43

International Seminar on Infrastructure Development

in Cluster Island Eastern Part of Indonesia

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON CHARACTERISTIC OF POROUS ASPHALT MIXTURE

USING BINDER PARSIAL LIQUID ASBUTON AS SUBTITUTION OIL ASPHALT

Nur Ali 1, and A. Arwin Amiruddin

2

ABSTRACT: Pertamina is expected to become a supplier of asphalt needs only able to provide oil asphalt by 0.6

million tons each year so the rest was imported by way of imports. This causes the cost of road construction in

Indonesia is higher (Center for Public Works, 2008). The aim of study is to obtain the porous asphalt characteristic

using the mixture of 50% oil asphalt and 50% liquid asbuton as the binding material for the use recommendation. The

research was conducted in the Transportation Engineering Laboratory. Research method was test the aggregate

characteristic and asphalt, mix design, porous asphalt parameter test, optimum bitument content, and parameter of the

optimum bitumen condition. Gradation used in the research was the Australian gradation with oil asphalt binding

material and liquid asbuton . The sample types used in the research based on combined bitumen content of 4.5%, 5.0%,

5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%, respectively. Number of briquettes for each type of binder material was 90 samples. The

result of research indicated that the optimum bitumen content mixture asphalt of 50% liquid asbuton and 50% oil

asphalt generates the stability value of 960.02kg > 500kg, porosity of 15.25% > 10%, permeability of 0.17cm/second >

0.1cm/second, cantabro loss of 12.44% < 15%, and binder drain down of 0.11% < 0.3%.

Keywords: porous asphalt, asbuton liquid, Australian gradation, mixture characteristic, optimum asphalt

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, Road infrastructure development

in Indonesia each year has increased both new road

construction, improvement, and maintenance of the road

caused the government to provide 1.2 million tons of

asphalt per year. The cost of building a fairly large and

45% of the total construction cost is the cost of asphalts

so if want to reduce the cost of road construction, it must

be an emphasis on finance asphalt. This does not mean

that the quality of the pavement is reduced, but trying to

put pressure on prices of asphalt with bitumen using

alternative bitumen oil is sourced from within the

country, managed in the country and has properties

similar to oil asphalt so it can be substituted for oil

asphalt material as a binder pavement.

Indonesia has a bitumen mine in Buton Island in

Southeast Sulawesi Province, has the potential to be a

binder pavement, mined at several places as shown on

the location map Buton asphalt mining in Southeast

Sulawesi and has been progressing gradually in

processing techniques. Recent developments asbuton

processing technology has produced liquid asbuton (Ali

Nur et. Al., 2010), the liquid turns liquid asbuton form

of oil asphalt binder containing as much as 70%, and

minerals such as limestone as much as 30%, as shown in

Figure 1 scanning electron liquid asbuton physical

microscope. This data gives hope to utilize as liquid

asbuton binder substitution oil asphalt so that the cost of

road construction can be reduced. Follow-up of these

44

results is to conduct an examination of the physical

properties of liquid asbuton and compare the

physical properties of oil asphalt so that a

recommendation for liquid ingredients to be asbuton

substituting oil asphalt binder in road construction in

both the national, provincial and district roads.

Indonesia with a traffic growth rate of 7.1% per year

and 2.1% growth per year infrastructure development,

suggesting an imbalance between growth in vehicles

and infrastructure growth, triggering traffic jams and

accidents (Susantono, 2010).

To reduce traffic accidents of porous asphalt can

reduce accidents. Some countries such as America,

England, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Japan,

Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia (Cabrera et. Al.,

1994), confirmed that the rough road surface, there is

no water catchment and environmentally friendly so

it is necessary to use as layers of the road surface.

Mineral 30%

Bitumen 70%

Fig.1 Scanning electron microscope photo of liquid

asbuton (Ali Nur et. Al., 2010)

Nur Ali, et al.

