06 agro 204 soybean production 2015-revised 2-16-15[1]
DESCRIPTION
Soybean Production in NebraskaTRANSCRIPT
Review
Soybean Statistics– Producer – U.S. & Brazil
– Exporter (Oil & Meal) – Argentina & Brazil
– Exporter (grain) – Brazil & U.S.
– Importer (grain) – China and EU
– Importer (Meal) – Europe and Indonesia
– Importer (Oil) – India and China
– Consumers (oil) – China and U.S.
– Consumers (meal) – China and EU
Brazil –Soybean Harvest
NE Irrigated Trend: y = +0.648x - 1,244 R2 = 0.895
USA Trend: y = +0.424x - 810.4 R2 = 0.811
NE Rainfed Trend: y = +0.378x - 718.9 R2 = 0.368
Last 15 Years: y = +0.826x - 1,601
Last 15 Years: y = +0.367x - 695.2
Last 15 Years: y = +0.500x - 962.7
15
25
35
45
55
65
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
See
d Y
ield
(b
u/a
c)
Production Year
USA & NE Soybean Yield Trends (1971-2012)
NE Irrigated Trend: y = 2.095x - 4,025 R2 = 0.853
USA Trend: y = 1.735x - 3,335 R2 = 0.774
NE Rainfed Trend: y = 1.533x - 2,964 R2 = 0.447
Last 15 Years: y = + 2.231x - 4,295
Last 15 Years: y = + 0.959x - 1,176
Last 15 Years: y = + 1.368x + 2,633
15
45
75
105
135
165
195
225
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
See
d Y
ield
(b
u/a
c)
Production Year
USA & NE Corn Yield Trends (1971-2012)
NE Irrigated Corn Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 2.095x - 4,024.7 R2 = 0.853
Note: 56 pounds of corn at 15.5% seed H2O = 1 bushel !
NE Irrigated Soybean Yield Trend: y = 0.645x - 1,243.7 R2 = 0.895
Note: 60 pounds of soybean at 13% seed H2O = 1 bushel !
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac)
Production Year
Corn Yield versus Soybean Yield Over Time Is Annual Yield Improvement in Corn Really Faster Than That in Soybean?
Looks that way here, doesn't it? But is it really? Let's think about it! Corn/Soybean Productivity Ratio
C4 (corn) vs C3 (soybean) photosynthetic pathways– Corn more productive with high intensity of solar
radiation
– Soybean less productive due to photorespiration
Corn kernel largely carbohydrate, soybean lipid (oil) and protein
Soybean fixes atmospheric N, corn does not
NE Irrigated Corn Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 2.095x - 4,024.7 R2 = 0.853
Note: 56 pounds of corn (at 15.5% seed H2O) per bushel !
NE Irrigated Soybean Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 0.645x - 1,243.7 R2 = 0.895
Note: 60 pounds of soybean (at 13% seed H2O) per bushel !
19
28
37
46
56
65
60
90
120
150
180
210
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
So
ybea
n Y
ield
(bu
/ac)
Co
rn Y
ield
(bu
/ac)
Production Year
Corn / Soybean Yield Trends (2.095 / 0.645 bu/ac yr)Graph corn and soybean yield improvement on 3.25 vs 1 scales, to reflect the intrinsic3.25/1.0 corn/soybean productivity difference (Note: less DM & more H2O per corn bu)! High-Yield Soybean Production
Rank Management Factor Yield Difference (bu/acre)
1 Variety Selection 15
2 Planting Date 8
3 Weed Control 8
4 Phosphorus Fertility 5
5 Crop Rotation 3
6 Seeding Rate 3
CULTIVAR
A general term for either– a hybrid or
– a variety
HYBRID
Seed produced from crossing two distinctly different inbred lines– Heterosis (hybrid vigor)
Ability to perform better than either parent
– Seed costs (higher)either naturally cross pollinated or
easy to develop male sterility
– Cannot save seed due to loss of heterosis
VARIETY
Gene pairs in a homozygous state
Usually a self pollinated crop
Able to save seed (unless
a GMO)
Lower seed costs
Lower yield potential since heterosis is not present
COMPLEMENTATION SELECTION STRATEGY
No single perfect hybrid/variety
Complementation allows one to – offset potential weaknesses of a hybrid/variety
– with strengths of other hybrids/varieties
COMPLEMENTATION SELECTION STRATEGY
Steps– identify “workhorse”
(i.e. proven) hybrids/varieties– Complement based on
production practices (no-till, narrow row, early planting, etc.)
soil conditions (high pH, low fertility, etc.) likely pest problems (other hazards) range of maturities (minimize pollination & frost risk)different genetics (different parents - broaden
genetic diversity)
COMPLEMENTATION SELECTION STRATEGY
Problems related to private industry trends
– Varieties have short life (4 yrs) turn over per year
– soybean = 24%
how to identify “workhorse” variety?
