1. 2 t-110.6120 publish/subscribe internetworking helsinki university of technology, spring 2010...
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T-110.6120 Publish/Subscribe InternetworkingHelsinki University of Technology, Spring 2010
Lecture 5: Overview of the PSIRP architectureby Arto Karila
Slides based on the PSIRP project review slides presented in Brussels on March 3, 2009 and deliverable D2.3: Architecture Definition, Component Descriptions, and Requirements
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Introduction
• Project objectives
• Consortium
• Working method
• Development process
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Project Objectives
The key objectives of the PSIRP project are:1. Define and develop a new inter-networking architecture based on the
publish/subscribe (pub/sub) paradigm2. Develop a reference implementation of the core of the new architecture3. Analyse and measure the communications efficiency of new paradigm
by quantitative parameters4. Evaluate qualitative parameters of the new architecture with focus on
security and business incentives and models5. Develop migration and deployment strategies
Other aspects:• Follow the clean-slate design approach – take nothing for granted• Consider migration, e.g., via overlay solution• Emphasize security and socio-economics• Publish the results, including source code, as much and as widely as
possible • Engage with Future Internet community, e.g., cooperate with FIRE
(Onelab2) to test on large scale
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Consortium
• The consortium was formed by people that shared a common vision and wanted to work together towards it
• The partners of PSIRP are:1. Helsinki University of Technology – Helsinki Institute for
Information Technology (TKK-HIIT, FI)
2. RWTH Aachen University (RWTH Aachen, DE)
3. British Telecommunications Plc (BT, GB)
4. Oy L M Ericsson Ab (LMF, FI)
5. Nokia Siemens Networks Finland Oy (NSNF, FI)
6. Institute for Parallel Processing of the Bulgarian Academy of Science (IPP-BAS, BG),
7. Athens University of Economics and Business (AUEB, GR),
8. Ericsson Magyarorszag Kommunikacios Rendszerek K.F.T. (HU)
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Working Method
• Iterative working method– Define a pub/sub-based inter-networking architecture– Implement and validate the architecture– Revise the architecture and its implementation
• Work packages and tasks are allocated to teams that are formed spontaneously, across organizational boundaries– The purpose is to release creativity in a team consisting
of people of different companies and nationalities
The approach has proven its strength and it will be continued in the proposed Pursuit project
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InitialPlanning
Planning
Requirements Analysis & Design
Implementation
Deployment
TestingEvaluation
Development Process
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Technical Overview• Are the fundamentals still valid?• Observation: It’s all about information• Hypothesis: Increased information requires
information-centric network approaches• Approach: Clean-slate with late binding• Design methodology• Main design principles• Information centrism is key• Information concepts• Grouping information networks• Information structures
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Are the Fundamentals Still Valid?
Fundamentals of the Internet• Collaboration
– Reflected in forwarding and routing
• Cooperation– Reflected in trust among
participants• Endpoint-centric services
– (mail, FTP, even web)– Reflected in E2E principle
IP, full end-to-end reachability
Reality in the Internet Today
• Phishing, spam, viruses
– There is no trust any more!
• Current economics favor senders
– Receivers are forced to carry the cost of unwanted traffic
• Information-centric services
– Do endpoints really matter?
– Endpoint-centric services move towards information retrieval through, e.g., CDNs
IP with middle boxes & significant decline in trust in the Internet
vs.
