1 hydropower professor stephen lawrence leeds school of business university of colorado boulder, co
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Hydropower
Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of Business
University of ColoradoBoulder, CO
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Course Outline Renewable
Hydro Power Wind Energy Oceanic Energy Solar Power Geothermal Biomass
Sustainable Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Nuclear Fossil Fuel Innovation Exotic Technologies Integration
Distributed Generation
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Hydro Energy
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Hydrologic Cycle
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html
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Hydropower to Electric Power
PotentialEnergy
KineticEnergy
ElectricalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
Electricity
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Hydropower in Context
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Sources of Electric Power – US
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Renewable Energy Sources
Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm
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World Trends in Hydropower
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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World hydro production
IEA.org
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Major Hydropower Producers
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World’s Largest Dams
Ranked by maximum power.
Name Country YearMax
GenerationAnnual
Production
Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW
Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs
Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs
Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs
Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs
Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs
“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org
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Three Gorges Dam (China)
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Three Gorges Dam Location Map
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Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)
“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org
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Itaipú Dam Site Map
http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/itaipudam.htm
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Guri Dam (Venezuela)
http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml
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Guri Dam Site Map
http://lmhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htm
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Grand Coulee Dam (US)
www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html
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Grand Coulee Dam Site Map
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Grand Coulee Dam StatisticsGenerators at Grand Coulee Dam
Location Description Number Capacity (MW) Total (MW)
Pumping Plant Pump/Generator 6 50 300
Left PowerhouseStation Service Generator 3 10 30
Main Generator 9 125 1125
Right Powerhouse Main Generator 9 125 1125
Third PowerhouseMain Generator 3 600 1800
Main Generator 3 700 2100
Totals 33 6480
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Uses of Dams – US
Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm
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Hydropower Production by US State
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Percent Hydropower by US State
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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History of Hydro Power
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Early Irrigation Waterwheel
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Early Roman Water Mill
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Early Norse Water Mill
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Fourneyron’s Turbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Hydropower Design
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Terminology (Jargon) Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy.
The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head
Dams: three categories high-head (800 or more feet) medium-head (100 to 800 feet) low-head (less than 100 feet)
Power is proportional to the product of head x flow
http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm
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Scale of Hydropower Projects Large-hydro
More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid Medium-hydro
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid Small-hydro
1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid Mini-hydro
Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry
in remote areas away from the grid. Pico-hydro
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.
www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf
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Types of Hydroelectric Installation
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Meeting Peak Demands Hydroelectric plants:
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
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Types of Systems Impoundment
Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Diversion or run-of-river systems
Niagara Falls Most significantly smaller
Pumped Storage Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned
to a lower elevation for power generation A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy
production
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Conventional Impoundment Dam
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
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ExampleHoover Dam (US)
http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg
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Diversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower
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ExampleDiversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska)
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
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Micro Run-of-River Hydropower
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
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Micro Hydro Example
http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr
Used in remote locations in northern Canada
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Pumped Storage Schematic
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Pumped Storage System
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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ExampleCabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado)
Completed 1967 Capacity – 324 MW
Two 162 MW units Purpose – energy storage
Water pumped uphill at night Low usage – excess base load capacity
Water flows downhill during day/peak periods Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%
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Pumped Storage Power Spectrum
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Turbine DesignFrancis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs
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Types of Hydropower Turbines
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Classification of Hydro Turbines Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
Impulse Turbines Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
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Schematic of Francis Turbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Francis Turbine Cross-Section
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Small Francis Turbine & Generator
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
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Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee Dam
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
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Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
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Kaplan Turbine Schematic
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
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Kaplan Turbine Cross Section
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
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Suspended Power, Sheeler, 1939
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Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Horizontal Kaplan Turbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Pelton Wheel Turbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Turgo Turbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Turbine Design Ranges
Kaplan Francis Pelton Turgo
2 < H < 40 10 < H < 350 50 < H < 1300 50 < H < 250
(H = head in meters)
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Turbine Ranges of Application
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Turbine Design Recommendations
Head Pressure
High Medium Low
Impulse PeltonTurgo
Multi-jet Pelton
CrossflowTurgo
Multi-jet Pelton
Crossflow
Reaction FrancisPump-as-Turbine
PropellerKaplan
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Fish Friendly Turbine Design
www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html
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Hydro Power Calculations
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Efficiency of Hydropower Plants
Hydropower is very efficient Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water) Typical losses are due to
Frictional drag and turbulence of flow Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Hydropower Calculations
P = power in kilowatts (kW) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1) Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec) H = effective head (m)
HQP
HQgP
10
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Example 1aConsider a mountain stream with an effective head of
25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ) per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant efficiency () of 83%.
H = 25 m Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec = 0.83
P 10QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075P 2.1 kW
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Example 1bHow much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate
each year?
E = P×tE = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE = 18,396 kWh annually
About how many people will this energy support (assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?
People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13 About 6 people
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Example 2Consider a second site with an effective head of 100
m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions.
