09.24.08: skin and glands

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CellsandTissuesSequenceMedicalHistology

IntegumentarySystem,Glands/mammarygland

Fall,2008

CellandDevelopmentalBiology

TheIntegument

1.Skin: EpidermisandDermisHypodermis(a.k.a.superficialfascia)2.Appendages:SpecializationofepidermisA.Pilosebaceousapparatus

HairSebaceousglandsArrectopilimuscle

B.Sweatglands EccrinesweatglandsApocrine(odoriferous)sweatglands

C.  Nail

“Mammarygland”

Theskinconsistsofepidermisanddermis

andisthelargestorganinthebody,

accountingforabout16%ofthebodyweight.

UMMedicalSchoolAnatomyLaboratoryManual

Functionsofskin

1.Protection(fromabrasion,friction,infection,UVrays)Keratin,melanin

2.PermeabilityBarrier(preventionofextremewaterloss)Keratin,lipid,sebum

3.ThermoregulationSweatglands,bloodvessels,fat

4.SensoryPerceptionFreeandencapsulatednerveendings

5.ImmunologicDefenseKeratinocytes,Langerhanscells

6.Dermatoglyphics(fingerprints)

SkinEpidermis:Keratinized,strat.sq.epithelium

Dermis:Denseirregularct.TypeIIIandTypeIcollagenElasticfibers

SweatGlands:EccrineandApocrineglands

Hypodermis(superficialfascia):Fattyconn.Tissue

MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection

CellsoftheEpidermis

Keratinocytes(80%)Melanocytes(5-10%)Langerhanscells(5%)Merkelcells(<1%)


CellularLayersoftheEpidermis

Dermis

Epidermis Epidermis

DermisMichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection Weiss,L.,CellandTissueBiology6thed.P.543

CellsoftheStratumBasaleSt.Spinosum

St.Basale

Dermis

Source Undetermined

Stratumspinosum

Source Undetermined

BlisteringSkinDisorders

Pemphigus:Separationofepidermalcellsfromeachother(acantholysis)causedbylossofdesmosomefunctions.

Bullouspemphigoid:Separationofepidermisfromthedermisduetoblisteringinthebasementmembranecausedbylossofanchoringfilamentsandhemidesmosomes.

Source Undetermined

StratumGranulosumKeratohyalinGranules(KG) Histidine-richprotein(filaggrin:filamentaggregating

proteinthatcross-linkskeratin) PolysaccharidesandlipidsMembrane-coatinggranules(MCG) (a.k.a.lamellargranules,Odlandbodies) Primaryintercellularlipidbarriertowater-ceramidecross-linkscellmembranes.

KeratohyalinGranules

Weiss,L.,CellandTissueBiology6thed.P.549

MembraneCoatingGranulesPrimaryintercellularbarriertowater

Weiss,CellandTissueBilogy6thed.P.547

Stratumcorneum

15-20layersofnon-nucleatedflattenedcellsfilledwithkeratainfilaments.

Keratinfilamentsarecross-linkedwithfilaggrin.

Thekeratin-filaggrindepositedontheinsideoftheplasmamembraneformathickenedcellenvelope.

Source Undetermined

Thickandthinskin

Bluearrows:CellsofthestratumgranulosumSource Undetermined

Melanocytes

SkincolorRedbloodcellsinthedermalvascularbeds.Carotenesfromexogenousfoodsstoredinfattytissues.Hemoglobinandbilirubin(endogenousdegradationproducts).Melanin(pigmentproducedbymelanocytes)

Melanocytes(neuralcrestorigin)

MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection Rhodin,Histology,pp.485

MelanocytesproduceMelanin

Melanin: Eumelanin Pheomelanin Tyrosinase(deficiency:albinism)Tyrosine 3,4-dihydroxyphenyalanine(dopa) dopaquinone Melanin

Epidermal-

melaninunit

Cytocrinesecretion

Source Undetermined

Ross/Romrell,Histology2nded.P.356

Pigmentdistributioninlight(left)anddark(right)skin

MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection

Merkel’scell Langerhanscell

Bonemarrowderived

Bind,processandpresentantigentoT-lymphocytes

Roleinimmunologicskinreactions.

Fawcett,Histology,pp.536

ProliferationandMaturationofEpithelialCells

Source Undetermined

Psoriasis

Source Undetermined

Dermis

PapillaryDermisReticularDermis

Containsbloodandlymphaticvessels,nerves,hairfollicles,sebaceousglands,arrectopilimuscle,andsweat(eccrineandapocrine)glands

Hypodermis(superficialfasciawithfatcells)

EpithelialPegsandDermalPapillae

Source Undetermined Source Undetermined

Papillary(PL)andReticular(RL)Dermis

TypeIIICollagen

TypeICollagen

Elasticfibers(EF)

Source Undetermined

PapillaryDermishousesbloodvessels,nerveendings,etc.

Epidermis

Papillarydermis

Reticulardermis

MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection SourceUndetermined

Dermisandskincirculation WheaterFig.9.18

Wheater 9.18

Pilosebaceousapparatus

hair,sebaceousglandandarrectopilemuscle

hair

Sebaceousgland

Arrectopilemuscle

Swaetgland



(A)

(D)

(B,C)

Hairfollicle:hairbulbandhairshaft

Ross/Romrell,Histology2nded.P.361

Young/HeathWheater’sHistology4thed.P.167

SourceUndetermined

GrowthCycleoftheHairFollicle

testosterone

5αdihydrotestosterone,

whichbindstheintracellularreceptorsandInhibitsthemetabolismofcondemnedfollicles.