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Observation: It's All About Information
Internet Today:• In 2006, the amount of digital information
created was 1.288 X 10^18 bits • 99% of Internet traffic is information dissemination & retrieval (Van Jacobson)
• HTTP proxying, CDNs, video streaming, …
• Akamai’s CDN accounts for 15% of traffic • Between 2001 and 2010, information will increase 1million times from 1 petabyte (10^15) to 1 zettabyte (10^21)• Social networking is information-centric • Most solutions exist in silos
• overlays over IP map information networks onto endpoint networks
Internet Today:• In 2006, the amount of digital information
created was 1.288 X 10^18 bits • 99% of Internet traffic is information dissemination & retrieval (Van Jacobson)
• HTTP proxying, CDNs, video streaming, …
• Akamai’s CDN accounts for 15% of traffic • Between 2001 and 2010, information will increase 1million times from 1 petabyte (10^15) to 1 zettabyte (10^21)• Social networking is information-centric • Most solutions exist in silos
• overlays over IP map information networks onto endpoint networks
Internet Tomorrow:• Proliferation of dissemination & retrieval services, e.g.,
• context-aware services & sensors• aggregated news delivery• augmented real life
• Personal information tenfold in the next ten years (IBM, 2008)• Increase of personalized video services
• e.g., YouTube, BBC iPlayer• Vision recognized by different initiatives & individuals
• Internet of Things, Van Jacobson, D. Reed
• Lack of interworking of silo solutions will slow innovation and development speed
Internet Tomorrow:• Proliferation of dissemination & retrieval services, e.g.,
• context-aware services & sensors• aggregated news delivery• augmented real life
• Personal information tenfold in the next ten years (IBM, 2008)• Increase of personalized video services
• e.g., YouTube, BBC iPlayer• Vision recognized by different initiatives & individuals
• Internet of Things, Van Jacobson, D. Reed
• Lack of interworking of silo solutions will slow innovation and development speed
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Hypothesis: Increased Information Requires Information-centric Network Approaches
Application developers care about information concepts
– Creation of information topologies of various kinds
-> Endpoint-centric networking structures are inadequate
– Topological network changes too slow in timescale
– Topological network boundaries too restrictive
– Topological network boundaries often not aligned with information topologies
– Overlaying possible but restricted in (developer) scalability
-> If it is all about information, why not route on information?
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Approach
Clean-slate design…• Question ALL fundamentals• Challenge our thinking• Take nothing for granted, including industry structures• Clear vision
…with late binding (to reality)• Consider migration and evolvability in separate work items
– How to get our design into real deployments, e.g., overlay vs. IP replacement?
• Even consider necessary evolution of industry (& regulatory) structures– How do industries need to evolve in certain scenarios?
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Design Methodology
• Combine bottom-up and top-down– Implementation
matters but rationalization is necessary
• Adaptive design is crucial– Information-centrism
is expected to help for areas like metadata & policy
• Aligns well with cycle-based project approach– Creates micro-cycles
of question/remove
Choice Choice
Goals
Principles
Design Patterns & Considerations
Components
Choice
Derive
Map
Specify
Implement
Instance
Quest
ion
Constraints
Rem
ove
Add/Remove Add/Remove
VISION
Deployment
Deploy & evaluate
Observe
SoA
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Main Design Principles
• Information is multi-hierarchically organised – Information semantics are constructed as
directed acyclic graphs (DAGs)
• Information scoping – Mechanisms are provided that allow for
limiting reachability of information to parties
• Scoped information neutrality – Within each information scope, data is only
delivered based on a given (rendezvous) identifier.
• The architecture is receiver-driven – No entity shall be delivered data unless it
has agreed to receive those beforehand.
Communication Model
InformationHierarchies
Informationreachability/scoping
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Information Centrism is Key
• Information is everything and everything is information
– Bootstrap other concepts, e.g., identity, policy, …,
• Scopes build information networks
• Policy is metadata
– So is scope!
• Producers and consumers need no internetwork-level addressing!