P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts)
E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE = 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours)
People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWhPeople = 1.45 million people
(This assumes maximum power production 24x7)
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Economics of Hydropower
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Production Expense Comparison
Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm
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Capital Costs of Several Hydro Plants
Note that these are for countries where costs are bound to be lower than for fully industrialized countries
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Estimates for US Hydro Construction Study of 2000 potential US hydro sites Potential capacities from 1-1300 MW Estimated development costs
$2,000-4,000 per kW Civil engineering 65-75% of total Environmental studies & licensing 15-25% Turbo-generator & control systems ~10% Ongoing costs add ~1-2% to project NPV (!)
Hall et al. (2003), Estimation of Economic Parameters of US Hydropower Resources, Idaho National Laboratoryhydropower.id.doe.gov/resourceassessment/ pdfs/project_report-final_with_disclaimer-3jul03.pdf
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Costs of Increased US Hydro Capacity
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
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Costs of New US Capacity by Site
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
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High Upfront Capital Expenses 5 MW hydro plant with 25 m low head
Construction cost of ~$20 million Negligible ongoing costs Ancillary benefits from dam
flood control, recreation, irrigation, etc.
50 MW combined-cycle gas turbine ~$20 million purchase cost of equipment Significant ongoing fuel costs
Short-term pressures may favor fossil fuel energy production
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Environmental Impacts
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Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams
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Ecological Impacts Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to
inundation of reservoir area Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other
downstream services Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
Creation of new wetland habitat Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new
reservoirs
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Environmental and Social Issues Land use – inundation and displacement of people Impacts on natural hydrology
Increase evaporative losses Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles Sedimentation/silting
Impacts on biodiversity Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
Water chemistry changes Mercury, nitrates, oxygen Bacterial and viral infections
Tropics
Seismic Risks Structural dam failure risks
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Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive NegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates
Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%)
Variable output – dependent on rainfall and snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications
Social impacts of displacing indigenous people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects
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Three Gorges – Pros and Cons
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Regulations and Policy
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Energy Policy Act of 2005
Hydroelectric Incentives Production Tax Credit – 1.8 ¢/KWh
For generation capacity added to an existing facility (non-federally owned)
Adjusted annually for inflation 10 year payout, $750,000 maximum/year per facility
A facility is defined as a single turbine Expires 2016
Efficiency Incentive 10% of the cost of capital improvement
Efficiency hurdle - minimum 3% increase Maximum payout - $750,000 One payment per facility Maximum $10M/year Expires 2016
5.7 MW proposed through June 2006
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World Commission on Dams Established in 1998
Mandates Review development effectiveness of large dams and
assess alternatives for water resources and energy development; and
Develop internationally acceptable criteria and guidelines for most aspects of design and operation of dams
Highly socially aware organization Concern for indigenous and tribal people Seeks to maximize preexisting water and
energy systems before making new dams
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Other Agencies Involved FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Comm.
Ensures compliance with environmental law IWRM – Integrated Water & Rsrc Mgmt
“Social and economic development is inextricably linked to both water and energy. The key challenge for the 21st century is to expand access to both for a rapidly increasing human population, while simultaneously addressing the negative social and environmental impacts.” (IWRM)
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Future of Hydropower
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Hydro Development Capacity
hydropower.org
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Developed Hydropower Capacity
World Atlas of Hydropower and Dams, 2002
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Regional Hydropower Potential
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Opportunities for US Hydropower
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
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Summary of Future of Hydropower Untapped U.S. water energy resources are immense Water energy has superior attributes compared to other
renewables: Nationwide accessibility to resources with significant power potential Higher availability = larger capacity factor Small footprint and low visual impact for same capacity
Water energy will be more competitive in the future because of: More streamlined licensing Higher fuel costs State tax incentives State RPSs, green energy mandates, carbon credits New technologies and innovative deployment configurations
Significant added capacity is available at competitive unit costs Relicensing bubble in 2000-2015 will offer opportunities for
capacity increases, but also some decreases Changing hydropower’s image will be a key predictor of future
development trends
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
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Next Week: Wind Energy
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Extra Hydropower Slides
Included for your viewing pleasure
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Hydrologic Cycle
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World Hydropower
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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Major Hydropower Producers Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed) USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed) Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed) China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed) Russia, 173,500 GWh (44,700 MW installed) Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed) Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed) India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed) France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed)
1999 figures, including pumped-storage hydroelectricity
“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org
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Types of Water Wheels
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World Energy Sources
hydropower.org
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iea.org
OECD: most of Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, UK, US
Evolution of Hydro Production
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iea.org
OECD: most of Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, UK, US
Evolution of Hydro Production
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Schematic of Impound Hydropower
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Schematic of Impound Hydropower
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Cruachan Pumped Storage (Scotland)
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Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee
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Historically… Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and
Switzerland in the 1890's. By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-
generators were available Adjustable speed machines now used to improve
efficiency Pumped hydro is available
at almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days.
Efficiency = 70 – 85%
http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm
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Small Horizontal Francis Turbine
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Francis and Turgo Turbine Wheels
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Turbine Application Ranges