– Availability of informationespecially for genetic parentage
NEBRASKA HEAT UNITS (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
1900 2100 2300 2500 2700
2700 2900
3100
3300
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Days to maturity or GDD works if soybean is produced for forage, but
grain production is photoperiodsensitive
Complex to understand
SOYBEAN MATURITY??
Maturity zones 000 to X run east and west
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Soybean is a short-day plant
What does that mean?
Actually is the length of night (i.e. short-day = long-night)
Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage
28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)
Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until R5 stage
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Further define maturity classification by comparing maturity to standard varieties– early, mid, late
– days earlier or later than standard variety
– decimal system (becoming most common)Maturity Group II – 2.2 vs 2.5 vs. 2.8
Maturity Group III – 3.2 vs 3.5 vs 3.8
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
90% + soybean production area uses photoperiod and standard variety
In Great Plains we also must consider the temperature/elevation interaction with photoperiod
Effects flowering and increased likelihood of very early fall frost
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION - Repeat
Soybean is a short-day plant
Actually is the length of night (i.e. short-day = long-night)
Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage
28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)
Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until R5 stage
Earlier maturing varieties reach R5 in fewer days than later maturing varieties
May 10 Day Lengths
Minnesota = 15 hrs
Nebraska = 14 hrs 20 minutes
Mississippi = 13 hrs 40 minutes
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Characteristics of varieties moved south -Variety from Minnesota planted in Nebraska?
– days are shorter in NE, thus
+ flowers earlier (earlier induction, V1 stage is earlier)
+ has less vegetative growth
+ reaches R5 stage and matures earlier
+ lower yield
+ uses only part of the growing season
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Characteristics of varieties moved north - variety from Mississippi planted in Nebraska?– days are longer in NE, thus
+ flower later (later induction, V1 stage is later)+ produces more vegetative growth+ reaches R5 stage later and not able to mature+ low yield
SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION
Characteristics of varieties moved north -variety from Nebraska planted in Minnesota?– days are longer in MN, thus– + flower later (later induction, V1 stage is later)– + produces more vegetative growth– + reaches the R5 stage later and not able to mature– + low yield
Indeterminate Determinate
Soybean Growth Habits SOYBEAN GROWTH PROPERTY - GROWTH HABIT
Characteristic Indeterminate Determinate
Origin 000 - IV V - X
Flowering Period 4 - 6 weeks 2 - 4 weeks
Stress Tolerance Greater Less
Height Tall Short
Lodging More Less
Prod. Environment Range High Yield
Yield Potential Equal
SOYBEAN GROWTH PROPERTY PLANT/CANOPY TYPE
Thin-line
Comparative Advantage (Slender) Bushy
Row Spacing Narrow Wide
Plant Population High Low
Rainfall/Irrigation High Low
Hail Worse Better
Yield Potential Equal
Lodging Potential Less More (Branch)
Cultivar Selection - Review
Cultivar - general name for variety or hybrid
Hybrid - cross of unlike lines
Higher yield - heterosis Combine desirable
traits High seed cost Undesirable to save
seed
Variety - pure line, breeds true
Self pollinated crops
Lower seed costs (lower seed production costs)
Can save seed (unless containing GMO trait)
Planting Depth PrinciplesSoil temperature
Soil water
Coleoptile length & type of emergence (epigeal for soybean)
Seedsize not a major issue for soybean
Type of Emergence and coleoptile/hypocotyl length
Commonly 1 – 2 inches deep – some varieties with long hypocotyls able to emerge from greater depth
Planting Depth – Soil Temperature
Cold soil – plant shallower (warms up more rapidly)– Residues on soil surface
– Poorly drained soils
Warm soils – plant deeper– Ridge tops
– Well drained soils (sandy)
– Residues incorporated
Planting Depth – Soil Water Content
Dry soil conditions– Plant deeper to place seed into moist soil– Move dry soil on surface
Row cleaners (no-till)Ridge cleaners (ridge-plant)
Residue on soil surface keeps soil more moist
Planting Depth –Type of
Emergence & Coleoptile Length
Hypogeal
Epigeal
Hypocotyl
Crusting
Planting Depth –
Seed Size
Generally not a soybean issue!