Father FriendSpouse Colleague
Scope Family
Scope Company A
Data: Picture
Data: Mail
Governancepolicy
Scope FriendsGovernance
policy
Governancepolicy
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Information Concepts
• Information– Smallest something
• Information collections– Sets of semantically similar information
• Information networks– Sets of information under some common
governance• Information producer
– Entity publishing information to a particular network
• Information consumer– Entity subscribing to information in a particular
network
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Grouping Information Networks
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RId2RId2
Information collectionsalg RId
Information Structures
RId1 RId2Information items
SId1Information networksSId2
SId2SId2
alg SId
Private Information networks
SId2
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Architecture• High-level architecture• Architecture process• Architectural entities• Identifiers• Algorithmic identifiers• Architectural processes• Architecture overview• Components• Application considerations• Conclusions
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High-Level ArchitectureRP : Rendezvous pointITF : Inter-domain topology formationTM : Topology managementFN : Forwarding node
ITFITF
Topology
RPRP
Rendezvous
RendezvousNetwork
Net
wor
k A
rchi
tect
ure
Service Model
Helper
Error Ctrl
…
Fragmentation
Caching
TMTM
TM TM
Forwarding
ForwardingNetwork Forwarding
Network
ForwardingNetwork
ForwardingNetwork
FN
pubpub
pubsub
Apps
Nod
e A
rchi
tect
ure
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Architecture Process
• The aim of the architecture work is to produce coherent design for a publish/subscribe internetwork– Principles, framework, components, internetworking– Networks of information– Using pub/sub in all parts of the protocol suite
• The architecture work is iterative– Interaction with implementation and validation
workpackages• Encompasses both clean-slate and incremental
overlay-based solutions• In practice work is done in a number of
architecture teams with participants from different work packages
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Architectural Entities
• Information items– Any data that can be labelled with an identifier– Items can have different identifiers depending on the level of
abstraction• Application identifier, rendezvous identifier, forwarding
identifier• Algorithmic identifiers
• Information networks (or scopes)– Information items grouped into a network of information under a
scope– Scopes can be interpreted at various levels of abstraction
• Information subscribers and publishers• Domains
– Administrative network areas that can be connected using inter-domain forwarding architecture
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Identifiers
Publish / Subscribe
Metadata(source is implementation-dependent)
Data
Scope Identifiers(SId)
Includes...
Associated with...
Application Identifiers(AId)
Rendezvous Identifiers(RId)
Forwarding Identifiers(FId)
Network Transit Paths
Includes...
Resolved to...
Resolved to...
Define...
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Architectural processes
• Rendezvous– The process of resolving higher level identifiers to lower
level identifiers within a given scope.– Three simple cases: link-local, intra-domain, inter-domain
• Topology management and formation– Management of data delivery topologies and forwarding
graphs• Forwarding
– Data delivery within a single administrative domain or across multiple domains.
– Temporal forwarding identifiers for each publisher and subscriber are derived via the rendezvous and topology management processes
– Various routing and forwarding protocols can be used, for example a new protocol replacing IP or IP-based overlays
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Architectural processes
• Helper functions– Extensions to core functionality of the network
architecture, such as management and transport• Network attachment
– Discovery of network attachment points and network configuration
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Subscriber Publisher
Forwardingedge nodes
Forwardingnode
Forwardingnode
Topology
ASRendezvous
Data Forwarding
Subscribe
Forwardingnode
Topology
ASRendezvous
Forwardingnode
Publish
Createdeliverypath
ConfigureForwardingpath
Architecture Overview
AS
Topology
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Component Wheel
• The network architecture is based on a modular and extensible core called the PSIRP Component Wheel
• Components may be decoupled in space, time, and context– Layerless protocol suite
• Typical components include rendezvous, forwarding, helper functions, and caching.
• Applications may insert or request new components to the wheel at runtime.
