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2011. 10. 18
URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN VIET NAM
CHALLENGES AND ADAPTATION PROGRAM
TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Dr. Arch. Đo Tu Lan-Deputy Director of Urban Development Agency
Ministry of Construction
Dr. Arch. Tran Thi Lan Anh – Urban Development Agency
Ministry of construction
Nước biển dâng 1mSouth Asia Viet Nam
Climate Change Impacts in Vietnam
1 m 2 m 3 m
4 m 5 m
• Vietnam is a country that would
be seriously affected by climate
change.
• Natural disasters like floods and
droughts are increasing both in
frequency and severity
• Coastal regions and especially
in Mekong delta region suffer
the most severe flooding
• 0.75 m: ~ 19.0% of Mekong Delta
area are flooded; 1m: ~ 37.8% of
Mekong Delta area are flooded.
INTRODUCTION
Provinces: 63 (6 urbanization areas)
Total: 755 urban cities; 2 (special) and 10(Class I); 12 (Class II); 47 (Class III); 52(Class IV) & 632 (Class V); 10.000 ruralresidential areas; > 160 industrializedareas which are a basis for theongoing development ofinfrastructure; 632 new urban projects(>20ha) with a total area of 101.886 ha
Population: 85,7 mil; Urban areas: 38 mil(43,39%) and Municipal areas: 27,2 mil(31%).
Total land area: 325.360 km2; Urban land:31.061 km2, Municipal land 12.373km2; Urban constructional land:475.000 ha;
GDP: Urban sector: ~ 70% GDP of VN
Planning: 58/63 provinces/cities issuedprovincial spatial plans; 95cities/towns, 589/647 towns/provinces,161 industrial zones were developedspatial planning; 100% municipal areasin Hanoi, Haiphong, HCMC… and 40-47% of constructional land in othermunicipals has Detail planning 1/2000;
Gs. Lê Hồng Kế
Economic Region Urbanization region Network
1st period
2025
2nd period
2015
National Orientation for the Development of Vietnam
Urban System to 2025 with a vision toward 2050(Decision No.445/QĐ-TTg issued on 7thApril 2009 by the Prime Minister)
3rd period
A Program on Development of National Urban
System based on urban classification
Type In 2010 Period 2011-2015 Period 2016-2020
Special 2 2 2
Class I 10 15 19
Class II 12 22 37
Class III 47 43 58
Class IV 50 131 204
Class V 634 657 620
Total 755 870 940
a) Period 2011-2015: Investing and Constructing; improving the quality of urban areas; upgrading 05 cities from
Class II to Class I, 15 cities from Class III to Class II, 11 Urban areas in Class IV to Class III, 92 Urban areas
in Class V to Class IV and developing 132 new urban areas of Class V.
b) Period 2016-2020: Investing and Constructing; improving the quality of urban areas; evaluating and
upgrading: 04 cities from Class II to Class I, 19 cities from Class III to Class II, 28 Urban areas from Class
IV to Class III, 92 Urban areas from Class V to Class IV and developing 132 new urban areas of Class V.
CHALLENGESRapid Urbanization in large scale and with a lack of tight control
Mãng
c¸iH¹
LongH¶i
Phßn
gSÇm
S¬n
Cöa
LßThiªn
CÇmPhong
Nha
§µ N½ng
Qu¶ng Ng·i
Dung QuÊt
Quy Nh¬n
Nha Trang
V¨n Phong
Phan Rang
Vòng TµuR¹ch Gi¸
CHALLENGESMissing or inaccurate information on CC impact/ risk assessment in legal
documentation systems, mechanisms, policies and standards
2. Master plan
1. Regional plan
4. Detail planning
Urban designing
5. Rural residential planning
3. Zoning plan
Urban infrastructure
development Projects
& E
Province plan (5
-10 year)
(10-20- vision 50
year)Land use &detai
l plans
International - International International – Domestic Domestic - Domestic
CHALLENGESLack of coordination, lack of information, lack of integrated multi-
sector strategies and confusion during implementation
CHALLENGESLack of planning solutions responding to climate change
- Adjust the overall
planning of urban
systems to Vietnam in
2025 and 2050 with a
vision to 2050
- Coastal zone
development planning
- Planning for 04 major
economic zones
- Planning for 02 large-
scale urban zones
- Planning for economic
zones in coastal areas
- Sector planning (land
use, transportation,
ports, IZs and EZs)
- Planning for national-
level mega cities
responding to CC.
CHALLENGESFinance on Infrastructure
Statistics of WB shows:• More than $600 million p.a. invested for water systems in urban areas• Over US$1.0 billion p.a. required to cover basic services • Need to improve procedures for identifying, designing, implementing and
managing infrastructure investments• Need more financial sources for infrastructure: loans, service fees, municipal
bonds..
