06 hazard mapping

8/10/2019 06 Hazard Mapping

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Geoenvironmental EngineeringKaniraj Shenbaga

University Malaysia Sarawak
http://www.unimas.my/


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By the end of this course, students should be

able to select sustainable mitigation measures

considering the multi-disciplinary nature of the

problem and social, cultural and economic

aspects.

Course Learning Objective 1


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Hazard Mapping


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Hazard mapping or zoning is demarcating the areas

on a map according to their levels of risk with

respect to a single hazard (e.g. landslides risk map)

or multiple hazards (e.g. flood and landslides risk

map).

Hazard mapping is a pre-disaster activity.

Hazard mapping is a useful tool in risk management,

particularly for disaster mitigation.

What is Hazard Mapping?


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Resident-educating type mapAdministrative information type map

Types of Hazard Map


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Main objective is to inform the residents

living within the area of the risk of danger.

Information on areas of danger or places of

safety and the basic knowledge on disaster

prevention are given to residents. Such information should be presented in an

understandable form.

Resident-Educating Type Map


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Administrative agencies use the maps to

provide disaster prevention services.

These hazard maps can be used to establish a

warning system and the evacuation system, as

well as evidence for land use regulations. The maps may also be used in preventive

works.

Administrative Information Type Map


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Often used in land use planning.

Used in planning disaster mitigation measures

Structural measures: Provide pile foundations in

liquefaction zones; Construct dykes in flood plains;

Build earthquake resistant buildings Non-structural measures: Develop land use policies;

Relocate structures

Uses of Hazard Mapping


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A structural measures is:

Any physical constructionto reduce or

avoid possible impacts of hazards

Application of engineering techniques to

achieve hazard-resistance and resilience in

structures or systems

Structural Measures

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.unimas.my/


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11/40http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1

Flood Hazard
http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.unimas.my/http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1


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Common nonstructural measures include:

Building codes

Land use planning laws and their enforcement

Research and assessment

Information resources

Public awareness programmes.

Nonstructural Measures

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/terminology/v.php?id=505http://www.unimas.my/


14/40http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1

Flood Hazard
http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.unimas.my/http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1http://www.water.gov.my/our-services-mainmenu-252/flood-mitigation-mainmenu-323/programme-aamp-activities-mainmenu-199?lang=en&showall=1


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Hazard Intensity Scale for

Earthquakes


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MMI is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range

from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction.

MMI is designated by Roman numerals (I to XII).

Lower numbers of the MMI scale (I to VI) are based on the

manner in which the earthquake is felt by people.

Higher numbers of the MMI scale (VII to XII) are based onobserved structural damage.

MMI does not have a mathematical basis. It is an arbitrary

ranking based on observed effects.

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.phphttp://www.unimas.my/


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MMI Effect

INot felt except by a very few under especially favorable

conditions

IIFelt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of

buildings

III

Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper

floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an

earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrationssimilar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

1V

Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night,

some awakened. Dishes, Windows, doors disturbed; walls make

cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.

Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.

VFelt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows

broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.

VIFelt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few

instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.


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MMI Effect

VII

Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction;

slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable

damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some

chimneys broken.

VIII

Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable

damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.

Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory

stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.

IX

Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-

designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in

substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off

foundations

XSome well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry andframe structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.

XIFew, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges

destroyed. Rails bent greatly.

XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objectsthrown into the air.


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Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating

based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed.

This scale estimates potential property damage.

Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are

considered major hurricanes because of their

potential for significant loss of life and damage.

Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however,

and require preventative measures.

Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.unimas.my/


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1 mph = 0.62 km/h = 1.15 knots/h


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Category Effect

1

Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Well-

constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles,

vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap andshallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to

power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that

could last a few to several days.

2

Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage: Well-

constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding

damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or

uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is

expected with outages that could last from several days to

weeks.

3

Devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes may

incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends.

Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous

roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days

to weeks after the storm passes.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.phphttp://www.unimas.my/


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Click the link below to watch the animation

of Saffir-Simpson scale. Choose Pause to

read the comments.http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swf
http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/animations/surgea.swfhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.npr.org/news/specials/hurricane/ap/


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Hazard Mapping Examples


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http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=earthquake+zonation+india&num=10&hl=en&biw=128

0&bih=933&tbm=isch&tbnid=gUdc0TerUdu65M:&imgrefurl=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STATIC/GSI_STAT_PLATE_TECTONIC&docid=BHL4tXpSugc9kM&imgurl=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg&w=700&h=799&ei=wMS8T4yHHYbSrQfk7IHcDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=770&vpy=30&dur=3239&hovh=240&hovw=210&tx=111&ty=119&sig=1050722759560

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http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_O

CHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdf

Philippines

Natural

Hazards

Risk Map
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdfhttp://www.preventionweb.net/files/4179_OCHAPHLHazardv1070308.pdf


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http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3794_indo.pdf
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3794_indo.pdfhttp://www.preventionweb.net/files/3794_indo.pdf


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Malaysia Landslide Risk Map

Floods are the primary hazard affecting Malaysia, ranking in the top deciles for

most of the western half of the country. Landslides and droughts are also

significant though their effects are limited to much smaller areas in the eastern

regions. When weighted by mortality, landslides pose a large risk for the north-

eastern part of the country. The hazards affecting the western region are distinctlydifferent than those impacting the eastern areas. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.unimas.my/http://www.unimas.my/


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Malaysia Drought Risk Map

Floods are the primary hazard affecting Malaysia, ranking in the top deciles for

most of the western half of the country. Landslides and droughts are also

significant though their effects are limited to much smaller areas in the eastern

regions. When weighted by mortality, landslides pose a large risk for the north-

eastern part of the country. The hazards affecting the western region are distinctly

different than those impacting the eastern areas.http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/malaysia.htmlhttp://www.unimas.my/


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PGA with 2%

probability of

exceedance in50 years

Adnan, et al (2005)


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From a paper submi tted to Pertanika JST
http://www.unimas.my/http://www.unimas.my/


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Get more hazard risk maps here.

http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentr

e/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspx

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/
http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.unimas.my/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles/http://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspxhttp://ochaonline.un.org/roaptemp/MapCentre/HazardMaps/tabid/3725/Default.aspx


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Using the given hazard risk maps, show the natural

hazards for each of the following cities in South-EastAsia in a tabular form.

Kuala Lumpur

Jakarta

Singapore

Manila

Bangkok

Exercise


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City Hazard Details

Jakarta Earthquake MMI VII and above

ManilaEarthquake MMI VIII and above

Storm Category 3

Exercise - Examples

Complete the Table for all cities.


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Hazard mapping is a useful tool in risk

management.

Hazard mapping helps in disaster

mitigation planning through structuraland non-structural measures.

Summary


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1. Schramm, D. and Dries, R. (1986). Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects, Disaster

Management Center, University Of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S.A.

2. Guha-Sapir D, Vos F, Below R. and Ponserre S.Annual Disaster Statistical Review

2010: The Numbers and Trends. Brussels: CRED; 2011.

http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf

3. Coburn, A.W., Spence, R.J.S. and Pomonis, A. (1994). Disaster Mitigation,

Cambridge Architectural Limited, UNDP Disaster Management Training

Programme4. Smith, K. Environmental Hazards:Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster,

Routledge, 1996.

5. Adnan, A., Hendriyawan, Marto,A. and Irsyam, M. (2005). Seismic Hazard

Assessment For Peninsular Malaysia Using Gumbel Distribution Method,Jurnal

Teknologi, 42(B). 5773.

References
http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdfhttp://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdfhttp://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf

06 hazard mapping

Documents