Planting Date
A key to producing high yields
After variety selection, the second most important management decision for high-yield soybean production
Soil temperature – cardinal minimal temperature is considered to be 60 F, but soybean will imbibe water and start the germination process at temperatures of 50F
Global warming – earlier planting possible
PLANTING DATE -SOYBEAN PHOTOPERIODdelayed planting effect on
– Photoperiod induction date
– Flowering date – 28 to 31 days after initiation
– R5 (seed fill) growth stage unchanged
– Less time between flowering & seed fillFewer nodes produced (indeterminate growth habit)
Fewer pods produced, thus lower yield
– Internode length – temperature sensitive (late planted have greater internode length)
– Physiological maturity has minor change, unless H2O stress present
PLANTING DATE -EARLY PLANTING
Late April to early May immediately after planting corn (sometimes too late and can result in reduced yield)
– Labor
– Increased probability for spring frost - location of growing point of
soybean seedling
– Yield potential (reading assignment)
Reasons Why Soybean Planting Date Matters
Seasonal interception of solar radiation
Transpiration (rather than evaporation) of available water
Produce as many plant stem nodes as possible– Where flower are produced
– Then pods produced
– And ultimately seeds within pods are produced
Soybean Plant PopulationSoybean Plant Population
Species with Great
Ability to Compensate
Seeding RateSeeding Rate
Weight/acre vs. seeds/ft
bu/a = 60 lbs/a * 3800 seeds/lb * acre/43560 ft2 * 2.5 ft2 =
13.1 seeds/ft
bu/a = 60 lbs/a * 2200 seeds/lb * acre/43560 ft2 * 2.5 ft2 =
7.6 seeds/ft
Today, usually seed is marketed in 140,000 seed units, not by weight
Base Plant PopulationBase Plant Population
6 - 9 plants / foot of row (30 inch rows)
or
100,000 - 150,000 plants / acre
At Harvest!
Low Populations -Due to Poor Emergence
Low Populations -Due to Poor EmergenceMay 28 Planting Date in 30 inch rows
Emergence (%) Plants/ft row % of High Yield
78.5 4.4 96
64.6 3.6 96
54.2 3.0 100
58.1 3.3 100
Low Population -Stand ReductionLow Population -Stand Reduction
Soybeans Planted at 6.8 seeds/ft. in 30 inch rows Growth Stage
Stand Reduction (%)
% High Yield
Pods/Plant
V7 0 98 56 25 100 67 50 100 81 R3 0 100 51 25 92 57 50 86 72 LSD (0.05) ** 11
Skips in RowsSkips in Rows
% of Rowsin Skips
Length of Skips (inches)
RelativeYield (%)
25 9 100 14 96 27 90
50 9 96 18 94 27 87
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Podding height
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Podding height
Branch lodging (low population)
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Podding height
Branch lodging (low population)
Plant lodging (high population)
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields
Podding height
Branch lodging (low population)
Plant lodging (high population)
Weed competition
Nebraska – On-Farm
Seeding Rate Plant Population
Yield (bu/acre)
90,000 84,150 68.1
120,000 109,200 69.5
150,000 135,450 69.8
180,000 159,300 69.6
UNL presently recommends 120,000 seeds per acre
Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - NE
Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - NE
None!!!!
Elmore indicates a seeding rate of 140,000 seeds/acre (approximately 119,000 plants/acre) to be recommended rate for:– dryland and irrigated
– indeterminate and determinate varieties
– narrow and wide rows
– delayed planting???? [not included in this study]
Confirmed in field research conducted by the UNL Coop Ext Service
Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - KS
Devlin et al. Reading assignment.
High yield environment– At least 115,000 seeds/acre in 30-inch rows
– 203,000 to 232,000 seeds/acre in 8-inch rows (75 to 100% increase)
Under low & medium yield environments -one seeding rate of approximately 150,000 seeds/acre [similar to Elmore]
High pH soils – Fe Deficiency Chlorosis
Tolerant variety
Plant 12 viable seeds per foot of row– 200,000 viable seeds per acre in 30 inch rows
– If % germination is 90%, then 222,000 seeds/acre
– If % germination is 80%, then 250,000 seeds/acre
Seeding rate/plant population recommendation does not vary with other soil nutrient levels
Replant DecisionsReplant Decisions
> 50,000 plant/acre
Fairly uniformly distributed
Able to maintain weed control
Then do not replant!!!!
