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History of Architecture (WS 14/15)

13.10. Neolithic settlements and the architecture of the Near East 20.10. Introduction to architectural survey 27.11. Egypt 03.11. Greek Architecture I 10.11. Greek Architecture II + Roman Architecture I 17.11. Roman Architecture II 24.11. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture 01.12. Romanesque Architecture 08.12. Gothic Architecture 15.12. Architecture of Islam 22.12. - 29.12 - 05.01. Renaissance Architecture 12.01. Baroque Architecture 19.01. Architecture of the 18. /19. th century 26.01. Architecture of the 19. /20. th century 03.02. - 09.02. exam SR1 ZHG please check in January!

Metamorphosis of the pagan Roman Empire to the Christian Byzantine Empire

2nd century AD increasing prosecution of Christians in the roman empire

284-305 AD Tetrarchy under Diocletian

306-337 AD sole leadership under Constantine I

313 AD toleration of Christianity by Constantine Edict of Milan

324.AD Constantine decides to make his capital in Byzantium (Constantinopolis)

527-565 AD reign of Justinian the Great

1453 AD Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror

Tetrarchy (starting with Diocletian, 284)

- division of power and responsibility between four:

- two emperors (Augusti) and two junior partners (Caesars)

- the Empire is divided in east and west

Trier, palace of Constantius Chlorus

Spalato (Split), palace of Diocletian

Spalato (Split), palace of Diocletian, beginning of 4th century AD

Residences of the tetrarchs

combined palace with administrative functions

Spalato (Split), Palace of Diocletian Mausoleum of Diocletian, Beg. 4th century AD

Mausoleum

Trier, palace of Constantius Chlorus, ca. 310 AD Aula Regia

Aula Regia

Trier, palace of Constantius Chlorus, ca. 310 AD Aula Regia

Trier, palace of Constantius Chlorus, ca. 310 AD Aula Regia

Constantine I

Constantinopolis

Inauguration as capital in 330 AD

migration period 300 700 AD

Last expansion of the roman empire at the period of Justinian I. 527 565

Buildings of the early

Christian congregations

Dura-Europos Christian Community House shortly after 200 and c. 230

Rome, Catacomb of Calixtus, established before 217 AD

Crypt of the popes

Loculi (burial places)

and place for memorial services

martyrium the grave of a martyr and witness for Christ and the faith

Public cult practice and pilgrimage

Rome

martyrium of St. Peter,

Shrine of St. Peter,

late 2nd century AD

Rome, statue of Constantin from the basilica of Maxentius

Tetrarchy: competitive situation between tetrarchs, seeking for sole power.

Emergence of Constantine I as sole emperor after defeating the usurper Maxentius in 312 and the Caesar Licinius in 324.

313 AD Edict of Milan

official recognition and open favour of Christianity

Constantinian church building

-313 AD edict of Milano

-Increasing number of Christians

gathering of huge congregations

-Christian Building goes public

What types of buildings are used?

-Liturgy becomes more uniform

Development of standards for equipment and architectural elements

Rome, Maxentius basilica, beg. after 307, finished by Constantin after 313

Pompeii, Forum basilica 78 BC

Bema chancel part of a greek church

Ambo pulpit

Synthronon benches reserved for the clergy

Mensa / Altar

Narthex transverse vestibule

Baptisterium

clerestoryapseS. Lorenzo (c. 330)

San Giovanni in Laterano (c. 313)

apse

nave

nave

lateral/ side aisle

lateral/ side aisle

lateral/ side aisle

lateral/ side aisle

apse

S. Lorenzo fuori le mura (early 4th c.) Basilica and underground memorial

Earliest churches of the basilica-type / the bishops church and churches of pilgramage and burial

Rome, Lateran Basilica, 312/313 AD

Rome, old St.-Peter ca. 319-322 AD

naveap

se

narthex

atrium

trans

ept

lateral/ side aislelateral/ side aisle

lateral/ side aislelateral/ side aisle

clerestory

nave

Rome, old St.-Peter ca. 319-322 AD

Atrium

Bethlehem, nativity chrurch, around 330 AD

Jerusalem, Golgotha Church on the site of Christs grave holy sepulchre beg. 325/26

Rome Pantheon 100 - 125 AD.

Spalato (Split) Diocletianspalast Mausoleum of Diocletian 4th c. AD

Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia) Mausoleum Of Galerius 306 - 11

Rom, St. Constanza, around 350 Mausoleum of Constantina, daughter of Constantin Central-plan building

Resafa Tetraconch ( before 553)

Church buildings of central plan before Justinian, (model: Constantinopolis, Apostoleion)

Seleucia-Pieria Martyrion (late 5th c.)

Bosra Cathedral (512)

Qalat Semaan (Syria), monastery of S. Simeon Beginning of 5th century AD

Rom, Santa Maria Maggiore, 432 - 40

Rom Santa Sabina 422 - 32

The byzantine empire during Justinian (around 565)

Building activity under Justinian the Great

527-565 After Justinian: independent development of the west

Constantinople, Hagioi Sergios und Bakchos (527 536) central-plan building

Hagia Sophia in the time of Constantine (hypothetical Reconstruction), 360

Constantinople, Hagia Sophia 532 537

Constantinople, Hagia Sophia 532 537

Constantinople

Hagia Sophia 532 537

Constantinople Hagia Sophia 532 537

Rome Pantheon 100 - 125

Constantinople

Hagia Sophia 532 537

Rom, Bath of Diocletian, 298 - 306

Constantinople Hagia Sophia 532 537

Rome Pantheon 100 - 125

Constantinople Hagia Irene, 532 564 Domed basilica after 740 extension

Constantinople Hagia Sophia 532 537

Constantinople Hagia Irene, 532 564 Domed basilica after 740 extension

Ephesos St. Johns church 565 finished

Ravenna, San Vitale, around 530 547

Central-Plan Buildung

Constantinople

Hagioi Sergios and Bakchos 527 536

Rome

St. Constanza around 350

Rome

Pantheon 100 - 125

Ravenna

San Vitale 530 - 547

Ravenna, San Apollinare in Classe, M. 6. century.

Rom Santa Sabina 422 - 32

Ravenna, San Apollinare in Classe, M. 6. century.

Aachen, Royal Chapel/ Palatine Chapel Karls des Groen (Charlemagne) 794 - 800