05 - plant form

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Lecture 5 Outline (Ch. 36)

I. Overview

A. Monocots vs. DicotsII. Plant tissues

A. Dermal

B. ascular

C. !roun"

III. Plant or#ans A. $oots

B. %tems

C. Leaves

I. Plant !rowth A. Meristems

B. Primar& vs. secon"ar&

i. Leaves

ii. %tems

iii. $oots

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Plant Classification Monocots vs. Dicots

Basic categories of plants based on structure and function

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Plant bodies

Three Basic Plant Organs:

oots! "te#s! and $eaves

Plants! li%e #ulticellular

ani#als! have or#ans

co#posed of different

tissues! &hich in turn

are co#posed of cells

%hoot

s&stem

Lea'

%tem

$oot

s&stem

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' (ach plant organ has

der#al! vascular! andground tissues

' (ach of these three

categories for#s atissue s&stem

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

!roun"

tissue asculartissue

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)* Der#al Tissue "+ste#

' Outer covering

' Protection

,* -round Tissue "+ste#

'Bod+ of plant

'Photos+nthesis storage support

/* 0ascular Tissue "+ste#

' 0essels throughout plant

' Transport #aterials

Plant Tissues

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Der#al Tissue "+ste#1Outer Covering of Plant*:

)* (pider#al Tissue 1epider#is*:' 2or#s outer#ost la+er

Cuticle: 3a4+ covering

' educes evaporation

' 5nhibits #icroorganis# invasion

oot 6airs: e4tended root surface

' 5ncrease absorption

/* Perider#al Tissue1perider#*:' Onl+ in &ood+ plants 1bar% 7 dead cells*

' Protection support

Plant Tissues 8 Der#is

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!uar" cells

%toma

i"ermal cell

!uar" cells

%tomata

i"ermal cell

!uar" cells

%toma

i"ermal cell

!uar" cells

%tomata

i"ermal cell

* +m ,-- +m

/ +m

a. c.

0.


Paired sausage8shaped cells

2lan% a sto#a epider#al

opening

' Passage&a+ for o4+gen!

carbon dio4ide! and

&ater vapor

"pecial Der#al Cells -uard Cells

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"pecial Der#al Cells Tricho#es 9 oot hairs

' Tricho#es

6airli%e outgro&ths of

epider#is

eep leaf surfaces cooland reduce evaporation

' oots hairs

Tube e4tensions fro#

epider#al cells

-reatl+ increase the root;s

surface area for absorption

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)*

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0ascular Transport "+ste#)*

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A) %ieve 1u0es2 7i"e4 tu0elie cells

B) Comanion Cells2 suort an" re#ulate

sieve tu0es

/* Phloe# 1living at #aturit+*Plant Tissues 8 0ascular

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0ascular Transport "+ste#

8 Moves &ater! sugar! a#ino acids 9 hor#ones

/* Phloe# 1living at #aturit+*

Plant Tissues 8 0ascular

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Dicots Monocots

0asculature 8 Co#parisons

Monocots and dicots differ in the arrange#ent of

vessels in the roots an" stems

oot

"te#

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' %ome ma8or t&es o' lant cells2

Parench+#a

Collench+#a

"clerench+#a

Plant Tissues -round Tissue

' Tissues that are neither der#al norvascular are #roun" tissue

' -round tissue internal to the vascular

tissue is ith ground tissue e4ternal to

the vascular tissue is corte9' -round tissue includes cells speciali=ed

for storage! photos+nthesis! and support

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Plant Tissues 8 -round

-round Tissue "+ste#1Bod+ of Plant*:

)* Parench+#aParench+#a1#ost abundant*:

'plant #etabolis#:

Photos+nthesis

hor#one secretionsugar storage

Thin8&alled cells

living

Parench&ma cells inElodealea'4(w:chlorolasts)

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/* Collench+#aCollench+#a:

Thic%8&alled 1uneven*

living

' Offers support1fle4ible 9 strong*


Collench&ma cells sun'lower

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,* "clerench+#a"clerench+#a:

Thic%! hard8&alled Dead

' Offer support1e.g. he#p fibers

nut shells*


%clerei" cells in ear (LM)

;i0er cells in ash tree

Cell wall

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' oots need sugars fro# photos+nthesis

' "hoots rel+ on &ater and

#inerals absorbed b+ the

root s+ste#

oots 8 Overvie&

$oot $oles2

8 >nchoring the plant

8 >bsorbing #inerals and &ater

8 "toring organic nutrients

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1aroots2 ;i0rous roots2

T+pical of dicots!pri#ar+ root for#sand s#all branch

roots gro& fro# it

5n #onocots #ostl+!pri#ar+ root dies!replaced b+ ne&

roots fro# ste#

oots 8 Co#parisons

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oots "tructure and Develop#ent

