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Bio 102

Laboratory 13

GrossAnatomy ofthe Kidney, Nephrons,

and Reproductive System

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Objectives for Today’s Lab• On human models and in the cat:

– Identify the gross structures of the kidney and its blood supply listed in your lab handout

– Identify the structures of the nephron on human models

– Identify the male/female reproductive structures listed in your lab handout

• NOTE: CAT structures to be located for this lab are listed in your Lab Guide Handout with a “*”

• See the following in your Laboratory Manual– Human Urinary System Anatomy: Exercise 40, pp. 613-626

– Human Reproductive System Anatomy: Exercise 42, pp. 635-650

– Cat Dissection Exercises 8 (pg. 755) and 9 (pg. 759)

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Digestive Enzyme Lab Summary Table

Enzyme Optimum pH Substrate Product Source in body

 Salivary amylase  

7 Starch/CHODisaccharides/

MonosaccharidesSalivary glands

 Pepsin  

2 Proteins/PeptidesPeptides/

Amino acids

Stomach (Pepsinogen, Chief

cells)

 Pancreatic Lipase 

7-8 TriglyceridesFatty Acids &

MonoglyceridesPancreas

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Location of Kidneys

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Located from T12 to L3

Left kidney is slightly higher than right kidney

Adrenal glands sit on the medial and superior part of kidneys

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Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Renal capsule is tough, fibrous capsule (tunica fibrosa)

Hilus is entry point for renal artery, vein, and nerve (mostly sympathetic fibers)

Bases of renal pyramids face the cortex, apices face the renal pelvis and end at renal papillae

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Renal Blood VesselsFigures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

(Cortical Radiate artery)

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The Nephron

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Histology of Kidney

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Histology of Ureter

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Histology of Urinary Bladder

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Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

(Bartholin’s glands)

(Skene’s glands; lesser vestibular glands)

(In anteflexion)

(Fallopian)

*

* *

*

*

*

*

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Ovaries and Their Attachments

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Fold of peritoneum that attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity (limits side-to-side movement and rotation)

Posterior view

*

*

***

*

*

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Mammary Glands

Mammary glands as shown are for women in last trimester of pregnancy or who are nursing.

The areola, a ring of pigmented skin, covers large sebaceous glands that give it a bumpy appearance. Sebum reduces chapping and cracking of the nipple.

Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

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Male Reproductive System

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

*

*

* **

*

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Male Reproductive Organs

posterior view

*

*

*

*

*

*

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Male External Reproductive Organs

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

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Kidney with fibrous capsule

Renal vein

Renal artery

Ureter

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UreterRenal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Renal capsule

Renal artery

Renal vein

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Renal medulla

Renal cortex

Renal pelvis

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Left ureterUrethr

a

Urinary bladder

Left kidney

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Urethra

Urogenital sinus

Urinary bladder

Left ureter

Left kidney

Right kidney

Right ureter

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Left kidney

Left ureter

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Right ureter

Right kidney

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Right kidney

Right ureter

Urinary bladder

UrethraProstate gland

Crus of penisBody of penis

Glans penis

Left kidney

Left ureter

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Penis

Urinary bladder

Right ureter

Right kidney

Left kidney

Left ureter

Urethra

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Left ductus deferens

Left spermatic cord

Testis (covered by tunica vaginalis)

Epididymis (covered by tunica vaginalis)

Glans penis

Scrotum

Body of penis

Crus of penis

Right spermatic cord

Prostate gland

Urethra

Right ductus deferens

Urinary bladder

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Urinary bladder

Urethra

Root of penis

PenisForeskin

Glans penis

Prostate gland

Ureter

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Left testis

Foreskin

Penis

Root of penis

Left spermatic cord

Left ductus deferens

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Ureter

Right ductus deferens

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral glands

Right spermatic cord

Right testis

Epididymis

Glans penis

Scrotum

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Left spermatic cord

Left testis

Scrotum

Right testis

Right spermatic cord

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Uterine horn

Left ovary

Urogenital sinus

Urethra

Vagina

Uterine body

Suspensory Ligament

Right ovary

Ovarian Ligament

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UreterLeft ovary

Left uterine tube

Left uterine horn

Uterine body

Vagina

Urogenital sinus

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Right uterine horn

Right uterine tube

Right ovary

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Urogenital sinus

Uterine body Vagin

a

Left uterine horn

Left ovary

Left uterine tube

Left suspensory ligament

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Left uterine horn with fetus

Left ovary

Right ovary

Right uterine horn with fetus

Uterine body

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Fetus

Uterine horn, opened

Small intestineUreter

Uterine body

Fetus

Placenta

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What you should do in lab today…

• Look at models of human kidney and nephrons in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos

• Look at models of human reproductive structures in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos

• In the dissected cat, locate the kidney and reproductive structures listed in your Laboratory Guide

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Last Lab of Semester (yahoooeee!)

• Urinalysis next lab – some things to remember– You should restrict your intake of food and

beverages for TWO HOURS prior to lab• Do not do this if you have a medical condition that would

prohibit this

– Do NOT urinate before lab! • You’ll be collecting a specimen soon after you get to lab

and using it as your control sample

• We may have some time between ‘pees’, so bring questions if you have them.

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Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2• Lab Exam 1 will consist of 25 stations and 52 fill-in-the-blank questions. (plus

bonus questions)  You will be expected to be able to recognize all structures listed in your Laboratory Guide and know the items listed on this study guide.

• Remember that SPLLEING COUTNS!!  You will lose 1 point for every 2 spelling errors you make.

• For help in studying the following items and getting practice, be sure to look at the following items in the Laboratory Section of the gserianne.com Web site

• 1. The online PowerPoint Quizzes and 'Links to Explore' (if available)

• 2. Mastering A&P Web site (PAL, PhysioEx)

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Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2Respiratory System (Labs 9 and 10) – 14 questions

• Be able to calculate minute volume given tidal volume and breathing rate

• Define respiratory volumes and capacities in words and relate the numeric formulas to their definitions.

• Solve for vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, using known (given) volumes and/or capacities.

• Define tidal volume and recall the normal, average tidal volume in adults (if it's not given to you).

• Name and correctly spell the equipment used to assess lung volumes and capacities.

• Predict the effect of blood CO2 levels and various experimental conditions on breathing.

• Recognize the anatomical structures listed in your study guide on the human models/photographs and in the dissected cat (larynx, trachea, L/R bronchi, R/L lung, and diaphragm - and the thyroid gland)

• Identify microscopically, in photomicrographs: a) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract b) mucus glands/goblet cells and c) respiratory cilia

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Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2Digestive System & Digestive Enzymes (Labs 11 and 12) – 18 questions

• Identify, given a model or a photograph of a model or a dissected cat, ALL the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide. Correctly list the substrates, products, and optimal conditions for the digestive enzymes we investigated in Lab 12 (salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipase).

Urinary and Reproductive Systems (Lab 13) – Urinary 12, Repro 6 questions

• Be able to recognize all structures, including all parts of the kidney and nephron and the adrenal glands [torso, plaque models, individual models, photos] listed on your Laboratory Guide for the human and cat (starred items).

• Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the male listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items)

• Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the female listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items)

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Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2

Urinalysis (Lab 14) – 2 questions

• Review your urinalysis lab/results and be sure to understand what you did in lab, i.e., why do we see the results we see after ingesting particular solutions?

• Name the instrument used to measure specific gravity

**Remember to do the online quizzes available on our main Web site!

**You will not need to bring a calculator - will be provided