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Allows the body to move

walking

Blinking, smiling

Also aids in blood pressure regulation

Posture

Heat Generator

Stabilization of joints

Protection of some organs

Control of peristaltic contractions used in the digestive system to move food

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Excitability- receive and respond to a stimulus

Contractibility- ability to become short and thick

Extensibility- ability to be stretched

Elasticity- ability to resume resting length after stretch

Automaticity- can contract involuntarily

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Three types1. skeletal

2. smooth

3. cardiac

Found throughout the body

Functions vary based on type

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Sometimes called striated muscle

Are typically attached to bone by tendons, a tough connective “cord”

Responsible for voluntary movementsrunning

smiling

clapping your hands

Agonist: initiates movement of muscle

Antagonist: oppose or reverses movement

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Methods of Attachment to Bone•Tendon- muscle to bone•Fascia- tough, sheet like•Aponeurosis- broad, flat sheet•Origin- end that does not move•Insertion- end that moves when muscle contracts

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Involuntary control

NOT striated

Aids in Digestive/ Respiratory movement

Located in:large and small intestine

stomach

blood vessels

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Function to:

push food through the digestive system

controls blood flow through vessels

Most can function in the absence of nervous stimulation

Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle move food

through the digestive system

Cardio- comes from a Greek word meaning

heart!

Cardio- comes from a Greek word meaning

heart!

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Located only in the heartAre striated musclesControlled by the central nervous system

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Muscle Tone- state of partial contraction

Adduction- toward body

Abduction- away from body

Rotation- turning around an axis

Flexion- decreasing angle, bending

Extension- increasing angle, straightening

Circumduction- circle around a joint

Pronation- turning down

Supination- turning up

Dorsiflexion- bending foot up

Plantar flexion- bending foot down

Atrophy- when muscles

are not used over a period of

time/ they get smaller

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Fibromyalgia- chronic musculoskeletal pain

Muscular Dystrophy- inherited disease leading to chronic muscle atrophy

Muscle Spasms- sudden involuntary muscle contraction

Strain- overstretching or injury to a muscle or tendon

MedicationsAnalgesic- relieves pain; Aspirin, Tylenol, and

NSAIDS

Anti-inflammatory- reduce inflammation; steroids, ibuprofen and NSAIDS decrease inflammation.

Muscle relaxant- relieves stiffness; Flexeril, Robaxin.

NSAIDS- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Ex.Naproxyn

STOPSTOP

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Is covered with a layer of connective tissue

Nerves and blood vessels enter and exit muscles along this tissue

Structural unit is the muscle fiber or myofiber

do not typically extend the length of the muscle

vary in diameter

Myofibrils make up75-92% of muscle

volume!

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Sarcolemma surrounds muscle fibercomposed of lipid and proteinsis elastic, which allows for muscle contraction and relaxation

Myofibrils extend the length of the muscle fibercomposed of myofilaments

actinmyosin

Myofibril

Sarcolemma

Muscle fiber cross-section

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Skeletal Muscle

MuscleBundles

Myofibrils

Muscle Fibers

Sarcomeres

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Several hundred to several thousand in one muscle fiber depending upon diameter

Has striations, or further divisionscalled sarcomeres

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Contain protein filaments

actin- thin filament

myosin- thick filament

Z line is located at each end

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Z line

ActinMyosin

A band I band

Relaxed Muscle

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Occurs when thin filaments slide over thick filaments

Formation of cross-bridge between myosin and actin must occur

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Actin filament is pulled when the cross-bridge changes shape

causes distance between Z lines to decrease

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Detachment of actin from cross-bridge

Is repeated after myosin-actin cross-bridge formation

ATP provides energy needed for contraction and relaxation

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Motor nerve arrives at motor end plate

Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, is released by the motor neuron

diffuses across the synapse, causing release of calcium ions

allow actin and myosin filaments to form cross-bridge

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Relaxation occurs when acetylcholine is no longer present

cholinesterase is responsible for breakdown of remaining acetylcholine

Calcium is removed and returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Actin-myosin crossbridges are destroyed

Sarcomeres return to resting position

7. What is the main difference between tendons and ligaments?

8. What are the three types of muscle tissue?

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10. Which muscle types are striated?

11. Where can smooth muscle tissues be found?

12. Actin and myosin are ___________.

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