07 08 2009 pmel energy source enviroment ghg 5
TRANSCRIPT
SUMBER ENERGI UNTUK
PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK
Permasalahan GHG (Gas Rumah
Kaca) serta Solusi dengan
ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN
Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.
Worldwide Geothermal Energy Distribution
1949
1. RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION
Areas where Geothermal Projects are in Operation or Planned
Geothermal areas where ORMAT plants are in operation
Geothermal areas where ORMAT plants are planned
ד"תשע/ניסן/'ל 3
Biomass - Energy
Forestry Energy Crops
22000
Average Capital and Delivered Costs
Capital Cost
(US$/kW)
Cost of delivered
energy (US$/kWh)
Hydro Power
Land-based Wind Energy
Biomass - Landfill
Gas from Wastes
Coal
Gas
Wind
Nuclear
0
1000
2000
3000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.16
Active Solar Air
& Water Heating
Solar Thermal Power
Solar Photovoltaic
0.12
4000
0.86 0.880.18 0.20
Geothermal
SOURCE: SHELL and DOE
3. COSTS
Waste Heat
1587
Consumes Water:
Aquifer Depletion, Power reduction
Effluents or Expensive Abatement
Plume
Visual Impact
Water Treatment Needed:
Use and Disposal of Chemicals
All Fluids Reinjected:Sustainable, No Power Reduction
No Emissions (No Abatement Needed)
No Plume (Air Cooled Condensers)
Low Profile
Not Sensitive to Quality of Brine & Steam
Conventional Geothermal
Steam Power Plant
ORMAT Geothermal
Power Plant
2. TECHNOLOGY
1391
700 MW of ORMAT Power Plants in operation in 20 countries
Geothermal, Heat Recovery, Biomass, and Solar1470
During the last decade, ORMAT’s power plants have already avoided the emission of
12 million tons of CO2 and saved 4 million tons of fuel
5. ORMAT EXPERIENCE: A MATURE TECHNOLOGYDistributed Renewable Energy and Resource Recovery
THAILAND, since 1989
Applications of
ORMAT Energy Conversion Technology
GEOTHERMAL SOLAR
BIOMASS WASTE HEAT
Wabuska, USA 1987
Minakami, JAPAN 1998
Ein Boqeq, ISRAEL 1979
Lengfurt, GERMANY 1999
1953
New Zealand
ORMAT Geothermal Power Plants
In Developed Countries
Bay of Plenty Power Plant
Svartsengi Power Plant
Iceland1989
3.9 MW
2.6 MW
Wabuska Power Plant
600 kW
1984
1989
USA
Phase I: 5.5 MW
Phase II: 8.5 MW
1994-1998
Azores Islands
Sao Miguel Power Plant
1955
Private Geothermal Power Generation
Makes Good Business Sense:
• Large Scale Projects are supplying commercial electricity to national power grids.
• The technology is Field Proven in industrial and less developed countries
• Geothermal is competitive with fossil fuels
• The projects work economically with private financing in the industrial countries
• Private/Public partnership in developing countries
• Work with governmental and multilateral agency support
• Smaller scale plants are providing power to national and local, as well as to rural “mini-Grids
1759
Financing: Equity ORMAT 80% ,
EPDCI (Japan) 10% & Itochu 10%
Term Loan: US Exim Bank
ORMAT Modular Geothermal Power PlantsIn Developing Countries
Financing: all equity by ORMAT
Insurance: MIGA
49 MW
Leyte Optimization,
The PhilippinesOlkaria, KENYA
1st phase: 8 MW
1997
2000
1957
1933
CASE HISTORY: Financial Structure of the ZUNIL Project
24 MW 1999
LESSONS FROM PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARNERSHIP PROJECTS
In Developing Countries
Project Hurdles
• Commercial and financial barriers
• Credit issue barriers
• Institutional barriers
• Power legislation barriers: changes after contract signature such as
dispatchability
• Standards, specifications and lengthy and costly reviews:
• Fixed soft costs disproportionate to small project size
• Micro-management of the project rather than
enforcement of specifications
1959
Project OpportunitiesAccelerating renewable energy deployment by public-private partnership
Public Sector Role:
Now: 1. Subscribe to political risks, streamline and unify procedures2. Assure correct and stable institutional framework3. Assist developing countries in assessing local & rural needs4. Provide performance specification
Future: 1. Reduce subsidies for fuel and unnecessary grid2. Level the playing field: internalize renewable external
benefits or use market mechanism for carbon trading
Private Sector Role:
1. Provide all or part of equity investment
2. Provide the construction loans
3. Guaranty specifications performance and electricity prices
4. Provide technology transfer, O&M training and supervision
1960
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Wind
• As warm air becomes less dense and rises,
cooler, denser, air flows in to take its place.