Regions/Provinceshas unique and rich tourism
potentials...
CitiesHa Noi, Hai Phong, Can
Tho, Da Lat, Da Nang, Ho
Chi Minh, Hoi An, Quy
Nhon, Hue, Nha Trang;
Other outstanding destinations for tourismsHa Long Bay, Vung Tau - Con
Dao, Kontum, Mui Ne-
Phan Thiet; Phu
Quoc; Tay Ninh, Tam Coc -
Bich Dong
H¶i Phßng, Đå S¬n,CÈm Ph¶, H¹ Long, Mãng C¸i, Cöa
Lß, SÇm S¬n,Thanh Ho¸, Vinh, Hµ TÜnh
Đ«ng Híi, е N½ng, Héi An, Tam Kú, Quy Nh¬n,
Tuy Hoµ , Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, Phan Rang,
Phan ThiÕt, Đ«ng Hµ, HuÕ , Qu¶ng Ng·i Vòng
¸ng, Ch©n M©y, Dung QuÊt, V©n Phong
B¹c Liªu, Hµ Tiªn, R¹ch Gi¸, La Gi Vòng Tµu,
CHALLENGESHigh risks for investment in urban tourism and urban services
Changes in Urban architecture and landscape
Urban areas Rural areas
• Central planning to a market economy
• Rural to urban base:
– Every year urban population increasing about 1 to 1.3 mil ppl
– >600 urban areas (1999) -755 urban areas (2010)
– 20 % (1999) to 31% (2010)
– Migration & Services
1974 1986 1998
Urban form change
CHALLENGES - URBANIZATIONChanges in urban structure, function, landscapes and architecture
CHALLENGES - LACK OF CONTROL IN LAND
USE & PROJECT DISTRIBUTION The land areas issued for projects were too massive and exceeds 10 -20 years of intended
planning. Many projects constructed along rivers and coasts affecting the
flows, causing landslides and incurring high risks of the river estuary to be occluded.
Hiện trạng đất xây dựng đô thịIsues Existing Data Projection 445
In 1995 In 2005 In 2010 In 2015 In 2020 In 2025
Areas (ha) 63.000 325.195 475.000 335.000 400.000 450.000
Criteria (m2/person) 45 145 180 95 90 85
Population (mil. ppl.) 26, 35 44 52
CHALLENGES - URBAN ENVIRONMENTHeavy rains and flooding affect living environment and urban landscape
IN COASTAL URBAN AREAS
Based on:
National Target Program on Responding to CC (Decision 158/QD-TTg; CC Scenarios issued by MONRE)
National Orientation of the development of Vietnam Urban System to 2025 with a vision toward 2050;
Ten-Year Strategy on Social and Economic Development of Vietnam (2011-2020)
Strategy on Seas of Vietnam (Resolution 09-NQ/TW on 09/02/2008 of Fourth Conference of Central Committee Term 10th)
There are currently 405 urban areas, increasing by 70 cities (in 2015) and by 130 (in 2025). In the Red River Delta, there are a increase
of 15 new urban areas (in 2015), and 25 (in 2025). North Central Region and Central Coast will increase 40 new urban (in 2015), and
66 (in 2025). South East Region will increase 3 new ones (in 2015), and 15 (in 2025). In Mekong Delta, there are an increase of15 new
urban areas (in 2015), and 30 (in 2025).
COASTAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
• The project has been implementing in 34 provinces/cities under central management in the coastal and Mekong Delta areas, where are directly and indirectly affected by CC and SLR. There are 405 urban areas in total.