ReviewSoybeans have great ability to compensate
– Growth habit– Branching ability– Long flowering period
Soybean produces similar yield over a wide range of population (3 to 25 plants per foot of 30 inch row)
Plant population recommendations based on harvestable yield (100,000 -120,000 plants/ac, roughly 120,000 to 140,000 seeds/ac)
Poding height– Plant and branch lodging– Weed competition
Soybeans- a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows
30 inch
15 inch
6 inch
Row Spacing - Days to Soybean Canopy Closure
• Row Width (Inches) Days to Closure• 10 36
• 20 47
• 30 58
• 40 67
Row Spacing - Interception ofSolar Radiation
• Interception ofRow Spacing Solar Radiation Increase
(inches) (%) (%)
• 36 46 --
• 18 61 33• 6 70 53
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = ________%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = ________%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = ________%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = _5 - 7___%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7 %
20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7 %
20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%
TOTAL 15 - 22 (20%)
Soybeans--a Short Crop Species
Potential yield increased by narrowing rows = approximately 20%
Water Availability Consideration
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing(inches) 1975
Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977
10 39 12 52
20 37 11 48
30 36 13 48
40 36 11 44
Precipitation inJune-August
8.2 1.1 14.7
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing(inches) 1975
Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977
10 39 12 52
20 37 11 48
30 36 13 48
40 36 11 44
Precipitation inJune-August
8.2 1.1 14.7
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing(inches) 1975
Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977
10 39 12 52
20 37 11 48
30 36 13 48
40 36 11 44
Precipitation inJune-August
8.2 1.1 14.7
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing(inches) 1975
Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977
10 39 12 52
20 37 11 48
30 36 13 48
40 36 11 44
Precipitation inJune-August
8.2 1.1 14.7
Mandan, North Dakota1
Yield (bu/a)
Row Spacing (inches)
19762
19773
19784
19795
6 8 1 16 12 18 11 3 17 13 36 10 3 18 11
LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS
1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg. 9.5 in.) 2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July & Aug. 3 Below avg.; low July and Aug. 4 Above Average 5 Below avg., good July rainfall
Mandan, North Dakota1
Yield (bu/a)
Row Spacing (inches)
19762
19773
19784
19795
6 8 1 16 12 18 11 3 17 13 36 10 3 18 11
LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS
1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg. 9.5 inches) 2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July & Aug. 3 Below avg.; low July and Aug. 4 Above Average 5
Below avg., good July rainfall
Mandan, North Dakota1
Yield (bu/a)Row Spacing
(inches) 19762 19773 19784 19795
6 8 1 16 1218 11 3 17 1336 10 3 18 11
LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg.9.5 in.)2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July &Aug.3 Below avg.; low July and Aug.4 Above Average5 Below avg., good July rainfall
Yield Response to Narrowing Rows from 30 to 7 inches (%)
N Application Rate (lbs/a) Corsoy Williams Clark rj
0 +23 +24 -6
50 +29 +18 0
100 +29 +21 +7
200 +23 +23 +21
Yield Response to Narrowing Rows from 30 to 7 inches (%)
N Application Rate (lbs/a) Corsoy Williams Clark rj
0 +23 +24 -6
50 +29 +18 0
100 +29 +21 +7
200 +23 +23 +21
Yield Response to Narrowing Rows from 30 to 7 inches (%)
N Application Rate (lbs/a) Corsoy Williams Clark rj
0 +23 +24 -6
50 +29 +18 0
100 +29 +21 +7
200 +23 +23 +21
EXTENSION RECOMMENDATION
Need to know yield history. Why?– Yield response expected if interception of
solar radiation is limiting factor
– Relatively high yields in wide rows - likely response to narrowing rows
– Relatively low yields in wide rows - some factor other than interception of solar radiation the major limiting factor; the limiting factor(s) needs to be correctedbefore narrowing rows
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Yield response to narrowing rows from 30 inches to 10 inches (%) for different maturity groups (Wisconsin)
– Group 0 ---------- 12.2
– Group I ------------ 8.5
– Group II ----------- 8.2
Difference due to plant size differences
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit– Determinate due to smaller plant size
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit
Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit
Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type– Thinline (slender) due narrower plant
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit
Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type
Planting Date
Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit
Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit
Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type
Planting Date– Late planting date due to smaller plants during
early growth
Soybean Review Variety selection
– Maturity Classification Photoperiod
Interactions with temperature & elevation
– Growth Habit Indeterminate
Determinate
– Canopy/Plant Type Slender (Thin-line)
Bushy
– Transgenes
Planting Depth– 1.5 to 2 inches
– Adjust based upon soil temp & moisture
Planting Date– Photoperiod response
– Early planting More nodes
More pods
Higher yields
Plant height
R5 & Physiological maturity