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Directed by: Dr. PJ Benfield and Dr. Matt Turner

Mentor : Miss Doreen Forsythe

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IntroductionSchool: Lee High SchoolTeam Name: Superstars of Modern Aeronautics

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Figuring out the questionWhat is Europa?

Research/ Study (lectures, online, flight reports)

Question would center around the ocean and magnetic field

The original question and why it changed

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The Question How does Jupiter's magnetic field and Europa’s

flexing effect Europa’s induced magnetic field?Question breakdown

What is flexing?Relationship between Jupiter’s magnetic field and

the ocean currents of Europa

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Research, what needed to be measured, what instruments were needed to answer the

question, and how they were chosen.

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Science Traceability Matrix

Goal Science Objective

Investigation

Measurement

Instrument

Explore Europa’s flexing

Characterize changing shape of Europa

Determine amplitude of Europa’s flexing caused by Jupiter’s gravity

Measure distance from Europa surface to spacecraft

Laser Altimeter

Explore Europa’s induced magnetic field

Characterize magnetic field of Europa and Jupiter

Determine level of Jupiter and Europa’s magnetic field

Measure strength and direction of Jupiter Europa’s magnetic field

Magnetometer

Find Spacecraft magnetic field

Characterize spacecraft of Jupiter

Determine spacecraft magnetic field

Measure strength and direction of spacecraft magnetic field

Magnetometer

Explore any correlation between flexing and change in magnetic field

Characterize changes in flexing corresponding to changes in magnetic field

Determine if there is a change in magnetic field that corresponds to the flexing of Europa’s surface

Evaluate changes in both distance between Europa’s surface and spacecraft and changes in strength and direction of magnetic field

Laser Altimeter and Magnetometer

Example Budget

Instrument Volume Mass Power Consumption

Data communication

Laser Altimeter

0.45cm x 0.31cm x 0.35 cm

9.6 Kg 26.2 W 10 Kbps (S- band)

MagnetometerFGM + V/SHM

8.82 kg Sleep mode 7.5Vector/vector mode 11.31 W

.004 MbpsKa-band

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Define components of the QuestionFind magnetic flux vs. conductivity relationshipEuropa travels through Jupiter’s magnetic fieldElectricity is created in the ocean - - Europan magnetic

fieldJupiter’s gravity creates flexing of Europa’s surfaceHypothesis: Europa’s flexing (caused by Jupiter’s

magnetic field) and Jupiter’s magnetic field effect the magnitude of Europa's induced magnetic field We believe that flexing will change the shape of the

ocean, therefore affecting the conductivity of Europa and its magnetic field.

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How we plan to take measurements and timeline of events: Instrument breakdown

BoomLanyard Deployed

Method: Most common method of

deployment Stowed strain energy

drive deploymentTip-mounted lanyard

controls the deployment via motor

The fiberglass boom is 10meters long.

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Dual Technique Fluxgate Magnetometer-301The Dual Technique FGM

magnetometer will placed in the middle of the boom (5 m)

It will measure the magnetic field of the spacecraft to determine if there is any contributing magnetic field from the spacecraft

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Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer

Located at the very end of the boom to provide information about Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field.

Measure the magnetic field at Europa

sensitive enough to resolve the induction signal generated in Europa’s ocean

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Magnetic Field Two magnetometers

Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer (VSH/M) and Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM)

Known and unknown variablesJ, S, E, (J + S + E) J = Known; intensity of Jupiter's magnetic field from past flights

(5 × 10-4 to 1 T. 10,000 gauss or 1 tesla from Voyager 1 & 2) S = known; magnetic field around spacecraft E= unknown Europa’s magnetic field (J + S + E) = measurements taken with magnetometers; combined

measurements of the spacecraft magnetic field, Europa’s induced magnetic field and Jupiter's magnetic field

Calculate (J + S + E) – J = (S + E) – S = Europa magnetic field

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Lunar Orbiter Laser AltimeterMeasures topographic

differences at cross-over points globally across Europa’s surface with at least 1 meter vertical accuracy.

Change in distance from the spacecraft to the surface will be determined

Greatest chance of error caused by error in the spacecraft orbit if orbit can be stabilized this

error should be within 1 m.

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Laser Altimeter Solid Works

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How often will points be tested? Satellite Tool Kit (STK) modelsThe team used the models to:

Measure that the spacecraft needs to be at a 94 degree angle, the altimeter needs to be at a 30 degree angle in order to gather accurate information

Negotiate for 94 degree orbit angleMeasure that at every 15 degrees, the laser altimeter will

take a picture of Europa’s surface at that specific location and send that information back to the spacecraft. We have to take measurements of the 15 degrees at least 3 times.

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Europa Orbit & Satellite 94-30 degrees

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Payload DesignLOLA will be located on the

side of the spacecraft that is pointed toward the surface of Europa consistently during the mission.

The boom with both magnetometers will be deployed into the 50-100 km orbit around Europa. It will extend away from the surface of Europa.

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How we use the measurements that we took to answer the question

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Magnetic Flux of Jupiter

Φ = B (A cos θ)

Φ=magnetic flux symbol

B = magnetic field

A cos θ = shape of the planet

θ = the area of the spacecraft in relation to Europa

Jupiter’s magnetic field

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ConductivityMore magnetic flux– more

electricity createdPosition in Jupiter’s magnetic

field depends on electricity created

Solve for conductivity with ohms lawResistance x current =

voltage to find resistance ( R ^-1 = conductivity).Current (I) is substituted for

[Δ Φ/ Δt ]Use Faradays law (assuming

Europa is one loops) to find voltage

Faradays LawVoltage Generated

(EMF) = -N (ΔBA/Δt) (-) direction of fieldN = number of loops B = magnetic fieldA = areaT = timeΦ= magnetic flux

symbol (we substituted BA for this symbol)

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Problem SimplificationOur physics scenario is simplified as if Europa was

one metal loop acting as a battery.In reality, we would need to take a computer program

and find the true 3D area of Europa .

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TimelineEnter Europa’s orbit and deploy boom immediately to start

magnetometers continuous measurements and laser altimeters first measurement of every fifteen degrees.

2 weeks later- one orbit around Europa has been completed (1 Europa day= 85 hours)

Continue this pattern for 90 Earth days (time granted for data collection)

At the end of this period, final measurements go from payload to spacecraft & the boom does not contract.

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SummaryQuestion: Is Europa’s induced magnetic field affected by

Jupiter’s magnetic field and Europa’s flexing?We believe that the answer is yes due to conductivity and

magnetic field.Our goal- discover more about the characteristics of

Europa for future reference

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