1. introduction to computer.ppt

Introduction to Computer

Course on Computer Concepts (CCC)

Based on DOEACC Revised Syllabus of Year 2010

National Institute of Electronic and Information Technology, Kohima

04/18/23

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Kohima 2

The computer comprises of technologically

advanced hardware put together to work at

great speed. To accomplish its various tasks,

the computer is made of different parts, each

serving a particular purpose in conjunction with

other parts. In other words, a 'computer' is an

ensemble of different machines that you will be

using to accomplish your job. A computer is

primarily made of the Central Processing Unit

(CPU), the monitor, the keyboard and the

mouse. Other pieces of hardware, commonly

referred to as peripherals, can enhance or

improve your experience with the computer.

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In this lesson we would be able to the

understand the following :•What is a Computer?•History of Computers.•Basic concept of Computer System.•Concept of Hardware and Software.•Concept of Data Processing.•Applications of Information, Electronic and Communication Technology (IECT)

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A computer is an electronic device that performs specified sequences of operations as per the set of instructions (known as programs) given on a set of data (input) to generate desired information (output).

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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• The evolution of computers has passed through a number of stages before it reached the present state.

• From the early 1950s,growth of the computers was very rapid but this development took distinct phases known as generation of computers.

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First Generation:Eckert and Mauchly established a new company in 1946. This company was incorporated as the UNIVAC Division of Remington Rand in 1949. The first machine, UNIVAC-1 build by this company was made operational in 1951 at the Bureau of Census. This computer used magnetic medium for data input and output. It’s also used valve (vacuum tubes) to provide memory. The problem with vacuum tubes was that they failed frequently, so first-generation computers were down (not working) much of the time. Because of using only machine language, very difficult to program.

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First Generation Computer

UNIVAC-1 VACUUM TUBES

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Second Generation:With the advance of transistor technology, a second generation of computers came into existence. These computers were smaller in size, more reliable and highly efficient. These machines used English like language known as High Level Language (HLL) for ease of operation and application in business and scientific analysis. Many American and European companies manufactured these machines. One of them, the IBM-401 was the most popular.

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Second Generation Computer

TRANSISTOR

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Third Generation:In the 1960s, the integrated circuits popularly known as ICs came in the field of microelectronics. Computers that use a large junk of electronic components were substantially benefitted both from the point of price reduction as well as size reduction. Moreover these machines consumed less power and were highly reliable. These machines used more versatile programs like real time OS, multiprogramming techniques and DBM. IBM-370 is one of the most popular. They also introduced SSI, MSI & LSI.

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Third Generation Computer

Integrated circuit with 1st generation vacuum tubes and transistor.

DEC (Digital Electronic Corporation)

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Fourth Generation:Due to development of very large scale integrated chips known as microprocessor chips in 1971 by Intel Corporation, another breed became popular as fourth generation computers. Computers in this generation is marked with the increased speed retrieval capabilities and facilities for communication. They can be connected with the satellite communication lines to transform information from one part of the world to the other part of the world at a very high speed. These machines used advanced software like process controllers, computer aided design, electronic spreadsheet etc.,

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Fourth Generation Computer

IBM Computer with DOS

1st Microprocessor

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Fifth Generation:These machines will use parallel processing techniques and artificial intelligence techniques. Therefore these computers will be able to think as human beings can think. These machines will be able to process non-numerical data such as pictures, graphs etc. They will store large amount of information, making expert judgement and take accurate and timely decision. They will use new types of integrated circuits for faster speed of operation.

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Speed: The ability to perform the information processing cycle with amazing speed.

Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends on its design.

Consistency: They never get bored like human being. A computer never complains of a monotonous job. They are ideal machine for carrying out respective and voluminous works.

Storage Capacity: Ability to store huge amounts of data and information.

Flexibility: A computer can be used to play music, watching movies, typing letters, send faxes, diagnose illness, designing, manufacturing etc..

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Industries, business organizations Scientific Research Educational institutions Government departments Hospitals Document centres Engineering. Police departments Communication departments Entertainment Banking Gaming Accounting etc..

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The primary components of a computer are given below: Input devices.Central Processing Unit (containing the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit).

Memory.Output devices.Storage devices.

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The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic circuits that cause processing to occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and causes the input and output operations to occur. It is considered the “brain” of the computer.

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Keyboard:The most commonly used input device is the keyboard on which data is entered by manually keying in or typing certain keys. A keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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Mouse:Is a pointing device which is used to control the movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the screen. A mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism that detects movement of the mouse.

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Some other input devices are given below:

JoystickLight PenScannerVice input and Recognition SystemBar-code ReaderOMR (Optical Mark Reader)MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)Webcam

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Monitor:Monitor is an output device with the help of which a user can see the results produced by the computer. It is also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) available in different sizes. Color monitors are very popular these days. The quality of the display depends on the screen resolution.

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Some other output devices are given below:

PrinterPlotterMultimedia ProjectorSpeech SynthesizerSpeakers

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Memory:Memory unit are the internal storage areas in a computer. The term “memory” identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and

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The physical components of a computer are called hardware. Such items may be electronic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical or optical components.

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Collection of Programs are Software. The software is those components which make the task of a user complete, as it is that component which helps a user to give set of instructions. The instructions in the program direct the computer to perform input operations, process the data and output the result.

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SOFTWARE

Operating Systems

Assemblers

Debuggers

File Mgmt. Tool

Compilers

Utilities

System Software

Application software

Images Processing

Databases

Games

Word Processing

Spreadsheets

Communication Software

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All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.

Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report.

The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.

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Data are stored now a days in hard disk, CDROM, DVD, Pen drive, Memory card, Portable hard disk etc. can be accessed directly. Thus, these storage devices are faster.

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E-GovernanceE-Governance is the application of modern information and communication technologies such as Internet, LAN, mobiles etc. by Government to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, service delivery and to promote democracy.

The use of ICTs and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government.The use of information and communication technologies in all facts of the operations a government organization.The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation of a government by transforming internal and external relationships through technology.

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Why e-Governance?

E-Governance can transform citizen service, provide access to information to empower citizens, enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities, so that they can make better lives, for themselves and for the next generation.

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Activities of e-Government using e-Governance

a)Government - to – Citizen (G2C)b)Government – to – Business (G2B)c)Government – to – Government (G2G)d)Government – to – Employees (G2E)

1. introduction to computer.ppt

Documents

information technology

applications of information

desired information

generation of computers

computer concepts cccbased

concept of hardware

history of computers

evolution of computers