IDENTIFYCATION AND URBAN CLASIFICATION BASED ON its Resilience CAPACITY
1 6/10 8/12 29/47 18/50 344/632
The impact of climate change to
the development of urban system in Vietnam
Impact on residential areas
and urban poverty status
Impacts of land use structure
Impact on economic activities in coastal areas
coastal urban
Impact on central urban system
4
3
2
1
Impact on coastal urban landscape,
architecture and ecology
Impact on environment
urban
Impact on supply water supply and infrastructure
Impact on traffic system development
8
7
6
5
Guido Wyseure, KU Leuven UEPP Tailor-made Training29 June 2007
Khu đô thị hóa
Khu vực úng ngập do thủy triều
Nguồn: Nghiên cứu của JICA năm 1999
Khu vực úng ngập do mưa
SYNTHETIZED IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARD IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT
IN 6 URBANIZATION AREAS, COASTAL ZONES, CITIES/PROVINCES
AND ALL LEVELS OF CENTRAL URBAN SYSTEMS
¼ Red River Delta area is below the sea level. Increased about 70% of saltwater
intrusion, directly impacts to residential areas, urban areas with 100-150km of River’s
estuary, 35-40km for Red River, 53km for Ninh Cơ River, 35-52km for Thai Binh
River, 25 - 65km for Tra Ly, 20-25km for Kinh Thay River, counting from the estuary
toward inland5/3/2010
SYNTHETIZED RISKS OF SALT INTRUSION
- The impact on urban water supply
Dự báo của IPCC/ 2007
SYNETHETIZED IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN
COASTAL CENTRAL REGIONS
Storm /flood / sea level rise/floods / tsunami /landslide in urban areas
- National orientation urban development to 2025
vision 2050 (Decision 445/QD-TTg on 07/04/2009)
- Regional Planning for Coastal North to 2025 and
vision to2050 (Decision 865/QD- TTg dated 07/10/2008);
- Regional planning South Central Coast 2025 (Decision 1086/QD-TTg on 08/12/2008);
- Regional planning Ho Chi Minh to 2025 and vision
to 2050 (Decision 589/QD-TTg dated 05/20/2008);
- Regional planning and key economic central to
2025 and vision to 2050 (Decision 1085/QD-TTg
on 08/12/2009)
- Mekong Delta regional planning to 2020 and
vision to 2050 (Decision 1581/QD-TTg on 09/10/2009);
- The regional planning along the coastal provinces
REVIEW, PROPOSE ADUSTMENT ON REGIONAL
PLANS, PROVINCIAL PLANS AND URBAN PLANING RESPONDING
TO CLIMATE CHANGE
10/9/2010
Central Urban system at National level:TP.HCM, Cần Thơ, Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng
Central Urban system atprovince/region level: Hạ Long, Hải Phòng,Thái Bình, Nam Định, Thanh Hoá, Vinh, Hà Tĩnh, ĐồngHới, Đông Hà, Huế, Đà Nẵng, Tam Kỳ, Quảng Ngãi,Quy Nhơn, Tuy Hoà, Nha Trang, Phan Thiết, TP Hồ ChíMinh, Vũng Tàu, Bạc Liêu, Rạch Giá.
Specialized Central Urban Areas:- Sea Port (Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng, Cam Ranh, ChânMây, Vũng áng, Cái Lân - Hạ Long);
- Tourisim (Hạ Long, Sầm Sơn, Cửa Lò, Đồ Sơn, HộiAn, Vũng Tàu);
- Educational center (Huế, Vinh, Quy Nhơn, Đà
Nẵng, Nha Trang);
- Economic– logistic- commercial -petro (Vũng Tàu, Dung Quất);
- Mining Industry (Hạ Long, Cẩm Phả......).
Review , Propose on adjustment on urban planning
and approved projects in urban areas
Vân đồn
Nha Trang
Vũng Tàu
Hà tiên
Areas have over 1m height
from the sea
b) Planning for residential areas where is low potential for development
The area is in a good geological condition
a) Planning for parks/agricultural lands where the land in a good condition
QHC 1998
The consequences of incomplete analysis:
a) Planning for parks and agricultural land located in areas which are in good condition
b) Planning for residential areas located in poor land conditions and far away from the
center
Considering MASTER PLAN FOR TP. HCM TIDES to
ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
An example on GIS
- Lack of technical and social infrastructure
- Living environment is increasingly extremely degraded!
Development of medium and
large sized housing projects
Urbanization areas from 2000-2005 ( )
Development of residential
housing and industrial zone
with a lack of tight control
Analysis of the relationship between urbanization and
soil conditions / technical analysis of land conditions
Analyze the current status of land
Analysis of the relationship between urbanization and soil conditions
Areas has 1m-height construction above the SL
The area has good soil conditions
Urbanized area nearcity centre
Analysis of the relationship between urbanization and
soil conditions / technical analysis of land
conditions
Analyze the current status of land / Urbanized area
Analysis of the relationship between urbanization
and soil conditions
URBANNIZATION AREA
The area flooded by high tides
Source: JICA study in 1999
The area flooded by rains
Analysis of the relationship between urbanization and
soil conditions / technical analysis of land
conditions
2010- survey at 03 cities
Since 2009, the Department of Urban Development has carried out
research project to develop coastal urban climate response to CC,
submitting to the Government. In 2010, the Department works in
cooperation with the People's Committee, wards, and residential
clusters in 03 cities of Haiphong, Nha Trang, Ca Mau and the
departments of construction, the departments of natural resources and
environment of Khanh Hoa, Ca Mau and Hai Phong in order to
evaluate the effects of climate change to urban development of the
three provinces; and initially provide evaluations and
recommendations to respond to CC in the three cities of Hai Phong,
Nha Trang and Ca Mau.
cµ mAU city
Based on calculations, if sea level rises to 0.7 m, the area of Ca Mau will be flooded up to 28%.
