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Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style An Internet Journal Article with No Print Equivalent

Foster, S. K., Paulk, A., & Dastoor, B. R. (1999). Can we really teach test-taking skills?  New Horizons in Adult Education, 13(1). Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html

A Government document Alberta. Alberta Learning. Special Education Branch. (2006). Essential components of educational programming for students with behavior disabilities. Retrieved from http://education.alberta.ca/media/511687/ecep_behaviour_disabilities.pdf

An Online Full-text DissertationBranch, J. L. (2000). Information-seeking processes of junior high students: A case study of CD-ROM encyclopedia use (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Digital Dissertations (AAT NQ59566)

An E-BookPolette, N. J. (2000). Gifted books, gifted readers: Literature activities to excite young minds. Englewood, Co: Libraries Unlimited. Retrieved from http://www.netLibrary.com

A Newspaper Article Avery, B. (2000, February 9). Oil Prices likely to remain high: Non-OPEC suppliers unable to challenge cartel. The Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from http://www.edmontonjournal.com 

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Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style (cont’d) Online encyclopedia

Adamski, B. K. (n.d.). Lacrosse. In Canadian Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC888940

A Web Document American Psychological Association. (2001). Electronic references. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html 

A Web Site No reference entry is needed; give the URL of the site in text. For example, 2Learn is a very useful Web site for teachershttp://www.2Learn.ca/mapset/mapset.html

E-Mail  Cite e-mail communication in text only. No reference entry is needed. For example, J. Tong (personal communication, February 9, 2009)

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Content Analysis and Existing Statistical Sources

Neumann, Ch. 8: Research with Nonreactive Measures (pp. 208-223)

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Alternative Conceptualizations of Identity:Substantialist vs Relational

substantialist: identities as durable, encompassing attributes of actors, individual or collective

relational: identities as social relations and their representations, as seen from the perspective of one actor or another

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Identities are answers to the questions “Who are you?” and “Who are they?”

Charles Tilly (1998, 2003), proposes that identities consist of the following: a boundary separating me from you or us from

them a set of relations within the boundary a set of relations across the boundary a set of stories about the boundary and

relations

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What is Nonreactive Research?

nonreactive research: a collection of research techniques in which the people in the study are unaware that someone is gathering information or using it for research purposes, e.g., physical evidence analysis content analysis existing statistics analysis secondary data analysis

unobtrusive measures: most nonreactive measures do not intrude or disturb a person, so the person is unaware of them

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Content Analysis

content analysis: a nonreactive technique for studying communication messages

text: in content analysis, it means anything written, visual or spoken in a communication medium

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Sample for the Czech and Slovak Ethno-National Claims (CSENC) Catalog

All BBC news reports from January 1, 1993 – December 31, 2002 generated by a search of “headlines, lead paragraph(s) and terms” using the keywords “Czech Republic” and

“Slovakia”

Keyword search produced list of headlines averaging around 7,000 annually, per country,

(including duplicates)

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Read only reports whose headlines mentioned the following:

contentious claims by organizations (domestic and external) on behalf of ethno-national categories identifying residents (past or current)

nationality/minority policy contentious claims involving foreign

governments any interactions with external certifying agencies

(e.g., the EU, NATO, the US, IGOs, and certain NGOs)

contentious gatherings of any kind

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How to Measure and Code in Content Analysis

coding system: in content analysis, a set of instructions or rules stating how text was systematically measured and converted into variables

What do you measure? Direction Frequency Intensity Space Prominence

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CSENC coding categories

Context Actor Claim Object Other Information

-Date-Day-Location-Source

-Actor type -Organization -Representative-Features -Identity category-Member or

advocate?

-Claim type-Categorical

pair-Event type -Claim text

-Object type -Organization-Representative-Features-Identity category

-Event details-Police involvement?-Arrests? -Property damage?-Violence?

