1 information management dig 3563 – lecture 3: requirements j. michael moshell university of...
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1
Information Management
DIG 3563 – Lecture 3:
Requirements
J. Michael Moshell
University of Central Florida
Ferrit.com.au.
Imagery is fromWikimedia except where marked with *.
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Tell 'em what you're gonna tell 'em
• concepts of requirements analysis
• Problems with requirements analysis
• A rubric and check-list
• JMM applies the rubric to a problem
• Your team applies the rubric to a practice problem
THEN WE: * brainstorm a list of REAL problems
* each team chooses one
* your team is USER for another team
* you will draft & present reqs for them
Shingleberrysigns.com
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Classical Requirements Analysis
• The 'waterfall model' of software development:
A one-way flow of activities:
- figure out the requirements
- design the software
- build the software
- test it
- deliver it to the client
- fix bugs and maintain the software
What's wrong with that model?
Aynsof.com
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Problems with the Waterfall
What's wrong with that model?
• Customers don't really know what they need
• Requirements change as
- customers learn from prototypes
- customers' activities and needs change
• Constraints change as the true costs emerge
Result: "Design" and "Build" are not really separate processes!
Aynsof.com
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So, what to do about it?
We still have to start with requirements
But we will revisit them and revise them
during the building process
AND manage the chaos ….here we go:
• Stakeholder identification
• User Stories and Use Cases
• Requirements lists (and problems with them)
• Measurable Goals and Acceptance Procedures
• Mock-ups and Prototypes
Lrn.usace.army.mil
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My Example:Conference Management
* A small business (owned by my wife)
Manages conference registration
(including one at the Shanghai Conference Center, above)
• Needs to be able to look at previous name-tags
and select one (or more) to emulate for a new conference.
Web.cs.gc.suny.edu
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Stakeholder Identification
"Who cares?". More formally -
• Who is going to use this system?
• Who is going to have to take care of it?
• Who is going to be affected by it?
• Who will benefit, directly or indirectly?
• Who will lose, directly or indirectly?
• Who is affected in some indefinite way?
Truelegends.coml
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User Stories
Short enough to write on a 3" x 5" card.
As a <role>, I want <goal/desire>.
Example:
As a conference manager, I want to be able to look
At the nametags from previous conferences so
We can reuse the designs or get ideas from them.
Cs.rochester.edul
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What is a Use Case?
• It is a single KIND of interaction with a system
• We define Use Cases to help design User Interfaces
• The Use Case does NOT explain. It just identifies –
The actor or actors
The activity
and, in limited, cases, extensions of the activity.
UC is the first step in Analyzing the User Story
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Use Cases
Conference manager:
(1) enter conference name and see badges
from all years of that conference
(2) select a badge and inform IT manager of its selection
IT manager: transfer a badge from the registration
system to the badge display system, along with its
metadata (e. g. association, conference, year).
www.wikipedia.org
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Registration System
Badge Display System
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Use Case DiagramsExplain WHO does WHAT and with WHOM.
(Does not explain HOW it is done.)Cs.rochester.edul
Conference
Manager
See Badges
Select Badge
Transfer Badge
IT
Manager
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Use Case Diagrams
.. Are part of a system called UML
(Unified Modeling Language)
We will use elements of UML in the course,
But will not formally study the "whole thing" – It's large and complicated.
It is used for designing software systems of
all sorts.
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AnotherUse Case DiagramExample
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Where are the Details?
• Specify them in your Requirements List
((Be clear about what you require your system to do,
because you’ll have to IMPLEMENT IT!))
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Use Case DiagramsExplain WHO does WHAT and with WHOM.
(Does not explain HOW it is done.)
Customer
Buy Gas
Buy Lotto Ticket
Count Inventory
Clerk
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Use Case Diagrams
More Examples
atlas.kennesaw.edu
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Use Case Diagrams
More Examples
tigris.org
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Use Case Diagrams
More
Examples
visual-paradigm.com
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Use Case Diagrams
More
Examples
Note
SUBSET
relations
between
user types.
We don’t
need to do this, in our course. visual-paradigm.com
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Use Case Diagrams
Examples with
the <extend>
and
<include>
relationships.
You will NOT
need these in
this course.
www.modernanalyst.com
<include>
<extend>
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Mother
Buy food
Cook Food
ChildServe Dinner
Eat Dinner
Child
NOT A Use Case Diagram!It's a WB*
it contains a sequence of activities
(WB* see your lecture notes)
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Requirements Lists
* Dangerous, if they are taken as a "contract"
- because of a false sense of mutual understanding
("We agree on the words, but not on what they mean.")
Lots of effort may go into meeting a requirement which is
then discarded.
* Useful, if they can be amended as the process continues.
Lrn.usace.army.mil
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Requirements Lists
Example:
1.System will have a GUI with pull-down menus that list
associations, conferences and years. One, two or three
of these items may be specified. A little window will
show thumbnails of all the badges matching the choices.
2. Metadata: associations, conferences, years, are all controlled
vocabularies.
Conference manager will be able to extend each vocab item.
3. Manager will be able to communicate the specifics of
the selected badge to the IT manager, together with
a note of any needed changes, for use in a new conference,
by clicking on a button.
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Measurable Goals
Example:
1.Manager will be able to find any name badge for any
conference we ever managed, within 20 seconds of
beginning the search.
2.System will not consume more than 2* the amount of
disk storage required to store GIF images of badges.
Lrn.usace.army.mil
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Badge Display System
www.wikipedia.org
Mockups and Prototypes
Select Association
Select Conference
Select Year
2010
2009
2008
Pull-down
Menus
Show BadgeButton
ACM
POPL
2011
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Iterating the Process• I showed the prototype to the user
• She said "I want to see multiple badges at once,
side-by-side for comparison.I prepared a modified mockup.
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Badge Display System
www.wikipedia.org
Mockups and Prototypes
Select Association
Select Conference
Select Year
2010
2009
2008
Pull-down
Menus
Add Badge
Button
ACM
POPL
2011
ACM
POPL
2011
ACM
POPL
2011
ACM
POPL
2011
ACM
POPL
2011
Close
Close
Close
CloseClose All
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Iterating the Process
• She said "I don't want to have to add badges one-
by-one. Can I just select "All badges from the
Cat Fancier's Association?"
I added a "wild card" to each pulldown menu.
Etc, etc.
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Iterating the Process• I showed the next prototype to the user• She said "Cool. Now, how do I tell the IT
manager about a new conference?
+ As part of that, how do I add to a controlled
vocabulary, e. g. by adding an association?
My next step would be to create a new use
case, requirement list, measurable goal, mockup.
Then we build some small prototypes that actually WORK,
Show them to the user, get further feedback.
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A Practice Project(In class)
Online Pokemon Card Exchange, OR
Online Used Boyfriend/Girlfriend Exchange
I will bring the one-page Grading Rubric up on the screen
You will use it to remind you of the steps,
Prepare a Requirements Analysis (on paper or laptop)
In 20 minutes we sample groups – You can SHINE or FAIL
Smh.com.au
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Brainstorming Projects
1. Class will generate a list of 12 projects
2. Discuss within your group
3. Select your Semester Project
(Duplication is OK)
Requirements Analysis, Part 1:
4. Group N: analyze Requirements for M+1Next week in class: present to Group N+1
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Knowyourmeme.com
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Presenting Requirements
After you receive your partner-group's
Requirements Analysis,
You will perform your own.
(Modify theirs/borrow from it, or
Throw it out, if necessary.)
In a few weeks, all groups will present your
Requirements to the class.
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Knowyourmeme.com