ydiHh yd Wmydih m%Odk rih njg m;a lr .ksñka

w¾:j;a Ôjk w;a±lSula orejkag ,nd§ug iqÿiq mßÈ fï

l;d ks¾udKh fldg ;sîu úfYaIfhka i|yka l<

hq;a;la' thska —y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜ l;dj ms<sn| j ie,l=fjd;a

fudav .eñ ;reKfhl=f.a ydiHckl l%shdldrlï iys;

isoaê ud,djla y;amK <ud l;dfõ we;=<;a fjkjd' ta

yeu isoaêhla ;=<ska u m%n, f,i ydiHh biau;= lsÍug

l;=jrhd iu;a ù we;s w;r tys m%Odk pß;h jkafka

lsßydñhs' Tyqf.a l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka ydiHh biau;=

jqK;a lsßydñ ms<sn| j wm ;=< we;s jkafka ±ä

wkqlïmdjla' .eñ Ôú;fha úúO wjia:d yd isoaê Wmfhda.S

lr .ksñka l;dj úldYkh fjkjd' —y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜—y;amK˜

fg,sud,d kdgHhla f,ig rEmjdysksfhka úldYh jqKd"

fï orejkag u;l;a we;s'

45 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

ySkaierh yd u.=,alEu jk i;=kaf.a pß; fhdod f.k

ks¾udKh fldg we;s ishqï f,i ydiHh yd Wmydih

u;= lrk l;kaor folla' <uhska i|yd ,shk

l;dj, § i;a;aj pß; fhdod .ekSu merKs idys;Hfha o

;snQ nj zzzzzysf;damfoaYhysf;damfoaYhysf;damfoaYhysf;damfoaYhysf;damfoaYhZZZZZ zzzzzm[ap ;ka;%hm[ap ;ka;%hm[ap ;ka;%hm[ap ;ka;%hm[ap ;ka;%hZZZZZ jeks ixialD;

WmfoaY .%ka:j,skq;a meyeÈ,s fjkjd' i;=kaf.a pß;

fhdod f.k l;d ks¾udKh fldg ;snqK;a tajdhska

lshfjkafka n,lduh" lEorlu" B¾IHdj"

lmálu" WvÕ=lu jeks ñksiqka w;r olskakg

,efnk .;s ,laIKhs' ta l;d lshùfuka

<uhskag Ôú;h ms<sn| j hï wjfndaOhla

,nd .kakg yels jk wdldrhghs tajd ks¾udKh

fldg ;sfnkafka' ta jf.a u t;=udf.a YslaIdud¾.h yd

lshjk kqjK fmd;afm< orejkaf.a lshùfï reÑh jeä

ÈhqKq lrk Tjqkaf.a NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lrk

rij;a ks¾udK f,i w.h l< yelshs'

wñ,d Èidkdhl ( wdßhjxY ú;dk uy;audKkag uu fnfyúka u

ia;=;sjka; fjkjd" b;d jákd woyia lSmhla bÈßm;a

lsÍu ms<sn| j' l=ur;=Õ= iure Wf<f,a nqoaê uKav,

idlÉPdfõ § wm fuf;la wjOdkh fhduq lf<a l=ur;=Õ=

uqksoiqkaf.ka <ud idys;Hhg isÿ jQ fiajh .ek l;d

lsÍughs' isxy, NdId idys;Hh fmdaIKh i|yd t;=udf.ka

isÿ jQ fiajh b;d úYsIaghs' t;=udf.a fjk;a Ydia;%Sh

lghq;= mss<sn| j b;d fláfhka woyia ±laùug ±ka uf.a

wdrdOkh nkaÿ, fmf¾rd ue;s÷kaghs'

nkaÿ, fmf¾rd ( Tõ" isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| j l;d lrk úg i|yka fkd

lru neß kula l=udr;=x. uqksodi hk ku' isxy, NdIdfõ

jHdlrKh iïnkaOfhka tf;la meje;s .eg¨

ksrdlrKh lrñka t;=ud úiska zjHdlrK újrKhZzjHdlrK újrKhZzjHdlrK újrKhZzjHdlrK újrKhZzjHdlrK újrKhZ

yd zl%shd újrKhZzl%shd újrKhZzl%shd újrKhZzl%shd újrKhZzl%shd újrKhZ hk kïj,ska jHdlrK .%ka: folla

iïmdokh lr ;sfnkjd' tajd jHdlrKh iïnkaOfhka

,shejqKq úêu;a .%ka: f,i ms<s.efkkjd' tmuKla

fkdfjhs ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd Wmfoia fok .%ka:hla

f,i zzzzzúß;a jelshúß;a jelshúß;a jelshúß;a jelshúß;a jelshZZZZZ t;=ud rpkd l<d' fï yereKq úg

wfma merKs fmd;m;g újrK imhñka tu fmd;a kej;

uqøKh lsÍug t;=ud lghq;= l<d' zlõ is¿ñK újrKhZzlõ is¿ñK újrKhZzlõ is¿ñK újrKhZzlõ is¿ñK újrKhZzlõ is¿ñK újrKhZ

tn÷ lD;shla'

46fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

wñ,d Èidkdhl ( fï rinr yrj;a nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdj ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg

f.k hEug ld,h yria ùu ms<sn| j uu lk.dgq fjkjd'

fuf;la fõ,d l=ur;=Õ= .=K iure jevigyfka nqoaê

uKAv, idlÉPdjg iyNd.s fjñka jeo.;a lreKq rdYshla

wm fj; bÈßm;a l< úoaj;=kag wmf.a f.!rjkSh ia;=;sh

mqo lrñka fï idlÉPdj wjika lrkjd' ia;=;shs'

l%shdldrlu 1

my; ±lafjk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

i. mdvfuys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq ù we;af;a l=uk lreKla .ek o@

ii. <ud idys;H lD;s ks¾udKfha § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq fudkjd o@

iii. l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍka úiska ,shk ,o <ud l;d fmd;a fudkjd o@

iv. t;=ud úiska ,shk ,o jHdlrK .%ka: fudkjd o@

v. <uhska frdai u,a fuka jkafka l=uk ,laIK ksid o@

l%shdldrlu 2

lKavdhï l%shdldrlï

mka;sh lKavdhï follg fn§ my; ±lafjk l%shdldrlïj, fhfokak'

lKavdhu 1

i. l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;df.a <ud lú tla /ia lrkak'

ii. tla lú mka;shla mka;sh bÈßfha .dhkd lrkak'

iii. tla /ia l< lú mka;s tl;= lr fmd;a msxpla idokak'

lKavdhu 2

i. l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍkaf.a <ud l;d fmd;a ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lrkak'

ii. bka tl fmd;la ms<sn| úia;rhla mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

iii. lKAvdhu tla /ia l< f;dr;=re tl;= lr fmd;a msxpla idokak'

l%shdldrlu 3

—l=udr;=x. uqksodi iQÍkaf.ka isxy, NdId idys;Hhg isÿ jQ fiajh˜ hk ud;Dldjhgf;a jdlH rpkhla ,shkak'

47 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

úhrK yqrej

mdvfuka Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; ±lafjk jpk lshjkak'

NdIdj m%ldY YslaIdud¾.h

úfYaI úYsIag ixialD;

wdiajdoh úYajdi ,laIKh

iQÍka úldYkh rdYsh

tu jpkj, Y" I" i wlaIr fh§ we;s ieá n,kak' fuu wlaIr fhfokwdldrh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula my; ±lafõ'

² z;Z wlaIrhg uq,ska fndfyda úg fhfokafka oka;c ziZ wlaIrh hs'Wod( iuia;" m%ia;dj" m%ia;dr" Ydia;%

² g" G" l" m" M wlaIrj,g uq,ska uq¾Oc zIZ wlaIrh fhfoa'Wod( úYsIag" jdIam" lksIaG" fY%aIaG" Y=Ial" ksIaM," O¾ñIaG

² j" Y" p wlaIrj,g uq,ska ;d¨c zYZ wlaIrh fhfoa'Wod( wdYajdi" mYaÑu" ksYaYío" mYapd;a" úYajh" wYajhd" wdYap¾h

² Y" I wlaIr tl <Õ fhfok úg uq,ska ;d¨c zYZ fhfoa'Wod( YsIHhd" úfYAI" YsIagdpdrh" YsIH;aj

wNHdi

iqÿiq wlaIr jryka ;=<ska f;dard ysia;eka mqrjkak'

^fYa" Ys" ia" Y" Ia" Y" Y=" Ya" Ia" ia&

i. wd '''''''jdoh vi. ú '''''''''''IKii. m% ''''''''''' xidj vii. ú ''''''''' uhiii. ''''''''''' íoh viii. wd''''' ¾jdohiv. ú '''''''''' lïNh ix. úks ''''''' phv. Ys ''''''''''g x. '''''''' Ial

w¨;a w¨;a oE fkd;kk cd;sh f,dj fkdkÕS

ysÕd lEu neß jqKq ;ek ,.S .hd ur .S

- l=udr;=x. uqksodi -

ri ú¢uq