1 geography overview
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT I
GEOGRAPHY IS THE MOST
SUBJECT ON THE PLANET
VITAL VISUAL VARIED
GEOGRAPHY
IS ALL ABOUT EVERYTHIN
G!
Geography as a branch of knowledgeNature of GeographyHistory of Geography
Branches of GeographyImportance of studying Geography
"The science concerned with the formulation of the
laws governing the spatial distribution of certain features
on the surface of the earth." - Fred
Schaefer, 1953
"Study of human ecology; adjustment of man to natural surroundings." - Harland Barrows, 1923
"How environment apparently controls human behavior." -
Ellen Semple, c. 1911
"Geography is both science and art" - H.C. Darby, 1962
"Geography is the study of the patterns and processes of human (built) and environmental (natural) landscapes, where landscapes comprise real (objective) and perceived (subjective) space." - Gregg Wassmansdorf, 1995
GEOGRAPHYGREEK WORDS
geo graphe“EARTH” “TO DRAW”
WRITING ABOUT THE EARTH
•Geographers are scientists who study the relationship between people and their environments.
BRANCHES AND TYPES OF GEORAPHY
HUM
AN G
EOGR
APHY
PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY
• Physical geography—study of the physical features and changes on the earth's surface
• Human geography—study of humans and their ideas, and the impact of human ideas and actions on the earth.
BRANCHES AND TYPES OF GEORAPHY
THE ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY
PHYSICAL OR NATURAL ELEMENTS
CULTURAL OR HUMAN ELEMENTS
A. Weather and ClimateB. Landforms 1. Continents and Islands 2. Highlands 3. LowlandsC. Waterforms 1. Oceans and Seas 2. Waters of the LandsD. Plants and AnimalsE. Natural Resources
A. Man 1. Population 2. Cultural Groups 3. Cultural InstitutionsB. Works of Man 1. Settlements 2. Economic or Ways of Life 3. Routes of Transportation 4. Communication
IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
IS ALL ABOUT EVERYTHIN
G!
• help us know more about each other and our cultures, • help us understand our environment
and problems associated with it, • help us better understand the ways
in which each of us interacts with, and is dependent on others and the environment,
• and help us solve environmental, political, economic, and social problems.
information and facts about the
world
attitudes towards
environments balanced
appreciation of world problemschallenge
ofproblem solvingfundamental
knowledge for planning, research...
preparation for
allied fields(geology, mapping, urban planning...)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTHERODOTUS 485-425 B.C. TOPOGRAPHICAL
DESCRIPTIONS
ERATOSTHENES 3RD CENTURY B.C. EARTH IS ROUND
HIPPARCHUS 4TH CENTURY B.C. IMAGINARY LINESTHALES OF MILETUS 6TH CENTURY B.C. GEOMETRIC PRINCIPLES
TO MEASURE THE LAND ANAXIMANDER CYLINDER SHAPED EARTH
ARISTOTLE 384-322 B.C. EARTH WAS SPHERESTRABO 64 B.C. - 20 A.D. GEOGRAPHICS
PTOLEMY A.D. 100-170 GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTBERNHARD VARENIUS GEOGRAPHICA GENERALIS
IMMANUEL KANTALEXANDER VON
HUMBOLDT WHERE AND WHY APPROACHFRIEDRICH RATZELELLEN CHURCHILL
SEMPLEHUMAN GEOGRAPHY (FOUNDER)
ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON
CLIMATE AS A DETERMINANT OF CIVILIZATION
PAUL VIDAL DE LA BLACHE REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY APPROACH
CARL SAVER
FIVE THEMES OF
GEOGRAPHY
P LACER EGIONE NVIRONMENTL OCATIONM OVEMENT
1
2
3
4
5
• includes physical and human characteristics of a place
PLACE1
• areas with distinctive characteristics: human characteristics, such as demographics or politics, and physical characteristics, such as climate and vegetation.
REGION2
• how people interact with the environment, and how the environment responds, with three key concepts:
• D-A-M
ENVIRONMENT3
• Absolute location• Relative location
LOCATION4
• the travel of people, goods, and ideas from one location to another, or political events
MOVEMENT5
UNIT II
Types of Maps and Their InterpretationThe Globe and Its FeaturesTables, Graphs and Charts
• a drawing or other representation, usually on a flat surface, of all or part of the earth's surface, ordinarily showing countries, bodies of water, cities, mountains, etc.
MAPS
shows distance, direction, size and shape in horizontal
spatialrelationship
illustrates differentkinds of
iinformation(population distribution
land use, etc.)
best way of communicating
information about the earth
indespensable toolsfor geographers
MAP
Map Projections
Mercator
Equal-Area
Interrupted
• a.k.a. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION• best used for
navigating at sea
Mercator
Equal-Area
• shows true area which represents the same amount of the earth's surface• shows area in
their proper proportion
• like a peeled orange• with very little
distortion in size/shape• more accurate
than the first two
Interrupted
OLITICALPECIAL-PURPOSEOPOGRAPHICARTOGRAM
HYSICALPPSTC
Kinds of Map
•emphasizes the natural features of the Earth
HYSICALP
• shows man-made features–boundaries–capitals–etc
OLITICALP
• shows information of a specific kind
PECIAL-PURPOSES
•shows the roughness of the Earth
OPOGRAPHICT
• exreme variation of the special-purpose map designed to send a strong pecific message to the map reader
ARTOGRAMC
• MAP SCALES• MAP LEGENDS• GRID–Meridians of Longitudes– Parallels of Latitudes
– Remote Sensing– Landsat Images
HOW TO READ MAPS
Landsat
MAP ELEMENTS
• A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth.
• The word "globe" comes from the Latin word globus, meaning round mass or sphere.
GLOBE
• BEST REPRESENTATION
OF THE EARTH• FEATURES
– Lines of Latitude– Lines of Longitude– The Arctic and the Antarctic
Circles– The International Date Line– Time Zones– Hemispheres– Continents and Oceans
GLOBE
Tables, Graphs and Charts
TABL
ES visual displays of numerical or non-numerical data arranged in vertical columns so that the data may be emphasized, compared, or contrasted.
GRAP
HS
A kind of picture that makes the facts from the table easier to understand.
BAR GRAPH and LINE GRAPH
CHAR
TS
PICTOGRAPH - chart that uses picture symbols to stand for fixed amounts of selected things.
PIE CHART
Nature of Geography and Continents in the World
Continents and Landscapes in the World
ContinentsFrom Latin "continere" for "to hold together",
terra continens, the "continuous land".
AfricaA Roman term Africa terra "African land", the land of Africus, the northern part of Africa, a part of the Roman Empire. The Roman name has possibly its roots in the Phoenician term Afryqah, meaning "colony", as transliterated into Roman Latin.
AmericaThe name America was first used in 1507 by the Cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in its treatise "Cosmographiae Introductio" to name the New World, after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator who made two (or four) trips to America with Spanish and Portuguese expeditions, it was Vespucci who first recognized that America was a new continent.
Asia Latin and Greek origin - the "Eastern Land", it is speculated to be from the word asu "to go out, to rise," in reference to the sun, thus "the land of the sunrise."
EuropeLatin and Greek origin. Europa, Europe, often explained as "broad face," from eurys "wide" and ops "face." Some suggests a possible semantic origin by the Sumerian term erebu with the meaning of "darkness" and "to go down, set" (in reference to the sun) which would parallel Orient.
AustraliaLatin - Terra Australis incognita the "Unknown Southern Land", an imaginary, hypothetical continent, a large landmass in the south of the Indian Ocean, the supposed counterpart of the Northern Hemisphere
AntarcticOld French: antartique, in Modern Latin: antarcticus, in Greek: antarktikos, from anti: "opposite" + arktikos: "of the north".
Renick, D. & Dahlman, C. (2014). Introduction to Geogaphy: People, Places & Environment 6th edition. Pearson Educaton Inc.
Blij H. , Muller, P. & WinklerPrins A. (2010). Geography of the World 4th edition(International Student Version. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clifford, N., Holloway, S. et al. (2008). Key Concepts in Geography 2nd edition. SAGE Publications Inc.
https://www.google.com.ph/maps