cell structure & function. robert hooke (1600s) named the cell after viewing cork under...
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Cell Structure & Function
•Robert Hooke (1600s) named the cell after viewing cork under m’scope
At 40x tattoo ink in dermis of skin
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• Basic features of all cells: – Plasma membrane– Semifluid substance called cytosol– Chromosomes (carry genes)– Ribosomes (make proteins)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2 Types of Cells
• Prokaryotes: earliest cells;
Have NO NUCLEUS
• Eukaryotes: modern cells/most
cells( all but bacteria)
HAVE A NUCLEUS
Fig. 6-6
Fimbriae
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium
(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
0.5 µm
Sickle Cell Anemia *note misshapen RBC
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. New cells come from existing cells
-Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Functions of Organelles
Cytoplasm(Cytosol)
• Thick, clear gel-like substance found throughout cell
• Supports the organelles
Nucleus
• “control center” of cell• Contains the chromosomes (genetic info.= DNA*)• Has all instructions to make new
proteins• *DNA from both parents found
here
Nucleolus
• Center of nucleus
• Site of ribosome synthesis
(ribosomes are made here)
Fig. 6-UN1a
Cell Component Structure Function
Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s geneticinstructions are housed inthe nucleus and carried outby the ribosomes
Nucleus Surrounded by nuclearenvelope (double membrane)perforated by nuclear pores.The nuclear envelope iscontinuous with theendoplasmic reticulum (ER).
(ER)
Houses chromosomes, made ofchromatin (DNA, the geneticmaterial, and proteins); containsnucleoli, where ribosomalsubunits are made. Poresregulate entry and exit osmaterials.
Ribosome Two subunits made of ribo-somal RNA and proteins; can befree in cytosol or bound to ER
Protein synthesis
Fig. 6-10
NucleolusNucleus
Rough ER
Nuclear lamina (TEM)
Close-up of nuclear envelope
1 µm
1 µm
0.25 µm
Ribosome
Pore complex
Nuclear pore
Outer membraneInner membraneNuclear envelope:
Chromatin
Surface ofnuclear envelope
Pore complexes (TEM)
Chromosomes
• Contain genetic information/DNA
• Chromatin combines to form
• Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Fig. 15-1
Fig. 15-5
X
Y
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Extensive system of tubules and membranes
–2 Types:
1.Smooth ER
2.Rough ER
Smooth ER
• Synthesis of lipids (cholestrol)
• Breaks down/metabolizes carbohydrates
• Packages enzymes for secretion
• De-toxification of alcohol in liver ER
Fig. 6-12
Smooth ER
Rough ER Nuclear envelope
Transitional ER
Rough ERSmooth ERTransport vesicle
RibosomesCisternaeER lumen
200 nm
Fig. 6-11
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large subunit
Small subunit
Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER and ribosomes
0.5 µm
Rough ER
• Has ribosomes attached
• One of the sites of protein assembly
Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis • Made of RNA + protein• Means: proteins are made here• Free Ribosomes: NOT attached
to ER• Bound Ribosomes: attached to
ER
Cell Membrane(plasma membrane)
•Support
•Protection
•Regulates which substances enter & exit = Selectively
permeable
Fig. 6-7TEM of a plasmamembrane
(a)
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
Outside of cell
Inside ofcell 0.1 µm
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Hydrophilicregion Phospholipid Proteins
Carbohydrate side chain
Fig. 6-30
EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDCollagen
Fibronectin
Plasmamembrane
Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Integrins
Proteoglycancomplex
Polysaccharidemolecule
Carbo-hydrates
Coreprotein
Proteoglycanmolecule
Proteoglycan complex
What might ENTER a cell?
• Oxygen
• Dissolved nutrients
• Potassium and other ions
• water
Vacuoles
• Storage of –Water
–Dissolved nutrients
–Even Waste
**animals have few, very small
Fig. 6-15
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
5 µm
Central Vacuole
• Plants have a large central vacuole.
• Takes up most of plant cell–Supports
–Turgor Pressure
–“Wilting” process: how?
Nuclear Membrane
• Protects nucleus (why necessary?)
• Has Nuclear Pores: holes to allow substances to enter/exit
Lysosomes
• Animal Cells
• Bags of hydrolytic enzymes
• Digests old cell organelles
Cytoskeleton
• System of protein fibers• (Microtubules,
microfilaments)1. Gives cell shape2. Supports cell3. Helps move organelles
Fig. 6-1
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Body
• Proteins are modified and packaged here for secretion
• “warehouse/UPS” of cell
• Lysosomes are made here
Fig. 6-13
cis face(“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) Cisternae
trans face(“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus)
TEM of Golgi apparatus
0.1 µm
Fig. 6-16-3
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Mitochondria
• “powerhouse of cell”= energy is produced
• Site of cellular (aerobic) respiration (ATP is made)
• Was once an independent, free-living organism
Fig. 6-17
Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membraneCristae
Matrix
0.1 µm
• More active cells have more mitochondria- WHY?
Ex: muscle cells have more• Has a membrane surrounding And DNA of its own!mtDNA- inherited from
mother/materlineal Used in forensics (sometimes)
Endosymbiont Theory:
Idea that…..
1. Chloroplasts & mitochondria were once free-living
2. Moved into eukaryotic cell
3. Became an organelle of cell
Why do we think this?
Both chloroplasts & mitochondria have:
a) Outer membrane
b) Energy source/function
c) Both have bits of genetic material
Fig. 6-19
1 µm
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
• Plant Cells
• Located in middle of leaf tissue
• Site of photosynthesis
• green- chlorophyll
• Was once free-living, independent• *has maternal DNA (interesting!)
Fig. 6-18
Ribosomes
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Inner and outer membranes
1 µm
Cell Wall
• Plants only
• Support
• Protection
• Made of cellulose: strong carbohydrate
Fig. 6-28
Secondary cell wall
Primary cell wall
Middle lamella
Central vacuoleCytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
1 µm
Centrioles
• Animal cells
• Helps move chromosomes apart during mitosis
Cilia and Flagella
• Protein fibers• Cilia- short fibers; all over• Flagella- long fibers; 1 or 2• purpose: locomotion
(movement)• Ex: paramecium, spermatozoa
Fig. 6-23
5 µm
Direction of swimming
(a) Motion of flagella
Direction of organism’s movement
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(b) Motion of cilia15 µm
How Are Plant Cells and Animal Cells Different?
Plants:• Chloroplasts• Cell walls• Central vacuole• Green: chlorophyll• None• Rectangular shape
Animals• None• None• Few, smaller• None• Lysosomes• Different shapes• More mitochondria