1 basic structure of a cell history of cell theory mid 1600s – anton van leeuwenhoek –improved...
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Basic Structure of a Cell
History of Cell Theory•mid 1600s – Anton van
Leeuwenhoek– Improved microscope, observed many living
cells
•mid 1600s – Robert Hooke – Observed many cells including cork cells– Named the cell
•1850 – Rudolf Virchow– Proposed that all cells come from existing cells
• SCI.9-12.B-2.1 - [Indicator] - Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells).
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•SCI.9-12.B-2 - [Standard The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.]
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*Cell Theory1. All organisms consist of 1 or
more cells.2. Cell is the smallest unit of
life.3. All cells come from pre-
existing cells.
Observing Cells (4.1)
•Light microscope– Can observe living cells in true color– Magnification of up to ~1000x– Resolution ~ 0.2 microns – 0.5 microns
Observing Cells (4.1)
•Electron Microscopes– Preparation needed kills the cells– Images are black and white – may be colorized– Magnifcation up to ~100,000
•Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
– 2-D image
•Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
– 3-D image
SEM
TEM
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*Introduction to Cells*Introduction to CellsCells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under
microscopeBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cellcopyright cmassengale
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*Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
*Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
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SCI.9-12.B-2.3 - [Indicator] - Compare the structures and organelles
of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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*ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
•Only example is bacteria
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*Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganelleOrganelless
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
• SCI.9-12.B-2.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
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CYTOSKELETON
MITOCHONDRION
CENTRIOLES
LYSOSOME
GOLGI BODY
SMOOTH ER
ROUGH ER
RIBOSOMES
PLASMA MEMBRAN
EFig. 4-15b, p.59
Chromatin
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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*Golgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side
& a receiving side& a receiving side• Receive & Receive & modify modify
proteinsproteins made by ER made by ER• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles
with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends
Transport
vesicle
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*Lysosome• Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down food and Break down food and
worn out cell parts worn out cell parts for cells for cells
• Programmed for cell Programmed for cell death (lyse & release death (lyse & release enzymes to break enzymes to break down & recycle cell down & recycle cell parts)parts)
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*Nucleolus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• DisappearsDisappears when when
cell dividescell divides• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes
that make that make proteinsproteins
• SCI.9-12.B-2.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
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*Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes lipids also detoxifies poisons from medicine and alcohol
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
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Rod shape*Site of Cellular respiration
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion(mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
*Surrounding the *Surrounding the CellCell
• SCI.9-12.B-2.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
*Cell or Plasma *Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
Read this!Proteins and carbohydrates on the outside
of cells give cells their “identity.” This lets the immune system know that the cells belong in that body.
Transplanted organs are often rejected by the body because the immune system recognized the proteins and carbs as not belonging to that person’s body.
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• SCI.9-12.B-2.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNABounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
• SCI.9-12.B-2.2 - [Indicator] - Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).
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Chromoplast – gives plants colors other than green.
Amyloplast – stores starch in plants- found in potatoes
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
Cell wall
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
*Plant Cell*Plant Cell
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Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
*Plant Cell Organelles*Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
•Near the nucleus•Paired structures•Help cell divide•Not found in plant
cells
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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*Similarities between *Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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*Differences between *Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
*Differences between *Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Plant Cells and Animal
CellsCells
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationCELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
ORGAN SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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The cell is the Basic The cell is the Basic Unit of LifeUnit of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organizationLevels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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TissueTissue
•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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OrganOrgan
• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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It’s You!
Terms for your testRibosomesChloroplast*PhotosynthesisMitochondria*Prokaryotic*EukaryoticSmooth ERRough ER*Amyloplasts*ChromoplastsCell membrane
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Golgi bodiesChromatinCentrioles in centrosomeChromosomesNucleolusVacuoles*Difference b/w prokaryotic/eukaryotic smooth/rough ER plant/animal cell