1 - intro to gis for the social sciences resm 493r
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1 - Intro to GIS for the 1 - Intro to GIS for the Social SciencesSocial Sciences
RESM 493r
Goal Apply GIS techniques to social science and
business research Explore spatial and quantitative analysis
methods Examine problems in business and marketing,
community planning and development, health care, crime analysis, environmental justice, recreation, and other applications
Explore the significance of spatial thinking in social science research and analysis.
Learning objectives Explain how place and space are important
and can be analyzed with GIS in various social science fields.
Find and download appropriate census data for use with political boundaries.
Perform business and marketing space based analyses.
Analyze the patterns of features and use models to make predictions about future conditions.
Today
Into to GIS for social sciences Hazards of place model
GIS use in the social sciences
An analytical tool for social sciences Not new, but only recently has it gained
wider recognition Due to availability and easy to use
software Applied in various social science
disciplines Is a continuously evolving technology
Examples
Mapping crime statistics Social inequality Environmental justice
Understanding the “G” in GIS Knowing exact location is an
important part of the GIS process Information about people and places
is location based. Street address, zip or area code, census
block, x,y coordinates, latitude and longitude, etc
scientific basis for mapping – scale (level of spatial detail - privacy and ethical issues), coordinates, control datums.
Understanding the “G” in GIS
Not all social science research use spatial analysis focus on social, economic, cultural and
survey data without spatial questions E.g. Do educated or wealthier pregnant
women receive higher quality prenatal care? Alternatively Where are the prenatal clinics located
relative to available public transportation, child care etc ? → causative relationships.
Understanding the “G” in GIS Not all data is geographic – e.g. data on
perceptions, desires, social ties, ideas or interactions. Use of cartograms - to represent social
relationships Data variability in time and space
Most data are static – snapshot in time. Difficult to map changes or trends in data
Many things are dynamic Choice of variables to be used. E.g. Mapping
individuals over time - home address or place of employment; or where the person is likely to be at a particular time of the day or week.
Understanding the “G” in GIS Computers allow us to transform static data
into dynamic data – Animation Difficult and expensive to collect and update
temporal scale (real time) data Fortunately, only a few social science
applications use this kind of data Representation issues
Privacy and ethical issues Lumping (grouping) or degrading to mask
individual data points
Understanding the “I” in GIS
Information relates to software database Databases are specialized software programs
designed for storage, organization and retrieval of information.
Most GIS can interact with any database system May involve some transformation and translations Most data are now available in GIS ready formats e.g
USCensus, local and state agencies, private companies and universities
Primary data – surveys, interviews, and observations locational information and coding and formatting
Extending the “I” in GIS
Multimedia capabilities of computers Allows the incorporation of video, audio,
photos and text Oral history, narratives and interviews,
Data is stored in a raw form Can be used for further and different
analysis Dynamically linked to a map location
Understanding the “S” in GIS
System component Hardware, software and people
GIS setup involves costs and training Issues of data structure, format and
compatibility – Interoperability High costs and training may warrant
subcontracting to GIS specialists.
Understanding the “S” in GIS
GIS data model is based on discrete data categories of points, lines and polygons that are in space Assumes all data can be linked to a specific discrete
location Assumes that lines can be drawn to delineate
boundaries between data categories Many data sets are not clearly defined
E.g degraded Efforts to develop fuzzy GIS systems – less
defined locations and boundaries
Qualitative Research MethodsQualitative Research Methods
Integrating qualitative research and GIS
Qualitative research forms: Sociospatial grounded theory Participant observation Ethnography Oral histories
Qualitative Research MethodsQualitative Research Methods Inductive Approach
Grounded Theory and GIS
Sociospatial Grounded Theory Determine topic of interest Determine geographic location of interest Collect data (qualitative, spatially linked social data) Geocode the data Ground truth the data Analyze the data, look for spatial and social patterns General theory (spatial and social)
Integrating GIS & Field ResearchIntegrating GIS & Field Research
GIS software in the field Entering data in the field.
