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Chapter 1

Intro to A & P

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Anatomy v. Physiology

• Anatomy

• Physiology

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Topics of Anatomy

• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope– Regional: studied area by area– Systemic: studied system by system– Surface: external form and relation to deeper

structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues

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Topics of Physiology

• Reveals dynamic nature of living things

• Considers operations of specific organ systems– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous

system– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

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Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology

• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease

• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

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Structural & Functional Organizations

• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organism

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Organs of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Characteristics of Life

• Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

• Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body• Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust• Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells• Development: changes in an organism over time

– Differentiation: change from general to specific

– Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs

• Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

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Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a stable, relatively constant internal environment– Set point: ideal value– Normal range:

variations of set point– Examples?

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Homeostatic Feedback Systems• 2 types: Negative and Positive• 3 Components

– Receptor: monitors the value of a variable– Control center: receives info from receptor,

establishes the set point, & controls effector – Effector: can change the value of the variable

• Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor

• Response: produced by the effector

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Negative Feedback

• Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)

• Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels

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Positive Feedback• Response is to make

the deviation greater from set point– Example of normal

positive feedback: childbirth

– Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

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Terminology and Body Plan• Anatomical Position

– Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

• Other Body Positions– Supine: lying face

upward– Prone: lying face

downward

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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)

• Directional Terms– Superior (Cephalic)

vs. Inferior (Caudal) – Medial vs. Lateral – Proximal vs. Distal – Superficial vs. Deep– Anterior (Ventral)

vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Regions

• Upper limb

• Lower limb

• Central

– Trunk

• Thorax

• Abdomen – RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Body Planes• Sagittal divides body

into left and right sections

• Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections

• Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections

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Planes of Section Through an Organ

• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ

• Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ

• Oblique: cut at an angle

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity– Cranial Cavity– Spinal Cavity

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Trunk Cavities

• Thoracic– Pleural

– Mediastinum• Pericardial

(diaphragm)

• Abdominopelvic– Abdominal

– Pelvic

Ventral Cavity:

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Serous Membranes

Types:• Visceral• ParietalExamples:• Pericardium• Pleural• Peritoneum• Mesenteries

The visceral peritoneum covers many abdominal organs.

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Imaging Techniques

• Radiography

• Computed Tomography (CT)

• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

• Ultrasound (US)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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•Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures

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• Computed Tomography (CT

Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices

of body.• Dynamic Spatial

Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

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•Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

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•Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

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•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

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•Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.