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The following kinds of claims were coded:

contentious claims by organizations (domestic and external) or public gatherings of 5 or more people on behalf of ethno-national categories referring to residents (past or current)

policy recommendations and expressions of concern from international institutions that refer to political, social and economic behavior in the Czech or Slovak states

domestic claims by organized political actors addressed to external certifying agencies

contentious gatherings of groups consisting of 5 or more persons not featuring “ethno-national” claims

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Domestic actors/objects were divided into the following types: governments: prime ministers and cabinet-level officials ruling parties: political parties that make up the ruling

coalition major opposition parties: the largest opposition

political party or coalition of parties, capable of forming a government

minor opposition parties: smaller opposition parties in parliament; or parties incapable of forming a government

extra-parliamentary actors: non-parliamentary political parties, nongovernmental organizations and contentious gatherings involving at least five people

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External actor/object types were the following:

government, political party or extra-parliamentary actor from neighboring state

certifying agents: international organizations, powerful states, and select NGOs (international authorities)

“non-certifying” international/Western NGOs

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Basic event types: “speech acts” and “contentious gatherings” speech acts:

public pronouncements (made in press briefings, political meetings, and interviews)

written statements (including reports) government/parliamentary proceedings (including resolutions) diplomatic actions (correspondence, boycott of meetings, recall

of ambassador) contentious gatherings:

marches (moving demonstrations) rallies (stationary demonstrations) commemorations (memorial gatherings that are not

“contentious” at their inception but come to feature contentious claims)

occupations (illegal takeover of space by persons) blockades (illegal occupation of roadways by motor vehicles)

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Coding, Validity, and Reliability

manifest coding: content analysis coding in which you record information about the visible, surface content in a text

latent coding: coding in content analysis in which you look for the underlying, implicit meaning in the content of a text

intercoder reliability: a measure of measurement consistency in content analysis when you have multiple coders

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Typology of nationalist and ethnic claims

Primacy claims draw a boundary between the nation and some other political category, attaching distinct sets of political interests to the two sides. Interests may be characterized as merely distinct or conflictual; the distinction in interests may be characterized as situational or fundamental (references to a fundamental distinctions in interests are specially coded as “fundamentalist”). Primacy claims affirm the priority of national identity and interest over some other collective identity/interest without specifying an object. Terms such as “integrity,” “unity,” “indivisibility,” “tradition,” and “custom” frequently figure in primacy claims.

Disloyalty claims have internal objects who are accused of placing non-national loyalties ahead of national ones, with treason charges at the extreme. In charges of disloyalty, the categorical pair features the nation and the alleged rival political allegiance of the accused internal party. The rival allegiance may be inside the state or outside. For example, it could be an object’s local ethnic community or it could be a supranational community. Claimants commonly accuse objects of: “servility,” subversion,” and “collaboration,” as well as “disloyalty.”

Interference claims always have an external object and charge that an external actor has violated the nation’s sovereignty in some way. More often than not the word “interference” appears in nationalist claims of this type. Other frequent indicators are: “meddling,” “intruding,” “intervening,” “dictating,” “patronizing,” and “violating sovereignty.”

External co-ethnic support claims have external objects: other members of the nation who reside abroad. They rest on the nationalist principle that nationality overrides citizenship and that state authorities should defend and promote the identity co-ethnics abroad, towards preserving national integrity. The category paired with the nation in these claims is usually the titular nation of the state where co-ethnics reside.

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Total Czech & Slovak nationalist claims, 1993-2002

0

20

40

60

80

100

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

year

tota

l cla

ims

CZ NAT

SL NAT

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Total ethno-national claims in CR, by type

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

year

tota

l cla

ims

MJY NAT MNY NAT ETHNIC

Total ethno-national claims in SK, by type

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

year

tota

l cla

ims

MJY NAT MNY NAT ETHNIC

Total ethno-national claims in CR & SK, by type

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Mining Existing Statistical Sources to Answer New Questions

social indicator: any measure of social conditions or well-being that can be used in policy decisions

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Verifying Data Quality

Missing dataReliabilityValidityTopic knowledgeFallacy of misplaced concretenessEcological fallacy

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Verifying Data Quality (cont’d)

fallacy of misplaced concreteness: when statistical information is reported in a way that gives a false impression of its precision

ecological fallacy: mistaken interprestations that occur when you use data for a higher or bigger unit of analysis to examine a relationship among units at a lower or small unit of analysis