1 it’s pure and simple.... 2 the fabric of the social world dr fenja ziegler c82 sadlecture 1
TRANSCRIPT
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it’s pure and simple...
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The Fabric of the Social World
dr fenja ziegler
•c82 sad•lecture 1•
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are you a mind reader?
predict and explain behaviour using abstract
concepts:minddesirethink
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mind, chocolate & Ford T• predicting behaviour
• understanding behaviour
• deception
• language
• imagination
• communication
• action understanding
• morals
• empathy
• imitation
• transmission of knowledge
chocolat
e search
behaviou
r
chocolat
e search
behaviou
r
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time’s not on our side
6 million years ago
2 million years ago
homo
modern humans
australopithecines
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4,500,000,000,000 in 24 hours(Bryson, 2003)
00:00 am: beginning of earth history04:00 am: beginning of life (single cell organism)16 (sixteen!) hours later....08:30 pm: Sea plants08:50 pm: Jellyfish & Ediacaran fauna09:04 pm: Trilobites & Burgess Shale creatures09:59 pm: Land plants10:01 pm: Land creatures10:24 pm: Carboniferous forest cover & winged insects10:59 pm: Dinosaurs11:39 pm: Dinosaurs extinct & Start of Age of Mammals11:58:43 pm: HumansMidnight: ... now ... this lecture
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time’s not on our side
6 million years ago
2 million years ago
homo
modern humans
australopithecines
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time’s not on our side
99%
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time’s not on our side
tool use
symbolic communication
complex social organisations
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time’s not on our side
•biological evolution:•too slow•(cumulative) cultural evolution•ratchet effect•no one single individual, but build on existing knowledge
•others are like me•learn from and through the other•what things are ‘for’
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it’s not really about chocolate... building blocks of mentalising
• development
• typical
• abnormal
• adults and infants
• neural processes
• how we do it
• are we really the only ones?
• associated skills and problems
• know others, know thyself
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before you connect with other minds
• others are like me... what’s me?
• the brain that can reflect on itself
• the development of knowledge about the self
• dawning of an understanding of one’s own existence
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how do I know that you know that you are you?
• an agent of your own actions
• And aware that you are
• how do you know it is you?
Gordon Gallup Jr.
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mirror, mirror on the wall
• is that me?
• cat treats reflection as other cat
• are YOU afraid of your own shadow?
• self concept (including what I normally cannot see)
• who’s me?
• not you
• seeing mirror reflection or video recording (Povinelli et al. 1996)
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what does this really show?
•mirror recognition is artefact of anesthesia•self-recognition does not imply self concept•implies agency, but agency possessed by all mobile non-humans (avoid collisions)
Heyes’s critique
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Gallup’s response
• some studies don’t involve anaesthetic
• apesmarked selectively touch the marked zone | apesunmarked do not
• passing the test is species specific
• passing in chimps is linked to chronological age in chimps; passed 8 years old
• necessary but not sufficient for judgements of ignorance (children and apes)
Daniel Povinelli
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from me to you....you are like me
I can see you
I can’t see me
I can feel this
I can’t feel that
Andy Meltzoff
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know thyself...
• who knows best is authority
• who’s the authority on you?
• does Mum know best?
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from physical to psychologicalRosenberg (1967)
• Who am I?
• ten things
• children aged 10:
• focus on physical qualities
• adolescents:
• aspects of relationships with others
• character
• inner feelings
• “If I asked you and your mother how good you were, and you said one thing and she said another, who would be right?”
• 70% of 10 year olds say mother would be right
• 60% of 15 year olds say they would be right
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interior and exteriorwho knows best...?
• characteristics and behaviour (external):
• how good at sums?
• how well Beth can sit still?
• how fast you can run?
• how hard Tommy works?
• how good at tidying your room?
• how helpful Beth is?
• Morris Rosenberg (1979) aged 11
• Sarah Burton and Mitchell (2003)
• thoughts and feelings (internal)
• what you secrets are?
• what games Tommy likes?
• what you want to be when you grow up?
• when Beth cries who knows best what is wrong?
• what your favourite food is?
• who knows best when Tommy is feeling hungry?
Specific Questions
Specific Questions
Self and Other Child
Self and Other Child
Different adults
Different adults
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so, who knows...best?
Even 7 y.o. cite themselves
Even 7 y.o. cite themselvesSharp Age
trend
Sharp Age trend 6 y.o. sensitive
to interior/ exterior
6 y.o. sensitive to interior/
exterior
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WHY do children start out thinking they don’t know their own mind?
• failure to grasp the value of first person subjective access
• Why?
• Wittgenstein’s private language argument (Montgomery, 1997)
• The role of culture:
• parents tell us that they can read our minds
• more prevalent in South East Asia than Western society (Fivush & Wang, 2005)
private language
Internal State
Internal State External
correlates
External correlates
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bananas ... and mental representation
• pretend play from 18 months old:
• explore a hypothetical world via symbolism
• dawning of understanding other minds
• dual representation
object as is • pretend object
Alan Leslie
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morals and empathy
• emotional contagion
• imitation
• empathy
It’s your pain not mine
I feel your pain Empathic awareness
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the shape of things to come
1. Fabric and Building blocks
2. Ontogeny of Mentalising
3. Phylogeny: the Mental world of apes (and others)
4. Mindblind: Autism
5. Not just what, but how?
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selected key references
• Burton, S., & Mitchell, P. (2003). Child Development, 74, 426-444.
• Heyes, C. M. (1994). Animal Behaviour, 47, 909-919
• Leslie, A.M. (1987). Psychological Review, 94, 412-426.
• Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Science, 198(4312), 74-78.
• Povinelli, D.J. & Eddy, T.J. (1996).Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Vol. 61, No. 247)
• Povinelli, D.J., Landau, K.R., & Perilloux, H.K. (1996). Child Development, 67, 1540-1554.
• Tomasello, Michael (1999) The cultural origins of human cognition. London: HUP
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cognitive evolution