• The components are attached to the local blackboard– Shared components, publications, state– Pub/sub is used to signal changes to blackboard state
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Component Wheel
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Compare w/ Haggle Architecture
[Sco2006]
J. Scott, P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, C. Diot, Haggle: A Networking Architecture Designed Around Mobile Users,
IFIP WONS 2006, Les Menuires, France, 2006
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Component Wheel Interactions
Subscriber Blackboard Caching Routing and forwarding Low-level Link
Register and subscribe notifications
Register and subscribe notifications
Subscribe
Notify first component in plan
Component done, no cache hit
Notify second component in plan
Access memory object
Forward subscription
Publication
Insert publication as memory object
Notify componen in plant
Notify that has been added to cache
Notify subscriber
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Service Model and API
We have considered four different classes of network services:1. A low-level page model that exposes network
forwarding and rendezvous/topology formation functions• Basic building block on top of raw forwarding API
– Pages and no error or congestion control• Listen(FiD), Forward(FiD, meta-data, data)• Mapping of information items to FiD• Pub/sub API towards higher levels
2. A mid-level memory object model• Memory pages are mapped to publications
3. A mid-level channel model4. Various high-level service models including shared
state and document models
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APIs
Low-level page API
Memory Object API
Channel API
Higher-level APIs
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Rendezvous
• Many faces of rendezvous– Link-local, inter-domain, information services, communal
services, …• The main requirements for this functionality are:
– Scalability to Internet-like networks and data space sizes– Efficiency of operation, measured in signalling overhead
and overall latency– Deployability
• The network is defined in terms of domains and their interconnections– Interconnections between domains include upstream,
transit, downstream– Rendezvous networks are units of deployment for the
PSIRP rendezvous functionality. The rendezvous networks are formed by rendezvous nodes (RNs), organized as a BGP-like inter-domain hierarchy
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Rendezvous Networks
RNA
RNB
RNB10
RNB100
NSub
RNC
NPub
RP
RNC10
RNC100
Interconnection overlay
Rendezvous network
RNX Rendezvous node
End nodeNX
RP
Sub
Pub
Rendezvous point
Subscriber
Publisher
Rendezvous signaling
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Intra- and Inter-Domain Operation
• Forwarding is configured by the rendezvous system with the help of the topology management function
• Key challenge is scalability• Intra-domain forwarding
– Initial work on Bloom-filter based forwarding mechanism indicates that they are useful for sizes up to metropolitan area networks
– FiDs identify partial distribution graphs– Minimal state in the routers
• Inter-domain forwarding– Solution must take performance and policy requirements
into account– Initial work on DHT-based overlay and understanding
implications for inter-domain routing– Inter-domain topology function
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Security and Packet Level Authentication (PLA)
• Direct and indirect cryptographic association using identifiers and rendezvous– Public keys and one-way hash values– Algorithmic identifiers
• Packet Level Authentication (PLA) is one candidate protocol for securing PSIRP network functions– We assume that per packet public key cryptography operations are
feasible in Internet's scale because of new digital signature algorithms and advances in semiconductor technology
– PLA is a novel solution for protecting the network infrastructure against various attacks (e.g., DoS) by providing availability
– Each packet has a signature (ECC)– Good analogy for PLA is a paper currency: anyone can verify the
authenticity of the bill by using built-in security measures like watermark and hologram, there is no need to contact the bank that has issued the bill
– The network should be able to fulfill its basic goal: to deliver valid packets of valid users in reliable and timely manner in all situations
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Prototype Implementation
PSIRP Apps
Legacy Apps
Sockets APIEmulator
Apps
PSIRP Library API
Upper layers(possibly Python)
Libraries
Kernel
PSIRP Kernel API
Lower layers (C/C++)
Ethernet Wi-Fi IP GMPLS
Packet Level Authentication (PLA)
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Application Considerations
• Application programming interfaces– Inherently information centric– 1-to-1 message stream
• Similar to TCP/IP socket API– 1-to-N bidirectional connection
• Similar to UDP over IP multicast– 1-to-N document distribution
• Similar to CDN and P2P protocols
• Examples– WWW functionality– BitTorrent-like content distribution
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Example: Scoping in CS-comms.
Using a scope to initiate client-server-like communications
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Example: Invitation in CS-comms.
Using an invitation to initiate client-server-like communications
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Example: Adding a Node to Tree
Simplified signaling for adding a node to a concast-like tree
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Example: Interactions in the component wheel
Interactions in the component wheel
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zFilter Forwarding Tables
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Link ID Tag (LIT) Generation
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LIT Router Model
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Multicast-Assisted Mobility
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Conclusions
We have outlined an information centric network architecture• Publish and subscribe are the basic primitives making
multicast the norm• Decoupling in space and time• Receiver driven (subscriber has control)• Rendezvous as the primitive to connect publishers and
subscribers across domains on multiple levels– Mapping to forwarding structures
• Scoping of data into manageable sets• Architecture work is iterative• Implementation and evaluation are on-going activities