5α-reductase(?)

Weiss, pg. 562

Pilo-sebaceousApparatus

Source Undetermined

HolocrineSecretionSource Undetermined

ModeofSecretionMerocrine(Exocytosis)Almostallexocrineglands,includingeccrineandapocrinesweatglands.

Apocrine(somepartsofcellsaresecreted)Mammaryglands(lipidsecretion)

Holocrine(wholecellsaresecreted)Sebaceousglands

Source Undetermined

Hairfollicleandit’sassociatedstructures

Tsaitgaist,,Wikipedia

EccrineSweatGlands


EccrineSweatGland

Secretoryportion

Secretoryportion

Ducts

Myoepithelialcells


MyoepithelialCells

Source Undetermined

ApocrineSweatGlands


ApocrineSweatGlands

Myoepithelialcells


SecretoryPortionsofEccrineandApocrineSweatGlands


Source Undetermined

GlandularLobulesandLobesManyLobulesformaLobe.

Source Undetermined

Adapted and modified from Leson TS, Leson CR, Paparo AA: Text/Atlas of Histology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1988

US Federal Government Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

ChangeinMammaryGlandAlveoliandDucts

Inactive:Noalveoliandundifferentiatedterminalducts.

Active(duringpregnancy):Proliferationanddifferentiationofalveoli.

Active(lactating):Secretionofmilkandaccumulationinalveolarlumen.

Source Undetermined

Inactivegland(left):Lobulesarearrangedsparselyandeachlobuleconsistsofmainlybluntlyendingductswithnosecretoryalveoli.Activegland(right):Lobulesarewelldevelopedandpackthegland.Ineachlobule,secretoryalveolihaveformedandtheirlumensarehighlydilated.

Inactiveandactivemammaryglands

MichiganMedicalSchoolHistologySlideCollection(allimages)

Thestromaofthemammarygland

Lactiferousduct

Lobule

Theloose,morecellularandlessfibrous,intralobularconnectivetissuemakesthestromadistensibleforthehypertrophyoftheepithelialelementsanddifferentiationofthealveoli.Numerousplasmacells(arrowsabove),whichappearintheintralobularconnectivetissueduringpregnancyandlactation,produceimmunoglobulinIgA.IgAistakenupbytheepithelialcells,secretedinthemilk,andtransportedtotheinfant’sintestinewheretheantibodiesresistbacterialinfection.

IntralobularCT

InterlobularCT

Source Undetermined


Theantibodiesresistentericinfections.

Image of mother breastfeeding

infant antibodies removed

Source Undetermined

Nipple-Lactiferousducts15-20independentlactiferousducts,eachdrainingoneofthelobesofthegland,openatthetipofthenipple.Withinthenipple,eachductisslightlydilatedtoformalactiferoussinus(inset).Lactiferousducts

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons


#265(nipple)Lactiferousducts

Thelactiferousductislinedbyasuperficiallayerofcuboidalepithelialcellsandabasallayerofmyoepithelialcells(arrows).


LearningObjectives

•  Beabletoidentifyprincipallayersoftheskin(epidermis,dermisandhypodermis)atthelightmicroscopelevelandknowthemajorfunctionsofeachlayer.

•  Beabletoidentifythestrataoftheepidermisinthickandthinskinandknowthemajorcellulareventsthattakeplaceineachlayerintheprocessofkeratinization.

•  Beabletoidentifythecellsindifferentlayeroftheepidermisattheelectronmicroscopelevelbyrecognizingcharacteristicorganellesandstructurespresentineachlayer.

•  Beabletorecognizemelanocytesandknowtheprocessofpigmentformationintheskin.

•  Beabletoidentifyeccrineandapocrinesweatglandsatthelightmicroscopelevelanddistinguishductalandsecretoryportions.

•  Beabletoidentifythecomponentsofthepilosebacousapparatusandknowthestructuralrelationshipbetweeneachcomponentandtheepidermis.

•  Beabletoidentifythemammarygland,byrecognizingitsstructuralcomponents(lactiferousducts,alveoli,lobules,thestromalconnectivetissue),andknowthehistologicaldifferencesinactiveandinactiveglands.

AdditionalSourceInformationformoreinformationsee:http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy

Slide 5: UM Medical School Anatomy Laboratory Manual Slide 7: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection

Slide 8: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection

Slide 9: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection ; Source Undetermined

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Slide 11: Source Undetermined Slide 12: Source Undetermined




Slide 17: Source Undetermined Slide 19: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection ; Source Undetermined;


Slide 22: Source Undetermined;


Slide 24: Source Undetermined Slide 25: Source Undetermined



Slide 29: Source Undetermined Slide 30: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection ; Source Undetermined

Slide 31: Wheater 9.18


Slide 33: Sources Undetermined

Slide 34: Weiss, pg. 562 Slide 35: Source Undetermined

Source Undetermined Slide 37: Source Undetermined

Slide 38: Tsaitgaist, Wikipeda, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hair_follicle-en.svg



Slide 41: Source Undetermined Slide 42: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection




Slide 46: Adapted and modified from Leson TS, Leson CR, Paparo AA: Text/Atlas of Histology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1988; Source Undetermined Slide 47: Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dissected_lactating_breast_gray1172.png;

U.S. Federal Government



Slide 50: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection ; Source Undetermined Slide 51: Source Undetermined;

Slide 52: Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dissected_lactating_breast_gray1172.png;

Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection


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