08 social justice in housing and urban development - prof. ernesto m. serote

8/9/2019 08 Social Justice in Housing and Urban Development - Prof. Ernesto M. Serote

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SOCIAL JUSTICE IN HOUSING

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT:Challenges for Public Policy

MakersA UP Academic Congress

To Challenge Our Next LeadersMalcolm Hall, College of LawUniversity of the Philippines

February 1-5, 2010By

ERNESTO M. SEROTEProfessor and Director of Training (Ret.)School of Urban and Regional Planning

University of the Philippines


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Thesis of Paper

In the urban development process thepoor are always marginalized.

Government policy makers have beenfaulted as abetting inequality andexploitation of the poor.

Cities can still be made inclusive and lessdiscriminatory if policy makers adhere toprinciples of social justice.


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Socio-Spatial Structure

Period of Antiquity< Priests, administrators


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< Shipping merchants; Importers


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Industrialists/ Ship owners Professionals Administrators Landlords

Skilled tradesmen Task masters Pacemakers Shopkeepers Lower professionals and administrators

Semi-skilled, unskilled workers Coal heavers Ballast men Stevedores Riggers Construction helpers Porters Sweepers

Domestic helpers Lived in appalling housing conditions

Capitalist

Labor aristocrats(Mildling Class)

Residuum(Underclass)

Industrial Revolution Period

Social Class Structure


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Socio-Spatial StructureLate Industrial Age

Over-crowded working class accommodationsdemolished to make room for commercialdevelopment.

Displaced working class re-housed in high-risetenement at the outskirts of the city

Economic base later shifts from manufacturingto services leaving industrial workers unable tocompete for new jobs

Inner cities revitalized and new high-renthousing beyond the reach of the poor.


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Structure of Philippine SocietyEarly Spanish Regime

< Accumulated lands bypurchase, donations,trickery


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Social Structure During LateSpanish Regime< Spaniards including friar orders


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Americans introduce real estate business

Urban development mainly due tospeculative subdivision developers andindividual builders.

Resulting spatial pattern is a dual city;

formal and informal.

The poor are usually relocated to far awayresettlement sites.

Socio- spatial StructureAmerican Period to the Present


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Urban Critics on Urban Planning

Political economists (M. Castells, D. Harvey):Social inequality is the result of exploitation by theproperty market and planners are collaboratorswith property developers in the latter's

accumulation process. Post modern (J. Jacobs, R. Sennett): The city is

the product of the elite and powerful imposing theirvalues on other groups, through mechanisms of

planning like exclusionary zoning. Urban populists (H. Gans, P. Saunders): Planners

themselves are elitist who disregard the desires ofordinary people.


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Social Justice: 3 Perspectives

Redistributive Justice

John Rawls, David Harvey

People Empowerment Iris Marion Young, Jane Jacobs

Environmental Justice

Andy Merrifield, Raymond Bryant


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Social Justice Defined

Equality in enjoyment of basic rights andassignment of basic duties.

Inequality is justified if it results incompensating benefits foreveryone, especially for the leastadvantaged members of society

- John Rawls


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Social Justice Defined

Equal allocation of basic needs.

Preferential treatment for the poor andunder-privileged

Extra reward for the meritorious

- David Harvey


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Social Justice as Anti- Oppression

Exploitation of labor

Marginalization

Powerlessness Cultural imperialism

Violence

against persons and property organized crime


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Environmental Social Justice

Maldistribution of environmental benefits

Inequality in exposure to environmentalhazards and risks

Spatial and social impact of naturalresource exploitation, e.g. logging, mining,fishing, plantation crops, industrialpollution


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1st Principle of Social Justice: Equal

Allocation of Basic Needs

What do we consider our basicneeds in the Philippines?


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Social Justice as Meeting Basic

Needs 11 Basic needs of Mrs. Marcos?

Minimum basic needs of FVR?

13+1 indicators of NAPC? What one cannot do without on a daily

basis; adequate food and safe drinking

water


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Hungry Filipinos based on SWSJune 2008 Survey

% of

respondents

Families

affected

Persons

Philippines 16.3 2.9 M 14.5 M

Metro Manila 22 530,000 2.65 M

Rest of Luzon 12.3 970,000 4.85 M

Visayas 19.7 710,000 3.55 M

Mindanao 17.7 720,000 3.6 M

Source:Philippine Daily Inquirer

July 22, 2008 Issue


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Coverage on Safe Water

80% of population (2002)

MDG Target (2015) 87%

MTPDP Target (2010) 92%

Coverage on Sanitation

86.1% of population (2002)

MDG Target (2015) 84%

MTPDP Target (2010) 86%

Source:National Water Resources Board (NWRB)


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2nd Principle of Social Justice:Preferential Treatment for the

Under-Privileged

Who are considered Under-Privileged?


