1 a comprehensive investigation of the risky driving behaviour of young novice drivers presenter:...
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A comprehensive investigation of the risky driving behaviour of young novice drivers
Presenter: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate
(Prof Barry Watson, Dr Mark King, Dr Melissa Hyde)
Directions in Road Safety Research, Brisbane,18-19 June 2012
• Queensland, 2010• 23% of all persons killed in car crashes 17-24
years (12% of the state’s population)
• Queensland, 1 July 2004 – 30 June 2009• The young driver was at fault in 81% of
fatality and 72% of hospitalisation crashes
• Cost of crashes?
Extent of the Problem
0 61 2 3 4 5 70
Years after licensing
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
No.
dri
vers
in
casu
alt
y c
rash
es Provisional licence phaseLearne
rlicencephase
Open licence phase
Source: Queensland Government, 2005
Casualty Crash Involvement in Queensland by Licence Type
My PhD Research Program
• Study 1: Inform the development of the survey instrument for Studies 2 and 3• Study 1A: State-wide sample of young novice drivers
• N = 761, attending a tertiary institution,17-25 years old, Provisional licence
• Online questionnaire exploring driving attitudes and behaviours
• Study 1B: Small group and individual interviews in a local shopping centre
• N = 21, 16-25 years old, Learner or Provisional driver’s licence• Questions exploring influence of parents, peers, and Police on
risky driving (imitation, punishments, rewards)
My PhD Research Program
• Study 2: What is happening in the pre-Licence and Learner phase? • Recruited across Queensland as novices progressed
from Learner to Provisional 1 driver’s licence; N = 1170 (17-25 years)
• Online or paper questionnaire
• Study 3: What is happening during the first six months of the Provisional 1 licence? • All participants from Study 2 invited to participate• Online or paper questionnaire• N = 390
Theoretical Framework
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model
Environment
Person Behaviour
How do we measure it?Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS)
1. Transient violations 13 items, e.g., speeding, handheld mobile phone
2. Fixed violations 10 items, e.g., drink driving, carry more passengers than can fit in car
3. Misjudgement 9 items, e.g., misjudging speed of oncoming vehicle, missed exit
4. Risky driving exposure 9 items, e.g., driving tired, carrying friends at night
5. Driver mood 3 items, e.g., drive faster if in a bad mood
Key findings: Behaviour
Key findings: Behaviour
• Pre-Licence drivers (12%) continue risky driving• Most Learners and Provisional 1 (P1) drivers
compliant with general and GDL-specific road rules (e.g., night driving, alcohol)
• 78% of P1 drivers have their own car within 6 months of licensure; risky driving, offences
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Self-reported speeding Learners Provisional
< 10 km/hr 69% 80%
10-20 km/hr 32% 50%
> 20 km/hr 13% 24%
Key findings: Person
• Socio-demographics• Age (younger more speeding, older more difficulty as
Learners)• Gender (males consistently more risky)• Ethnicity (not born in Australia/don’t speak English as main
language at home more pre-Licence driving, inaccuracy)• Rurality (more avoidance of Police in rural areas)• Car ownership (owners more risky)• Employment status (employed more risky)• Relationship status (partner more pre-licence driving,
unsupervised Learner driving, speeding)• Study status (not studying more pre-Licence driving /car)
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Key findings: Person
• Psychological traits/states• Sensitivity to rewards and punishments
• Sensitivity to punishment subsumed within influence of anxiety and depression (not considered any further)
• Males report greater reward sensitivity
• Sensation seeking propensity • Separate influence to reward sensitivity• Males report greater sensation seeking propensity
• Psychological distress• Females report greater anxiety and depression
• All three variables were significant predictors of self-reported risky driving and of speeding specifically
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• Enhanced-GDL• Average of 110 hours recorded in logbook• Average of 92 hours actual driving practice (89.2 hours
with parents/friends; 9.7 hours with professional)• Most logbooks accurate (13% ‘rounded’, 4% extra)
• Comparison to Learners in former-GDL program• Longer Learner period (12.4 months, now 16.5 months) • More Learner driving practice (63 hours, now 108 hours) • No change in age to Provisional licence (both17.5 years)• Less difficulty getting practice (from 35% to 23%)• Less unsupervised driving (from 17% to 10%)• Fewer crashes and offences
Key findings: Environment (Structural)
Key findings: Environment (Social)• Parents and peers were models
• ‘Punishment’ dependent upon outcome (‘bad’ vs ‘not bad’)
• Parents• Some facilitated punishment avoidance ( riskier novice driving)• Some low-quality supervision of Learner driving
• Peers• Likely to encourage and to reward risky behaviour • Can effectively punish/ discourage risky behaviour but unlikely to
do so (‘older friends would, same age would not’)
• Police • Punishment avoidance (e.g., talk out of ticket) perceived as reward• ‘Targeting’ novice drivers decreased novice plate compliance• Active avoiders of on-road presence more risky (e.g., speeding)
Future Research• Pre-Licence through Provisional 2 period
• Pre-Licence driving, unsupervised driving• ‘Readiness’ for licensure• Learner practice characteristics, supervision when risky• Behaviours and attitudes, psychosocial influences • Distraction, driving purpose, own car • Punishment avoidance• Long-term impacts of GDL changes
• BYNDS (Refinement /validation; international application)
• Trial interventions in Queensland context (Feedback devices; Checkpoints program; ‘Structured’ Learner period)
• ‘Problem young driver’ (Develop/ trial interventions)
Mark your Diaries!
International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference (T2013)
25-28 August 2013, Brisbane
http://ositconference.com
Registrations Open 5 March
Mark your diaries!Occupational Safety in Transport
Conference (2012)20-21 September 2012, Gold Coast
Questions?
Contact Details: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate