1. epithelial: covering2. connective: support3. nervous: control4. muscular: movement

Most organs have several types of tissues.

Arrangement of tissues determines organ’s structure and function.

fit close together forms continuous sheets bound together by

desmosomes and tight junctions

one apical surface (unattached) exposed to body’s

exterior some slick, some

smooth some with cilia,

microvilli

lowest surface – basement membrane structure-less secreted by cells support

avascular

protect underlying structures

act a barrier allow passage of

substances secretion absorption

2 names1- # of relative

layerssimple = onestratified = > 1

2 – shapesquamouscuboidalcolumnar

structure: single layer on basement layer flattened cells disc-shaped nucleus fit close together

function: diffusion filtration

location: air sacs of lungs walls of capillaries lining of ventral body cavity

and covering of cavity organs

kidneys

structure: single layer on basement

layer cube-like cells spherical shaped nucleus Some have cilia or

microvilli.

function: active transport facilitated diffusion secretion absorption

location: glands and their ducts kidney tubules surface of ovaries

structure: single layer on basement

layer tall cells; close together oval nucleus Some have cilia. Some have goblet cells.

▪ produce mucus

function: secretion of mucus absorption ciliated: propel mucus,

move eggs

location: non-ciliated: digestive

tract ciliated: bronchi, uterus

structure: single layer of mixed height

cells attached to basement layer

appears stratified but is not some goblet cells some cilia nuclei at different levels

function: secretion of mucus ciliated: propulsion of

mucus

location: non-ciliated: large glands

and their ducts, male urethra

ciliated: trachea, upper respiratory tract

structure: several layers Free edge is squamous. cuboidal/columnar on

bottom▪ can regenerate▪ New cells pushed to surface

to replace surface cells as needed.

keratinized▪ composed of dead cells

non-keratinized ▪ living cells with moist surface

function: protects underlying tissue keratinized

▪ protection from abrasion▪ barrier▪ reduces water loss

non-keratinized▪ protection▪ barrier▪ allows rapid movement of

water

location: keratinized▪ epidermis

non-keratinized▪ linings of mouth▪ esophagus▪ vagina

structure: > 1 layer of cuboidal relatively rare

function: absorption secretion protection

location: sweat gland ducts ovarian follicular cells salivary glands

structure: > 1 layer ▪ upper layer: columnar▪ lower layer: cuboidal or

irregular

relatively rare

function: absorption secretion protection

location: mammary gland

ducts larynx male urethra

structure: special type of stratified base cells

▪ stretched: appear squamous

▪ unstretched: appear cuboidal

Surface cells can vary.

function: allows stretching protects against urine

location: linings that expand▪ ureters▪ bladder▪ part of urethra

glands one or more cells that

secrete a particular product onto a surface or into a cavity

composed primarily of epithelium

structure: endocrine

▪ ductless

exocrine▪ have ducts

function: endocrine

▪ secrete into bloodstream exocrine

▪ empty secretions onto surface

location: endocrine

▪ thyroid▪ adrenal▪ pituitary

exocrine▪ sweat, oil glands▪ liver▪ pancreas

most abundant and widely distributed tissue type

different in fiber type and number of fibers

good blood supply except: tendons/ligaments – poor blood

supply cartilage – avascular

living cells surrounded by a matrix what makes this type of tissue different from

all others living cells and non-living substances separates cells from one another

1. enclosing and separating

form capsules around liver, kidneys

separate muscles

2. connect tissues to one another

Tendons attach muscle to bone.

Ligaments hold bones together.

3. supporting and moving bones – support for body semi-rigid cartilage –

support in nose, ears, surfaces of joints

4. storing high energy molecules

and minerals

5. cushioning and insulating

Fat beneath skin cushions bones, insulates to conserve heat.

6. transporting blood7. protecting

immune system, blood, bones

structure: soft, pliable gel-like matrix▪ mostly collagen, few

elastic fibers cells widely separate fibroblasts phagocytes some white blood cells

function: protects holds internal organs

together cushions (packing

material) holds tissue fluids

location: throughout body fills spaces between

glands, muscles, nerves under epithelial cells▪ supports basement layer

structure: fat cells Nucleus pushed to side by

fat droplets. very little matrix closely packed

function: store energy (f00d fuel) supports and protects

organs insulates

location: under skin around kidneys, eyeballs,

abdomen, breasts

structure: reticular fibers look like fibroblasts

function: forms stroma (soft internal

skeleton) for other cell types

location: lymph nodes bone marrow spleen

structure: densely packed collagen

fibers fibroblasts

function: attaches muscle to bone

or bone to bone

location: tendons ligaments lower layers of skin

structure: firm matrix

▪ looks blue-white, glassy

collagen fibers chondroblasts chondrocytes

function: supports reinforces allows growth of long bone resists compression

location: embryonic skeleton attachment of ribs to

breastbone joints nasal cartilages larynx

structure: less firm than hyaline white fibers in thick

bundles

function: absorbs compressive shock rigidity with flexibility

location: discs of knee joints intervertebral discs pubic symphysis

structure: elastin in matrix yellow

function: able to distend and return to

original state

location: external ear epiglottis

structure: very hard matrix

▪ contain calcium salts and collagen

osteocytes in lacuna (spaces in matrix)

function: supports protects Marrow is site for blood cell

formation.

location: bones

structure: liquid matrix non-living blood plasma

contains blood cells Fibers are soluble protein

molecules.

function: transports nutrients and

waste

location: capillaries, veins, arteries

contract (shorten) – makes movement possible

Elongated cells called muscle fiber. length is greater diameterCells resemble tiny threads.

3 types1. skeletal2. cardiac3. smooth

structure: long, cylindrical several nuclei per cell

located on edges obvious striations

function: voluntary movement facial expressions

location: muscles attached to bones

or other connective tissue occasionally skin

structure: cylindrical, shorter than

skeletal one nuclei per cell connected by intercalated

discs (junctions)

function: involuntary movement to

pump blood

location: walls of heart

structure: spindle shaped, tapered at

each end central nuclei no striations

function: involuntary control movement of food in

digestive tract empties urinary bladder

location: walls of hollow organs

except heart skin eyes

cells: neurons irritability and conductivityCytoplasm is long extension.Supporting cells insulate and

support. brain, nerves, spinal cord

structure: Neurons are branching

cells. extended cytoplasm Neuroglia insulate and

support.

function: transmit electrical signals coordinating, controlling

body activities

location: brain, spinal cord, nerves