' 2our regions: oot cap

Protection! gravit+ detection

?one of cell division

Mitotic divisions ?one of elongation

Cells lengthen! no division

?one of #aturation

Cells differentiate! outer la+erbeco#es der#is

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5n #aturation =one! Casparian strip for#s

&aterproof barrier #aterial surrounding vasculature

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/,5- +m

i"ermis

Primar& hloem

Primar& 9&lem

Pith

Monocot

(u"icot

n"o"ermis

Corte9

i"ermis

Primar& 9&lem

Peric&cle

Primar& hloem

*< +m

3

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Pro roots

=%tran#lin#>aerial roots

%tora#e roots

Buttressroots

Pneumatohores

oots Man+ Plants 6ave

Modified oots

7ater stora#e

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%tem2 an or#an ma"e o'

>n alternating s+ste# of

nodes! points at &hichleaves attach

5nternodes! ste# lengthbet&een nodes

"te#s 8 Overvie&

>4illar+ bud 8 structurethat can for# a lateral

shoot! or branch

>pical@ter#inal bud 8

located near the shoottip! lengthens a shoot

>pical do#inance

#aintains dor#anc+ in

#ost nonapical buds

Aical 0u"

o"eInterno"e

Aical0u"

%hoot

s&steme#etative

shoot

A9illar&

0u"

%tem

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"te#s "tructure and Develop#ent

' "te#s have all three t+pes of

plant tissue

' -ro& b+ division at #eriste#s

Develop into leaves! other

shoots! and even flo&ers

' $eaves #a+ be arranged in

one of three &a+s

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"te#s 8 Co#parisons

Monocot

(udicot

" M Pl

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$hi?omes

Bul0s

%tora#e leaves

%tem

%tolons

%tolon

1u0ers

"te#s Man+ Plants

6ave Modified "te#s

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The lea' is the #ain photos+nthetic

organ of #ost vascular plants

$eaves 8 Overvie&

%hoot

s&stem

Lea'Bla"e

Petiole

$eaves generall+ have

a flattened 0la"e

and a stal% called theetiole! &hich Aoins the leafto a node of the ste#

"

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$eaves "tructure and Develop#ent

' $eaves areseveral la+ers

thic% each

&ith different

cell t+pes

$ " d D l

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$eaves "tructure and Develop#ent

' Most dicots have /

t+pes of #esoph+ll

Palisade #esoph+ll

high photos+nthesis

"pong+ #esoph+ll

air spaces for gas

9 &ater e4change

' Monocot leaves have )

t+pe of #esoph+ll

$ C i

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Most dicots havebranch8li%e veins and

pal#ate leaf shape

Monocots have parallelleaf veins and longer!slender blades

$eaves 8 Co#parisons

Monocots and dicots differ in the arrange#ent of veins!

the vascular tissue of leaves

1 " il $ Pl t h

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1en"rils

%ines

%tora#e

leaves

$ero"uctive leaves

Bracts

$eaves Plants have

#odified leaves for

various functions

Plant -ro&th

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Plant -ro&th:

)* 5ndeter#inate: -ro& throughout life

/* -ro&th at tips 1length* and at

hips 1girth*

-ro&th patterns in plant:

)* Meriste# Cells:Dividing Cells

/* Differentiated Cells:Cells speciali=ed in structure 9 role

' 2or# stable! per#anent part of plant

Plant -ro&th

Pl t - th

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)* Pri#ar+ -ro&th:

)* 5ncreased length

/* "peciali=ed structures 1e.g. fruits*

/* "econdar+ -ro&th:

esponsible for increases in ste#@root dia#eter

'>pical Meriste#s:

Mitoticcells at tips of roots @ ste#s

' $ateral Meriste#s:

Mitoticcells hips of plant

Plant -ro&th

girth

length

Pl t - th

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%hoot aical meristem Lea' rimor"ia

@oun#lea'

Develoin#vascularstran"

A9illar& 0u"meristems

Plant -ro&th

Pl t - th

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%hoot ti (shootaical meristeman" &oun# leaves)

Lateral meristems2

A9illar& 0u"meristem

ascular cam0ium

Cor cam0ium

$oot aicalmeristems

Primar& #rowth in stems

i"ermis

Corte9

Primar& hloem

Primar& 9&lem

Pith

%econ"ar& #rowth in stems

Peri"erm

Corcam0ium

Corte9

Primar&hloem

%econ"ar&hloem

Pith

Primar&9&lem

%econ"ar&9&lem

ascular cam0ium

Plant -ro&th

1wo lateral meristems2 vascular cam0ium an" cor cam0ium

Plant -ro th

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%tem %econ"ar& !rowth2

' thic%er! stronger ste#s

0ascular Ca#biu#: bet&eenpri#ar+ 4+le# and phloe#

pri#ar+ phloe#

vascular ca#biu#

pri#ar+ 4+le#

epider#is

corte4pith

pri#ar+ 4+le#

pri#ar+ phloe#

dividingvascularca#biu#

Plant -ro&th

Produces inside ste#:

>* "econdar+ 4+le#

8#oves 6/O! in&ard

B* "econdar+ phloe#8#oves sugars! out&ard

Plant -ro&th l C 0i

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Plant -ro&th

rimar&hloem

"ivi"in#

vascularcam0ium

newsecon"ar&9&lem

newsecon"ar&hloem

rimar&9&lem

secon"ar& hloemrimar& hloem

vascular cam0ium

rimar& 9&lemsecon"ar& 9&lem

ithcorte9

%econ"ar& #rowth

ascular Cam0ium2

ascular cam0ium !rowth

%econ"ar&

9&lem

A'ter one &earo' #rowth A'ter two &earso' #rowth

%econ"ar&

hloem

ascular

cam0ium

P P

P

P

C

C

C

C

C

C

C C C

C C C

C

Plant -ro&th

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Dead at #aturit+

Protection

Cor% Ca#biu#:

' $ocated under outer surfaceproduces perider#

Plant -ro&th

!rowth

rin#

ascular

ra&

%econ"ar&

9&lem

eartwoo"

%awoo"

Bar

ascular cam0ium

%econ"ar& hloem

La&ers o' eri"erm

Plant -ro&th

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annual ring

earl+4+le#

late4+le#

heart&ood14+le#*

sap&ood14+le#*

vascularca#biu#

phloe#


%awoo" 7 oung 4+le#! &ater

eartwoo"7 Old 4+le#! support%easonal !rowth7 annual rings

%econ"ar& hloem7 gro&s out&ard

older phloe# crushed

Plant -ro&th

Plant -ro&th

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$%L1%

$in#w

i"th

in"e9es

,

/.5

-.5

/

-

/6-- /-- /

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Plant -ro&th

$iving tree or dead tree

Plant -ro&th 8 oots

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i"ermis

Corte9

n"o"ermis

ascular

c&lin"er

Peric&cle

Core o'

arench&ma

cells

&lem

Phloem/-- +m

$oot with 9&lem an" hloem in the center

(t&ical o' eu"icots)

(a)

$oot with arench&ma in the center (t&ical o'

monocots)

(0)

/-- +m

n"o"ermis

Peric&cle

&lem

Phloem

Fe&

to la0els

Dermal

!roun"

ascular

Plant -ro&th oots

Plant -ro&th 8 "te#s

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Phloem &lem

%clerench&ma

('i0er cells)!roun" tissue

connectin#

ith to corte9

Pith

Corte9

/ mm

i"ermis

ascular

0un"le

Cross section o' stem with vascular 0un"les 'ormin#

a rin# (t&ical o' eu"icots)

(a)

Fe&

to la0els

Dermal

!roun"

ascular

Cross section o' stem with scattere" vascular 0un"les

(t&ical o' monocots)

(0)

/ mm

i"ermis

ascular

0un"les

!roun"

tissue

' 5n #ost #onocot ste#s! the vascular bundles are scattered

throughout the ground tissue! rather than for#ing a ring

Plant -ro&th "te#s

Plant -ro&th 8 $eaves

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Plant -ro&th $eaves $eaf epider#is contains stomata8 allo& CO/e4change

"to#ata flan%ed b+ t&o #uar" cells!control open vs. closed

The ground tissue in a leaf! called mesoh&ll! fills the #iddleFe&

to la0els

Dermal

!roun"

ascularCuticle %clerench&ma

'i0ers%toma

Bun"le

sheath

cell

&lem

Phloem

(a) Cutawa& "rawin# o' lea' tissues

!uar"

cells

ein

Cuticle

Lower

ei"ermis

%on#&

mesoh&ll

Palisa"e

mesoh&ll

er

ei"ermis

!uar"

cells

%tomatal

ore

%ur'ace view o' a si"erwort(Tradescantia) lea' (LM)

i"ermal

cell

(0)

5-+m

/--+m

ein Air saces !uar" cells

Cross section o' a lilac

(Syringa)) lea' (LM)

(c)

$ecture "u##ar+

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$ecture "u##ar+

). Monocots vs. Dicots 1Ch. ,E*

8 oot structure and vasculature

8 "te# vasculature8 $eaf structure and vasculature

/. Plant tissues 1Ch. ,E*

8 Der#al 1epider#is*

8 0ascular

8 -round

,. Plant organs 1Ch. ,E*

8 oots

8 "te#s

8 $eaves

F. Plant -ro&th 1Ch. ,E*

8 Meriste#s apical! a4illar+! lateral

8 0ascular ca#biu# vs. cor% ca#biu#

05 - plant form

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