44

Au

stra

lia

Grad

ati

on

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

This study refers to the standard gradation Australia

using a combination of partial liquid asbuton 50% and

50% oil asphalt mixture testing. Gradient is selected as

the design for the comparison between the graded coarse

aggregate and fine aggregate nearly 85:15, and

subsequent porosity and permeability testing using test

equipment to check Falling Head Permeablity porosity

and permeability of porous asphalt aggregate with the

default value of 10% -25% and > 10-1

cm/sec. If the

value of porosity and permeability are not met then made

modifications to the aggregate gradation but not beyond

the upper and lower limits of curved grading standards.

Curved Australia gradation can be seen in Figure2.

Aggregates have met the test requirements given

binder which aggregate with oil asphalt binder partial

50% and 50% liquid asbuton. Binder which is a mixture

of 50% oil asphalt with 50% asbuton liquid began in

percentage by 4.5% to reach 7.0% by adding the varied

among 0.5% of the total weight of the mixture.

This study examines several parameters that affect

the performance of the standard parameters of porous

asphalt which is used in the implementation.

Fig.2 Curved Australia gradation

The parameter in question is the level of the cavity, the

coefficient of permeability, stability, cantabro loss,

binder drain down. Furthermore, the parameters obtained

from the test results were compared with the reference

standard parameter set, if it meets the requirements or

not. Parameters that do not meet the standards required

to be evaluated together with the other parameters.

The number of briquettes created using the approach

as seen in Table 1. Each briquette specimens must be

tested to determine the performance parameters of

porous asphalt. The number of briquettes gradation test

for one group of 90 pieces. Porosity and permeability

testing conducted using test equipment Falling Head

permeability. To test the stability of the mixed-use tool

for testing marshall test and use tools cantabro loss los

angeles abration binder drain down test and use

specialized test equipment to test binders. The data were

analyzed and the results of testing samples graphed the

relationship between binders used with porous asphalt

parameter. From the graph is searched for an optimum

percentage of binder to comply with all the parameters

that have been set on porous asphalt to be the benchmark

/ reference for the making of the mix.

Table 1. The number of briquettes

Binder Bitumen Cantabro Binder Drain Porosity Permeability Stability

Material Type Content Loss Down

4.5 3 3 3 3 3

5.0 3 3 3 3 3

50% oil asphalt

and 50% liquid

asbuton

5.5 3 3 3 3 3

6.0 3 3 3 3 3

6.5 3 3 3 3 3

7.0 3 3 3 3 3

Total 18 18 18 18 18

Total Briquettes 90

Experimental Studies on Characteristic of Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Binder Parsial Liquid Asbuton as

Subtitution Oil Asphalt

45

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The parameters of porous asphalt are porosity,

permeability, stability, and a binder drain cantabro loss

down by using materials such as asphalt binder

penetrating oil 60/70 with combined oil asphalt pen

60/70 and liquid asbuton respectively by 50%.

The result of the Materials Laboratory of Road and

Bridge Department of the Regional Infrastructure of

South Sulawesi province of the properties owned by the

binder can be seen in Table 2.

Laboratory test results showed that almost 85% of

the properties owned by the liquid asbuton, partially

close the binder specification values so that the research

conducted on binder substitution liquid asbuton as oil

asphalt replacing partially. The results of the penetration

testing before losing weight at a temperature of 25oc seen

that liquid asphalt asbuton is hard and after mixed with

50% oil asphalt, liquid penetration value asbuton before

losing weight increased to 68.40 mm. This suggests that

the ability to penetrate into the asphalt pavement layer

grew after mixed with oil asphalt. Liquid asbuton

softening point value of the test result is 57.25oc, while

for combined asphalt oil asphalt and liquid asbuton each

50% is 55.25 oc, is shown that liquid asbuton resistant to

changes in shape and reduced after liquid asbuton

no longer used as material mixing oil asphalt.

Ductility as a parameter which indicates the ability to

withstand melting asphalt, the combined oil asphalt and

liquid asbuton to reach a value of 117cm. It provides

information that is more resistant oil asphalt having

melting compared with the combined liquid asbuton and

oil asphalt. The issue is understandable, because there

liquid asbuton bitumen content of 70% and the

remaining 30% is a mineral that makes liquid asbuton

ability to withstand melting into smaller and lower

cohesively. It appears that the greater the percentage of

oil asphalt in it, the greater the value ductility as oil

asphalt is asphalt bituminous pure 100%.