• U.S. Department of Energy has stated the
Great Plains could supply 48 states with 75%
of their electricity.
– Cost becoming very competitive with
various fossil fuel sources.
Currently 3-6 cents per kilowatt hour.
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Wind
• Potential Problems
– Steady,dependable wind source is critical.
Wide open areas are most desirable.
– Can be hazardous to birds.
– Produce noise and visual pollution.
– Vibrations can cause structural damage.
15
Solar
• Daily energy from the sun is six hundred
times greater than energy produced each
day by all other energy sources combined.
– Major problem as an energy source is its
intermittent nature.
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Three Major Use Categories
• Passive Heating - Sun’s energy is converted
directly to heat and used at collection site.
– South-Facing Windows.
• Active Heating - Sun’s energy converted into
heat, but transported elsewhere to be used.
– Domestic Water Heating
• Electrical Generation - Solar energy is
transformed into electrical energy.
– Photovoltaic Science
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18
Photovoltaic Cells
• Solid-state semiconductors that allow direct
conversion of sunlight to electricity.
– Developed in 1954 by Bell Laboratories
essentially as a novelty.
Amount of PV power installed worldwide
has increased from 100 megawatts in
1992 to 1,200 megawatts in 2002.
Film technology has made it possible
to build solar cells into roof tiles,
skylights, and building facades.
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Photovoltaic Cells
• Photovoltaics will be the most practical
choice for generation of electricity in rural
areas and less developed countries.
– In place of generators that require fuel and
centralized power plants that require
distribution lines.
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Biomass Conversion
• Biomass is still the predominant form of
energy used by people in less-developed
countries.
– Account for 14% of world energy use.
• Three Distinct Sources:
– Municipal and Industrial Wastes
– Agricultural Crop Residue
– Energy Plantations
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Biomass Conversion
• Releasing chemical energy stored in biomass.
– Burned directly for heat.
– Burned to produce electricity.
– Converted to alcohol or used to generate methane.
• Costs depends on type of technology used, size of the power plant, and the cost of biomass supply.
– Currently as low as 9 cents per kilowatt hour.
22
Fuelwood
• In less-developed countries, fuelwood has
been major energy source for centuries.
• Fuelwood is primary energy source for nearly
half world’s population.
• Due to intense population growth, an
estimated 1.3 billion people cannot get
enough feulwood, or are using it faster than
rate of regeneration.
• Source of air pollution and fly ash.
23
Solid Waste
• Using municipal waste as a source of energy:
– Reduces landfill volume.
Not economically profitable.
Must be sorted.
Requires large, sustainable volume.
– Produces air pollution.
Chlorine-containing organic compounds.
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Hydrogen Economy
• Hydrogen is abundant and generates heat and pure water when it reacts with air.
– Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Self-Sustaining
Low Operating Temperature
No Pollution
Successor to internal combustion engine.
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Simple Fuel Cell
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Energy Conservation
• Conservation is not a way of generating
electricity, but a way of reducing need for
additional energy production/consumption
and saving money for the consumer.
– Lighting and air conditioning account for
25% of U.S. electricity consumption.
Widespread use of energy-efficient
lighting could significantly reduce energy
consumption.
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Energy Conservation
• Energy-inefficient machines can be produced
very cheaply.
– Long-term vs. short-term costs.
• Electrical utilities will lead energy
conservation charge.
– Conservation is cheaper than building more
power plants to meet increased demands.
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