At Cà Mau city – Cà Mau Province
Climate change and sea level rise with an increase in both frequency and intensity;
increasing land area flooded, making it difficult for water drainage, increasing menace on
the security of sea dykes, increasing coastal erosion, causing salt water intrusion,
affecting residential population, infrastructure and buildings
Location of Ca Mau province in the
Mekong Delta
Need more research
on the frequency of
these events : 10
years interval instead
of 50 years as
currently studied.
This information will
influence investment
decisions of the
government,
enterprises and
citizens
Survey in Nha trang city
In Nha Trang city- Khanh Hoa province
Climate change also impacts directly and indirectly to the cultural activities,
tourism, trade and services. In the field of tourism, sea level rise affects coastal
beaches, many beautiful beaches can be lost, affecting the construction and
exploitation. The eco-tourism and related infrastructure projects in low coastal areas
could be flooded and forced to be moved; trading activities, some new urban area in
the southern part of the city; obstructions to flow.
Survey in Hai phong city
In Hai Phong city- Northern Coastal Region
Warning: In the northern coastal region and the Red River Delta, if sea level
rise 1 m, a large area of Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Hung Yen and
part of Ha Nam and Ninh Binh province where high ground water level is lower than the
average sea level will be heavily flooded if the dike breaks.
A survey in the city shows that there is an increase areas and population both
in the municipals (eg: Hai An district) and sub-urban areas (such as Quang Vinh, Tien
Lang district) affected by flooding, coastal erosion, invasive salinization and
environmental degradation, etc. This affects investments for urban development and
exploitation in the city.
Hai Phong city
12
4Project on Vietnam Urban development adapting to
climate change, submitting to the Government in 2012
11
National target programs to adapt to climate
change (Decision No. 158/QD-TTg); Climate
change scenarios of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment
National orientation and Urban
Development Program of Vietnam to 2025-
2050
3Ten-year Strategy for Social- Economic
Development (2011 -2020) / Vietnam’s Sea
Development Strategy toward 2020
BASIS
FOR
IMPLE
MENTA
TION
PROJECT ON VIETNAM URBAN SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Intended Survey ProgramFollowing the survey work in 2010, the Department of Urban Development continued
to collect survey research from the Vietnam Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning; Projects to examine the effects of climate change and sea level rise on Vietnam urban areas of the Centers for Environmental protection and Planning for Sustainable Development- Vietnam Urban Planning and Development Association coordinated with the project component of environmental sustainability of the poor- Ministry of Construction (MOC SDU-DANIDA), the ODA projects, WB, ADB and other relevant studies undertaken to synthesize a comprehensive analysis;
Continue to surveying at these provices:- Midland and northern mountainous region: select Lao Cai province (Lao Cai
city);
- Red Delta River region: select Quang Ninh province (Vân Đồn);
- Coastal Central region- Coastal Northern Central region: Survey in Thanh Hoa province (Sầm Sơn)/ Coastal Central Centre: Binh Dinh province (Quy Nhon City)/ Coastal Sourthern Region: Binh Thuan province (Phan Thiet city);
- Highland region: select Lam Dong province (02 urban areas of Ninh Van and Nam Ban- Lam Ha district; Di Linh district- Lam Dong);
- South East Region and HCMC: select Ba Rya Vung Tau (Vung Tau city);
- Mekong Delta Region: select Kien Giang province (Ha Tien suburban).
The key actions
Measures
Mitigation
Climate change
Existing
CC impacts
Adaptation
Programs
/Policies
Adaptation Plan
Poor impact
Damage?
Risk impact?
vuln
era
bili
ty
inte
rvention
KEY ACTIONS
1. Develop tools for assessment:
- Database and mapping (GIS) to the scale of 1/2000
- Develop programs, set of indicators assessing CC impact levels, inaccordance with areas which has specialized natural conditions inVietnam, supporting policy making and identifying risk-reducedinvestment projects.
2. Develop tools for control:- Improvement of legal documents, to enhance the effects, mechanisms andpolicies on construction management and urban development under thespecific conditions of the area and the impact of urban;
3. Develop implementation supporting tools:
- Awareness raising, capacity and professional advice, management of urbandevelopment to limit climate change effects to urban development
- Develop regulations on urban growth management adapting to CC risks dueto natural hazards
- The development of programs for urban development need urgentinvestment given the deep impacts of CC and sea level rise…
Conclusion
2
3
Increase financial support for the development of
mechanism and policies and technical standards that
support the assessments and adjustments of CC
adaptation measures in each period
Develop a library for storage and sharing
information on status and measures of CC
adaptation
1Enhance the collaboration and cooperation in
implementing survey programs; sharing
assessment results of local departments
In order to comprehensively implement a program responding to CC in coastal urban
areas, it is necessary to involve the participation of coastal localities and scientists in
ministries/departments; some immediate actions include:
THANK YOU