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From 1990 to 2005, the government has successfully

provided water for an additional 23.04 Million Filipinos;

however

The population increased by 24.5 Million over the

same period

Meeting the MDG Water & Sanitation targets is aprecondition to addressing all the other Goals.


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Social Justice in the Constitution(Article XIII)

Full protection to labor, organized andunorganized, local and overseas, fullemployment and equal employment

opportunities for all. Agrarian reform to promote the rights of

landless persons to own the land they till and

to provide support to agriculture. Protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolk to

the preferential use of communal marine andfishery resources.


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Social Justice in the Constitution(Article XIII)

Provide affordable and decent housing andbasic services to homeless citizens in urbancenters and resettlement areas.

Give priority to the health needs of theunderprivilegedsick, elderly, disabled, women and children

and endeavor to provide free medical care topaupers.

Protect working women by providing safe andhealthful working environment, taking intoconsideration their maternal functions.


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Our Record of Compliance as per

Philippine Asset Reform Report

Card RA 8371 - Indigenous Peoples Rights

Acts

RA 8550 - Philippine fisheries code

RA 6657 - Comprehensive AgrarianReform Law

RA 7279 Urban Development andHousing Act


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Ancestral domain

39.8% - Percentage of ancestral domainswhere extractive activities like loggingand mining are present

72.1% of total number of extractiveactivities are in operation without theconsent of tribes

74.1% of respondents have access toinfrastructure and extension services

Source:Philippine Asset Reform

Report Card and PhilDHRRA


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Small-scale Fisheries

56.8% of respondents said commercialfishing vessels encroached on fisherfolk-reserved waters

32.6% of respondents have access tofish ports, ice plants and other post-harvest facilities

78.3% of respondents have inadequatehousing




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Agrarian reform

13.7% of respondents said theyexperienced legal or physical harassmentfrom landowners and other groups

52.3% of respondents do not haveaccess to haulers, warehouses and otherpost-harvest facilities

44% of beneficiary-respondents wereable to access credit




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Socialized housing

32% of respondents have workingdrainage systems

56% of respondents have not yetreceived any lot entitlement certificate

49.4%of respondents reported that theircommunities have no community

development plan




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3rd Principle of Social Justice:Reward for the Meritorious

Practically unknown in the government

Mainly voluntary initiatives by the private

sector and civil society organizations,

e.g. Galing Pook Awards


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Social Justice in Housing and

Urban Development The city is for everyone who wants to live

there.

Ensure there is enough space- not

necessarily land- for the housing needs ofevery household

There should be genuine urban landreform, i.e., greater consolidation rather thandistribution of urban land.

Give preference for compact urban forms topreserve agricultural lands for food security


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Urban Development All residential communities, regardless of

income levels, should be located in safe,hazard free areas.

Promote social mix and prevent theformation of residential enclaves.

Undertake honest -to- goodness socialized

housing schemes for those who cannotafford to avail of housing in the market.


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Urban Development The 70% unreached by safe water are

mostly the poor in scattered communities.Make level II the minimum delivery system

in all areas.

Protect watersheds of sources of drinkingwater

Adopt water-sensitive urban designs

Maintain vegetative cover in upper

catchments of watersheds


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UDHA Policies on Housing andUrban Development

Decent and affordable housing with basicservices and employment opportunitiesavailable to underprivileged and homeless

citizens Rational use and development of urban

land

Workable policies to regulate and directurban growth and expansion towards adispersed urban net and more urban-ruralbalance


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UDHA Policies on Housing andUrban Development

Equitable land tenure system

More effective peoples participation

in the urban development process Improved capability of LGUs in

undertaking urban development and

housing


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Social Justice in Sharing of

National Wealth Increase LGU share in the IRA to 60%.

Revise sharing scheme as follows

Allocate the 40% following the currently usedformula, based on population and land area.

Allocate the 20% selectively to assist LGUsovercome special difficulties.

Part of the 20% to reward outstandingperformance of individual LGUs


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Thank You!

08 social justice in housing and urban development - prof. ernesto m. serote

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