1 intro to data com and osi model
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Business Data Communications and Networking 10th Edition Jerry Fitzgerald and Alan Dennis
John Wiley & Sons, Inc Dwayne Whitten, D.B.AMays Business SchoolTexas A&M University
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Chapter 1
Introduction
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Chapter 1 OutlineBrief history of Data CommunicationsCommunications, Information Systems and the Internet Data Communications NetworksNetwork components, network typesNetwork ModelsOSI model, Internet model, transmission via layersNetwork StandardsStandards making, common standardsFuture TrendsPervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Information AgeFirst Industrial RevolutionIntroduction of machineryNew organizational methodsChanged the way people workedSecond Industrial Revolution Information AgeIntroduction of computersIntroduction of networking and data communicationChanged the way people worked againFaster communication Collapsing Information lagBrought people together Globalization
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Three Parts to Understanding NetworkingConcepts of networkingHow data moves from one computer to another over a networkTheories of how networks operateTechnologies in use todayHow theories are implemented, specific productsHow do they work, their use, applicationsManagement of networking technologiesSecurityNetwork DesignManaging the network
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Datacom BasicsBroadband CommunicationsTelecommunications =Transmission of voice, video, and/or data Implies longer distances- Broad termData Communications =Movement of computer information by means of electrical or optical transmission systemsconvergence
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Print ServerWeb ServerFile ServerPrinterHUBRouterClient ComputersTo other networks(e.g., Internet)Components of a Local Area NetworkServersCircuits
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Network Types (based on Scale) Local Area Networks (LAN) - room, buildinga group of PCs that share a circuit.Backbone Networks (BN) - less than few kmsa high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations.Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (more than a few kms)connects LANs and BNs across different locations Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit data.Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (far greater than 10 kms)Same as MAN except wider scale
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *LANs and Backbones, Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Intranet vs. Extranet IntranetA LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organizationOpen only those inside the organizationExample: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranetExtranetA LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituentsOpen only those invited users outside the organizationAccessible through the InternetExample: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Layered Implementation of Communications FunctionsApplicationsOSApplicationsOSMulti layer implementationBreaking down into smaller componentsEasier to implementSingle layer implementation-Networking with large components is complex to understand and implement ApplicationsOSCommunicationApplicationsOSCommunication
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Multi-layer Network ModelsThe two most important such network models: OSI and InternetOpen Systems Interconnection ModelCreated by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework for computer network standards in 1984Based on 7 layersInternet ModelCreated by DARPA originally in early 70sDeveloped to solve to the problem of internetworkingBased on 5 layersBased on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *7-Layer Model of OSI
Application Layerset of utilities used by application programs Presentation Layerformats data for presentation to the userprovides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formatsSession Layerinitiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between sender and receiverPlease Do Not Touch Steves Pet AlligatorsPhysical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *7-Layer Model of OSITransport Layerdeals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiverNetwork Layerresponsible for making routing decisionsData Link Layerdeals with message delineation, error control and network medium access controlPhysical Layerdefines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Internets 5-Layer Model
Application Layerused by application program Transport Layer responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messagesNetwork Layer - same as in OSI modelData Link Layer - same as in OSI modelPhysical Layer - same as in OSI modelPlease Do Not Touch AlligatorsPhysical DataLink Network Transport Application
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Comparison of Network Models
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Message Transmission Using LayerssenderreceiverA receiving layer wraps incoming message with an envelope Adds layer related addressing informationA receiving layer removes the layer related envelope and forwards the message up
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *ProtocolsUsed by Network model layersSets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers
receiversenderLayer NLayer N-1Layer N+1Layer NLayer N-1Layer N+1
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Message Transmission Example
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Points about Network Layer ViewLayers allow simplicity of networking in some ways Easy to develop new software that fits each layerRelatively simple to change the software at any levelMatching layers communicate between different computers and computer platformsAccomplished by standards that we all agree one.g., Physical layer at the sending computer must match up with the same layer in the receiving computerSomewhat inefficientInvolves many software packages and packetsPacket overhead (slower transmission, processing time)Interoperability achieved at the expense of perfectly streamlined communication
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *StandardsImportanceProvide a fixed way for hardware and/or software systems (different companies) to communicateHelp promote competition and decrease the price Types of StandardsFormal standards Developed by an industry or government standards-making bodyDe-facto standards Emerge in the marketplace and widely usedLack official backing by a standards-making body
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Standardization StagesSpecificationDeveloping the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressedIdentification of choicesIdentifying solutions to the problems and choose the optimum solutionAcceptanceDefining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Major Standards BodiesISO (International Organization for Standardization) Technical recommendations for data communication interfacesComposed of each countrys national standards orgs.Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecom Group Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces Composed of representatives from each country in UNBased in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)ANSI (American National Standards Institute)Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)www.ansi.orgIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standardsstandards.ieee.orgIETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Develops Internet standardsNo official membership (anyone welcome)www.ietf.org
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Some Data Comm. Standards
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Emerging Trends in NetworkingPervasive NetworkingIntegration of Voice, Video and DataNew Information Services
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Pervasive NetworkingMeans Networks will be everywhereExponential growth of Network useMany new types of devices will have network capabilityExponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networkingBroadband communicationsUse circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Relative Capacities of Telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet Circuits.
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Integration of Voice, Video & DataAlso called ConvergenceNetworks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near futureFirst step largely completeIntegration of voice and data Next step Video merging with voice and data Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *New Information ServicesWorld Wide Web basedMany new types of information services becoming availableServices that help ensure quality of information received over wwwApplication Service Providers (ASPs)Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its ownInformation Utilities (Future of ASPs)Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Implications for ManagementEmbrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of networks toward improving your organizationInformation moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytimeInformation accessed by customers and competitors globallyUse a set of industry standard technologiesCan easily mix and match equipment from different vendorsEasier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologiesSmaller cost by using a few well known standards
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1 - *Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
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