Consider climate conditions, access to power or recharge the computer and storage space
Base maps of study area Hard copy maps Mark some reference points
Ground truth of map data Verification and ground truthing
Use of aerial photos Elicit help from local people
Cultural perceptions of technology How technology is viewed by people in the study area e.g. Amish
community Alternative methods
Access to Results Who will read the report Public access
Local Sources of DataLocal Sources of Data
Oral History Interviews GIS and oral history
Participant Observation Researcher actively participates in the
issue and topic under study Researcher record their experiences
(social, environmental and personal sentiments)
News as Data SourceNews as Data Source Background data or actual data
Newspapers, magazine, TV and online formats
Content Analysis Approach Analyze events in time, location, time of
occurrence etc Identify patterns in news stories Information can be used for decision making
Ethnography and GISEthnography and GIS Detailed description of a problem or issue
“Telling people stories the way the people want the stories told” (Earl Babbie, 2003)
Recorded conversations
GIS integrates contextualized or environmentally situate the stories over time
Key elements/variables from stories can be used for analysis
Public Particiaption and GISPublic Particiaption and GIS
Local people’s ideas, thoughts and actions are solicited to be part of the planning process. Community meetings, stage hearings to
solicit community input, focus groups, surveys, key informant interviews, needs assessments etc
Disadvantage – very few people (general public) understand GIS
PPGIS allows people to see the data and its physical, environmental or social context now or in future
Use of GIS as means of idea portrayal can give planners of community desires
Sociospatial ResearchSociospatial Research
Enhances analysis by providing additional insights and information not previously considered understand social context and characterstics
Outline Explore GIS as a tool for the integration and
analysis of social science data Role of GIS in research Applications
GIS in the social science
Does not have a long history in the social science
Its value is beginning to be recognized
Why is GIS a good tool for the social scientist?
Allows for the integration and comparison of contextual data from social as well as environmental or physical standpoint
Social science researcher Almost all of their data have an
associcated geographic point of location
Researchers need to identify where the differences, similarities, correlations, and interactions exist
GIS can accommodate both qualitative and quantitative variables into a study
Inductive vs deductive approaches to research
GIS can be helpful to both Inductive – hypotheses emerge from
the data, no preconceived notions Deductive – more traditional approach
of lit review, generate framework, create hypoth, test the hypoth by collecting data
Hazards of place model
Example: Example: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Example:Example: Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityStep 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityStep 1: Determining Biophysical Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 2: Defining Social Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 2: Defining Social Vulnerability
ExampleExample:: Hazards-of-Place Model of VulnerabilityHazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability
Step 3: The Vulnerability of Places
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Combining Tables(application of Census data or other demographic information with spatial layers)
Tables Descriptive information about features
Each feature class has an associated table
One row for each geographic feature
Right-click
Understanding table anatomy Basic table properties
Records/rows and fields/columns Column types can store numbers, text, dates Unique column names
Columns (fields)
Rows(records)
Attributevalues
Table manipulation Open table in ArcMap or preview in ArcCatalog
Sort ascending or descending Freeze/Unfreeze columns Statistics
In ArcMap
Select records
Modify table values
Associating tables Can store attributes in feature table or separate table Associate tables with common column key values
Must be same data field types Must know table relationships (cardinality)
Additional attribute tableFeature attribute table
Example: Associating county attribute table with separate table of poverty estimates by county for WV
Table relationships How many A objects are related to B objects? Types of cardinality
One-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-one, and many-to-many
Must know cardinality before connecting tables
or
One parcel has one owner
One parcel has one owner
One parcel has many owners
One parcel has many owners
Many parcels have one owner
Many parcels have one owner
Many parcels have many owners
Many parcels have many owners
Joins and relates Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap based on a
common field Join appends the attributes
from one onto the other Label or symbolize features
using joined attributes Relate defines a relationship
between two tables
Connecting tables with joins Appends the attributes of two tables Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinality
County Attributes (before Join) WV_Poverty98
County Attributes with joined poverty data (virtual table after Join)
One-to-one
c c
Connecting tables with relates Define relationship between two tables
Tables remain independent
Additional cardinality choices One-to-many Discovers any related rows
2) Open related table1) Make selection
Example: Relate WV county attributes to table of coal production statistics for 1986 - 1998