Similarly, the value of viscosity, which combined

with liquid asphalt and oil asbuton of 162 cst. This

indicates that the liquid asbuton is very thick compared

to oil asphalt or bitumen combined, due to the mineral

content of liquid asbuton, the higher viscosity bitumen

more viscous bitumen shows and has a higher ability to

perform covered the aggregate. Viewing the properties

owned by either the binder is asphalt bitumen partial

50% oil and 50% liquid asbuton, pushing to try to

examine opportunities through the use of a binder

asphalt porous media for porous asphalt pavement is a

new innovation in Indonesia as well as environmentally

friendly.

Table 2. The result of the binder properties

Examination Method

50% Liquid Asbuton

dan 50% oil asphalt

Penetration before losing weight SNI-06-2456-1991 68.40

Softening point (oc) SNI-06-2434-1991 55.25

Ductility 25oc SNI-06-2432-1991 117.00

Flash point (oc) SNI-06-2433-1991 256.99

Density (Gr/cc) SNI-06-2441-1991 1.10

weight loss at 163oc SNI-06-2440-1991 1.00

Penetration after losing weight 163o

SNI-06-2437-1991 83.33

Viscosity (Cst) SNI-03-6721-1991 162.00

Table 3. Marshall Test results by partially 50% Bitumen Marshall

Content VIM Stability Flow

Quotient

(%) (%) (kg) (mm) (kg/mm)

4.5 16.41 708.55 2.70 262.43

5.0 16.31 852.60 2.90 294.00

5.5 16.25 936.54 3.20 292.67

6.0 15.78 1015.25 3.50 290.07

6.5 15.38 998.65 3.80 262.80

7.0 15.06 920.65 4.10 224.55

Specification 10 -- 25 > 500 2 -- 6 min. 200

Nur Ali, et al.

46

Perm

eabi

lity

(cm

/de

tik)

M

asha

ll S

tabi

lity

(kg)

Bin

der

drai

n do

wn (

%)

Can

tabr

o Los

s (%

) P

orosi

ty (

%)

Table 4. Characteristic result of porous asphalt Bitumen Cantabro Binder Drain

Content Porosity Permeability

Loss Down

(%) (%) (cm/detik) (%) (%)

4.5 16,41 0,294 55,39 0,02

5.0 16,31 0,257 41,24 0,04

5.5 16,25 0,229 31,29 0,05

6.0 15,78 0,210 20,19 0,08

6.5 15,38 0,195 14,21 0,10

7.0 15,06 0,184 10,48 0,15

Specification 10 -- 25 > 10-1

< 15 < 0,3

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

Min 500kg

26

24 Max 25%

22

20

18

16

14

12 Min 10% 500

400

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Combined Bitumen Content (%)

10

8

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Combined Bitumen Content (%)

Fig.3 Marshall stability Fig.4 Porosity

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Min 0.1 cm/detik

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25

20 Max 15% 15 10 5 0

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Combined Bitumen Content (%) Combined Bitumen Content (%)

Fig.5 Permeability Fig.6 Cantabro loss

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Max 0.3%

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Combined Bitumen Content (%)

Fig.7 Binder drain down

Experimental Studies on Characteristic of Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Binder Parsial Liquid Asbuton as

Subtitution Oil Asphalt

47

Table 3 shows that Marshall Test results using

porous asphalt binder oil asphalt 50% and 50% liquid

asbuton. Relationship between bitumen content

combined with the stability of porous asphalt has value

stability increases with bitumen and aggregate when

combined achieve optimum bitumen content, the value

decreased stability. This indicates that when given the

combined bitumen content before it reaches the optimum,

then the value increases stability and if the provision of

optimum bitumen content exceeds the combined value of

stability marked decrease with increasing the value of

the mixture flow. The uses of combined asphalt on a

mixture of 4.5% - 7.0% generally have greater stability

than 500kg, some even reaching 1015.25 kg. This allows

the porous asphalt with asphalt binder can be used for

the combined traffic is moderate to high. Relationship

between bitumen content combined with the stability can

be seen in Figure 3.

