1. celt to caesar roman britain
DESCRIPTION
Prehistoric Britain prior to Caesar's invasion with particualr attention to the Iron Age.TRANSCRIPT
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Roman Britain
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From Celt to Caesar
The ‘Celts’(and their predecessors)
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Roman Britain - Britannia
• Iron Age (Celts) (500-50 BCE)• Roman Influence (55 BCE-43 CE)• Roman Domination (43 CE – 410 CE)• Sub Roman (Britons) (410 CE - ?)
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Prehistoric Britain
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Ice Age Britain
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MesolithicBecoming an Island
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These Islands
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From Foragers to FarmersMesolithic – Neolithic Transition
Monument Builders
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Influences
• Neolithic – Introduction of agriculture, Monumental stone construction
• Chalcolithic – Introductions of metal working• Bronze Age – Improved metal-working• Iron age
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Iron Age
• Hallstatt ~700-500 BCE• La Têne ~500 BCE - Roman• Belgae ~150 BCE - Roman
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Celts-Languages
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Celtic Language Groups
Brythonic• Welsh• Breton• Cornish• GaulishSubstitute p for q
Son (m)apHorse epos
Goidelic• Gaelic (Irish)• Gaelic (Scottish)• Manx
Q (kw) written as cSon macHorse equos
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The Iron Age
• Hallstat c.700-600 BCE in Austria– Burials in 4 wheel chariots– Serpent with ram’s head– Gold torcs
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Lyn Fawr Hoard750-600 BCE
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Maiden Castle
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Neolithic Maiden Castle
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Iron Age Maiden Castle
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Effects of Agricultural Expansion
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Agriculture/Land Use
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Population Growth
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
9000 8000 7000 5000 2000 1000 0
Year (BC)
Po
pu
lati
on
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Vix Burial
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Hallstatt Cult Wagon
Strettweg , Austria 7th c. BCE
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The Middle Iron Age
• La Tene c. 500 BCE centered on Rhine and Marne– Two wheeled chariots– Vegetative designs
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From Hallstatt to la Tene
Hallstatt La Tene
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Wetwang Chariot Burial 1
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Wetwang Chariot Burial 2
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Coral and enamel studs
On horse bit
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Weaving – Antler comb
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Battersea Shield
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Newbridge Chariot Burial
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Newbridge Chariot Burial
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Philip
Late
Celtic
Evolution of Celtic Coins
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Potin from Gaul, Winchester, 70 BCE
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Potin, Dingar, Essex, 100-50 BCE
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Potins
c. 100 BCE
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Staters
Westerham Staterc. 70 BCE
Chute Stater
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Bugthorpe Scabbard
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Birdlip Grave
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Desborough and Birdlip Mirrors
Dated after Caesar’s invasion
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Winchester Hoard
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Trade with the Continent
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Social strata
• Civitates-tribes• Pagi-kinship units or clans
– Kings – Class of knights (equitates) – Class that included artists, craftsmen, bards,
lawyers, genealogists, musicians and Druids.
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Diet
• High protein diet• No differences between
sexes• No differences between
chariot burial and others• No detectable
consumption of marine resources
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Iron Age Village
Chysauster, Cornwall
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Chysauster on the Ground
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Timber Hut – Iron AgeCarn Euny
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Chysauster-Reconstruction
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Fogou
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AgricultureChanges in the Iron Age
• Increasing population• Use of land formerly marginal
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Enclosures
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Lynchets
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Celtic Fields, Butser Hill, Hamps.
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Crops
Cereals– Emmer, Einkhorn, Rivet and Spelt. – Oats were grown mainly for animal feed– Rye is another grain used for baking as bread.– Barley for beer
Vegetables– Peas, Beans Onions, Garlic, Carrots, and Cabbage.
Dye Plants– Woad -Blue dye– Madder-Red dye– Weld -Yellow dye
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Iron Age Cattle(?) – Dexter Cattle
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Iron Age Sheep
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Iron Age Agricultural Tools
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Revolutionary domestic appliance
Saddle quern, Cornwall Rotary quern, Yorkshire
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Roman Knowledge of Britain
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Mediterranean Reports• C.600 IERNE (Ireland) and ALBION (Britain)
described in Massilia (Marseille)• 325 BCE Pytheas,a Phoenician claims he had
sailed around Britain • 135-150 BCE Posidonius, or Poseidonios - of Syria
writes about Druids• 56 BCE Diodorus Siculus combines accounts
CantiumBelerium
Orca
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Posidonius’ Map (150-130 B.C.)
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Tribes
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Religion and its Manifestations
• Causeways 1500-300 BCE• Deposits in waterways• Shrines 400 BCE-43 CE
– Often connected with Romano-British temples• Druids
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Fiskerton, Causeway Excavation457-300 BCE
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Fiskerton log boat
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Trackway, Corlea
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Iron Age Road?
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Witham Shield400-300 BCE
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Development of a ShrinePhases – Hayling Island
• Phase I: Two enclosures and pit ~50 BCE– Association with Belgae and Commius?
• Phase II Temple: Circular structure surrounds pit ~0-25 CE
• Roman Temple ~60 CE
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Human Sacrifice
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Human Sacrifice
Cauldron found In Denmark
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Druids
• Repository of traditional knowledge– Gods– Tribal Law
• Administration of justice.• Supervision of sacrifices. • Used lunar calendar.
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Goddess?
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Celt and Roman Worldviews
• Nature• Human sacrifice
• Individualistic• Abstract• Higher status for
women• Oral tradition
• Engineering• Execution
(abolished human sacrifice in 97 BCE)
• Organized• Realistic• Low status for women• Written tradition
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Trade
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Trade –Roman Influence
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SE England
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Oppida
• Administrative centers• Fortified• Industrial• Trading centers• Mints
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Impending Clash
• Rivalry between tribes• Relationship with Gauls• Roman expansion into Gaul• An ambitious warrior - Caesar