06 speech act and event for students
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SPEECH ACT AND EVENTS
6.1 Speech Acts6.2 IFIDS
6.3 Felicity Conditions6.4 The Performative Hypothesis
6.5 Speech Act Classifications6.6 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
6.7 Speech Events
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IntroductionSpeech Situation: at the bus stop Speech event (asking the time)Speaker A: What is the time? (speech act 1) Speaker B: It’s 1 o’clock (speech act 2) Speaker A: Thanks (speech act 3)
• : contexts of language use. e.g: ceremonies, fights, hunts, classrooms, conferences
• : a unified set of components through out: • same purpose of communication• same topic • same participants • same language variety (generally).
E.g: exchanging greetings, telling jokes, giving speeches.
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• : group of utterances with a single interactional function. E.g: a request, a command, a greeting, a promise, an apology.
• . [1] “You’re fired.” The boss’s utterance in [1]can perform the act of ending your employment. unpleasant[2] You’re so delicious compliment[3] You’re welcome acknowledgment of thanks [4] You’re crazy. expression of surprised
“This tea is really cold!”• On a wintry day complaint• On a hot summer day praise
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6.1 Speech Acts• speech acts: actions performed via utterances
A speech act has 3 aspects:o : physical utterance by the speakero : the intended meaning of the utterance by
the speaker (performative) o : the action that results from the locution
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• (1983): 3 basic components with the help of which a speech act is formed:
o locutionary act: performing an act of saying somethingo illocutionary act: performing an act in saying somethingo perlocutionary act: performing an act by saying something.
• :communicative force of an utterance that forms a locutionary act
• : effect the speaker wants to exercise over the hearer.
e.g: “I’ve just made some coffee”o illocutionary force: to make statement, an offer, an explanation,
or for some other communicative purposes o perlocutionary effect: to account for a wonderful smell, or to get
the hearer to drink some coffee
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e.g: “ I’ll see you later “a. [I predict that] I’ll see you later a predictionb. [I promise you that] I’ll see you later a promisec. [I warn you that] I’ll see you later a warning
Different illocutionary
forces
Speakers can assume that the intended illocutionarry force will be recognized by the hearer by considering:
1.IFIDs2.Felicity conditions
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6.2 IFIDSIllocutionary Force Indicating Devices
• IFIDs: are supposed to be elements, or aspects of linguistic devices which indicate either that the utterance is made with a certain illocutionary force, or else that it constitutes the performance of a certain illocutionary act.
• In English, for example,o the interrogative mood: question
A man trying to contact Mary : Can I talk to Mary?Mary’s friend : No, she’s not hereA man trying to contact Mary : I’m asking you- can I talk to her?Mary’s friend : and I’m telling you-SHE’S NOT
HERE!
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o the directive mood: a directive illocutionary act (an order, a request, etc.)
e.g You’re going! (I tell you to go)You’re going? (I request confirmantion about you to go)Are you going? (I ask you if you go)
o the words “promise”: a promise.e.g I promise you that I’ll see you later
• Possible IFIDs in English include:
word order, stress, intonation contour, punctuation, the mood of the verb, and performative verbs.
Verb v.s Verb
• Performative utterances: utterances that perform a speech act and explicitly describe the intended speech act
• Contative utterances: utterances that perform a speech act without explicitly describe the intended speech act
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• E.g Performative ConstantiveI promise I’ll be there I’ll be thereI admit I was foolish I was foolishI warn you, this gun is loaded this gun is loadedI apologize I’m sorryI thank you I’m very gratefulI order you to sit down You must sit down
• Performative verbs: the underlined words• a performative, unlike a constative, cannot be true or false
constative (it can only be felicitous or infelicitous)• from the grammatical point of view, a performative:
- first person - active sentence in the simple present tense- a hereby test since performative verbs only can collocate with
this adverb.
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While the first sentence would make sense under specific conditions,uttering of the second would be rather strange. From this it follows that (1a) is a performative, (1b) is not.
• Felicity conditions: expected or appropriate circumstances for the performance of a speech act to be recognized as intended.
• The performance will be infelicitous (inappropriate)if the speaker is not a specific person in a special context (in this case, a judge in a courtroom).
6.3 Felicity Conditions
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• Yule (1996:50) proposes further classification of felicity conditions into five classes:o general conditions: presuppose the participants’ knowledge of
the language being used and his non- playactingo content conditions: the appropriate content of an utteranceo preparatory conditions: differences of various illocutionary acts o sincerity conditions: speaker’s intention to carry out a certain act o essential conditions.: combine with a specification of what must
be in the utterance content, the context, and the speaker’s intentions, in order for a specific act to be appropriately (felicitously) performed
• E.g promise and warningo General conditions: they understand the languageo Content conditions: the content of utterance about future events
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• E.g promise and warningo General conditions: they understand the languageo Content conditions: the content of utterance about future eventso Preparatory conditions:Promise: 1. the event’ll not happen by itself
2. It’ll have beneficial effect Warning: 1.the hearer know the event’ll happen
2.The speaker think the event’ll happen3. No beneficial effect
o Sincerity conditions:Promise: the speaker’ll do the future actionWarning: the future event won,t have beneficial effecto Essential conditions:Promise: change the state from non-obligation to obligationWarning: change the state from non-informing of a bad future event to informing
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6.4 The Performative Hypothesis• Performative hypothesis: speech act that is peformed via uttrance
is to assume that underlying every utterance (U) there is a clause, containing a performative verb (Vp which makes the illocutionary force explicit)
Explicit and Implicit Performative• Having defined performatives, Austin draws a basic distinction
between them.• He distinguishes two general groups - explicit and implicit
performatives• E.g:• X
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• X
• The effect of performative hypothesis-Explicit performative has serious impact than the implicit one
• It’s not sure the number of performative verbs
6.5 Speech act classification• Declaration: speech acts that change the world via utterance• E.g
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• Representative: speech acts that state what the speaker believe to be the case or not
• E.g
• Expressive: speech acts that state what the speaker feel• E.g
• Directives: speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something
• E.g
• Commisive: speech acts that speakers commit themselves to some future actions
• E.g
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6.6 Direct and indirect speech acts• Types of speech acts that can be made on the basis of structure:
• Declarative : You wear a seat belt.• Interrogative: Do you wear a seat belt?• Imperative: Wear a seat belt!
• Direct speech act:Direct relationship between a structure and a function
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• Indirect speech act:indirect relationship between a structure and a function
• E.gI hereby tell you about the weather (direct speech act)I hereby request of you that you close the door (indirect speech act)
• Indirect speech acts are associated with politeness
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6.7 Speech events• Speech events: an activity in which participants interact via
language in some conventional way to arrive at some outcome
A “requesting” speech event
• The analysis of speech events is clearly another way of studying how more gets than communicated than is said