Table 4 shows that test results using the

characteristics of the porous asphalt binder oil asphalt

50% and 50% liquid asbuton. Porosity of the test results

shows that porosity values decreased with increasing

levels of bitumen combined, is caused by the existing

bitumen with a high concentration of properties like

liquid that occupies cavities that exist in the mixture thus

minimizing voids in the mix. Porosity values in the

combined bitumen content of 4.5% -7.0% and generally

meet the specifications determined at optimum bitumen

content obtained combined. In the graph shown in

Figure 4 the relationship between levels combined with a

porosity of asphalt mixtures.

In Figure 5 is shown the relationship between levels combined with the permeability of asphalt mix. From the

results of the permeability coefficient, this combined

with increasing levels of bitumen the value of the

permeability decreases. This is because a high level of

combined asphalt reduces the volume of the cavity is in

the mix so automatically share decreased permeability.

The test results combined with the use of bitumen

content of 4.5% - 7.0% indicates the value of the

coefficient of permeability still meet the standard

specifications> 10-1 cm / sec, so it was concluded that

the use of bitumen combined 4.5% - 7.0%, can be used

as porous asphalt binder.

In Figure 6 is shown the relationship between levels

of asphalt mix combined with cantabro loss. The

relationship between cantabro loss combined with

bitumen showed greater combined value loss cantabro

getting smaller, which means that the mixture is resistant to the effects disintegration. In the combined bitumen

content of 4.5% - 6.0% loss cantabro value is greater

than the standard specification (<15%) so that the

combined bitumen content is not recommended as the

design bitumen content although other parameters are

met. In the combined bitumen content of 6.5% and 7.0%

loss cantabro value meets the standard specification so

that value can be material on the use of liquid asphalt

binder asbuton as porous.

Binder drain down test data provides information

about the amount of drain down which happened before

the compacted asphalt mixture that during the production

process, transporting and compacting the mixture.

Binder drain down test results showed that with

increasing levels of combined asphalt binder drain down

then also increase but the increase is not too large, this is

due to the ability of fine aggregate in asphalt that absorb

asphalt flow decreases. In laboratory tests with a

combined bitumen content of 4.5% - 7.0% indicates that

the binder drain down to meet the standard specifications

of < 0.3% of the total weight of the mixture so that the

combined asphalt binder for porous asphalt can be used

depending on the value of the combined bitumen

optimum. In Figure 7 is shown the relationship between

levels of asphalt binder combined with the mixture down

the drain.

Figure 8 shows that determination of optimum

bitumen content (KAO) 50% oil and 50% liquid asphalt

asbuton.

Stabilitas (kg)

Flow (mm)

Marshall quatient (kg/mm)

Porositas (%)

708.5

3.2 `

262.43

16.41

226.97

884.48

4.8

224.55

15.06

Cantabro Loss (%) 14.21 10.48

Permeabilitas (cm/det)

Binder Drain Down (%)

0.294

0.02

0.184

0.15

KADAR ASPAL (%) 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 6.75 7.0

KADAR ASPAL OPTIMUM = 6.5 + 7.0

2 = 6.75 %

Figure 8. Optimum Bitumen Content (KAO)

Nur Ali, et al.

48

CONCLUTIONS

From the results of research and evaluation of the

results of research that has been done, made the

following conclusion:

1. Liquid asbuton can replace oil asphalt as a binder in

partial porous asphalt.

2. Graded porous asphalt using interlocking and

Australia have sufficient adhesion between

aggregate gradation Australia therefore keep using

fine aggregate by 15%.

3. Characteristics of porous asphalt using a

combination of binder oil asphalt 50% + 50% liquid

asbuton entirely fulfilled. The results showed all the

parameter values of porous asphalt on the condition

of optimum bitumen content remains on standard

criteria, so it could be an evaluation of the use of the

type of binder on the porous asphalt pavement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to express the gratitude to staff of

Transportation and Bridge laboratory Civil Engineering

Department Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin

University for the effort support of this research.

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