mermisipress.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/elzhurnalebi2/mermisi8.pdf · 1 ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis...

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

m e r m i s i

s t u d e n t T a s a m e c n i e r o S r o m e b i

Tbilisi

2017

Flash

Typewritten text

ავტორთა სტილი დაცულია

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis

daregulirebisaTvis

humanitaruli da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

mimarTulebis proeqti

VIII studenturi regionTaSorisi konferencia

masalebi

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redkolegia:

Tamar paiWaZe (mTavari redaqtori)

konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli

kaxaber loria (redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori

nino mindiaSvili (koordinatori) profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

profesorebi: revaz jorbenaZe, irma xarSilaZe, nani gelovani, ia xubaSvili,

irine Jvania, eTer Rvineria, laSa loria, inesa gagniZe, qeTevan xuciSvili,

qeTevan sixaruliZe, Tamar SarabiZe, inga sanikiZe, nana gonjilaSvili,

nino WalaganiZe, marine lomiZe (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti)

avtorTa stili daculia

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2017

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s a r C e v i mariam xabuliani yarsis xelSekruleba da misi Sedegebi .............................................................................................................. 8 nani manveliSvili „sizmrebi „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ da maTi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba“ .............. 13 rezo marnaZe daba suramis istoriidan (antikuri xana) ....................................................................................................... 19 maia axalkaciSvili saqarTvelodan deportirebuli „Turqi mesxebis“ repatriaciis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi ............. 23 ilona buiSvili teroristuli aqtebi qarTuli arxebis obieqtivSi .................................................................................... 28 ana zabaxiZe, eTiko SayuliSvili regionuli mauwyeblobis gaSuqebis specifika Tanamedrove qarTul samauwyeblo mediaSi ......... 32

(telekompania „marneuli TV“-is magaliTze) ................................................................................................. 32 lia zambaxiZe mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi

mauwyeblis pirveli arxi .......................................................................................................................... 36 daviT ToTaZe socialuri mewarmeoba da saqarTvelo ........................................................................................................... 45 xaTuna Tabagari saqarTvelo-iranis energosatransporto derefnis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi .... 52 mariam axvlediani

ISNEY'S ACQUISITION OF PIXAR ........................................................................................................................... 62 qeTevan arabuli xevsuruli zepirsityviereba warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis mijnaze ............................................... 65 nino lomiZe muhajirobis asaxva kavkasiis xalxTa literaturaSi ................................................................................. 69 gul muqerrem ozTurqi qarTuli literaturis Turqi mTargmnelebi da mkvlevrebi .................................................................. 73 ciala oCxikiZe ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi macxovris simboloTa

saxismetyvelebisaTvis .............................................................................................................................. 77 qeTevan samadaSvili miTologiuri aluziebi lia sturuas SegrZnebebis romanSi „ram SeWama venaxi?“ ............................. 81 mari totikaSvili siyvaruli realobasa da SemoqmedebaSi (nikoloz baraTaSvili) ........................................................... 84 nino buWuxiSvili danaSauli da sasjeli (giorgi wereTlis „pirveli nabiji“) .................................................................... 89 mindia cecxlaZe gamouTqmadobasTan dakavSirebuli konceptebi Salva bakuraZis poeziaSi ........................................ 93 mariam gobianiZe Savi feris paradigma galaktion tabiZis poetur enaSi ............................................................................. 99 ciuri mezvriSvili funqcionaluri datvirTva da misi transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi (i. gogoebaSvili „iavnanam ra hqmna?“) ............................................................................................................ 102 cotne cicxvaia, sofiko qsovreli antimonarqisti jariskacis gza SvedeTis mefobamde — karl XIV iuhani ............................................ 106 mariam mania fritiof nanseni da tur heirdali — maTi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb .............................. 110 nino soselia, mari xoWolava „norvegiis mosaxleobis struqtura da Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“ .................................................... 113

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w i n a s i t y v a o b a

winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia studentTa VIII regionTaSorisi konferenciis

(2016 weli) farglebSi warmodgenil moxsenebaTa Soris SerCeuli masalebi.

200-ze meti Semosuli ganacxadidan konferenciaze warsadgenad SeirCa 16 sxvadasxva

umaRles saswavlebelSi momzadebuli 83 moxseneba. Sesabamisad, warmodgenili masalebis

mravalferovnebis, mravalmimarTulebrivi problematikis kvalobaze muSaobda 9 sxvada-

sxva saswavlo-samecniero Tematikis seqcia. warmodgenil masalaTa Soris naSromebis kvle-

visa da analizis komponentebis, individualizmisa da TavisTavadobis, mecnieruli, mora-

luri poziciisa da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT, jer kidev konferenciaze, seqciuri muSao-

bisas, gamoqveynebisaTvis rekomendacia gaewia naSromTa erT nawils.

Semdgom, saredaqcio kolegiam imuSava SerCeul da gamogzavnil masalebze. swored am

SerCevisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegebi aisaxa „mermisis“ am axal krebulSi da SeirCa

25 moxseneba sxvadasxva specialobebidan.

saorganizacio jgufisaTvis kvlav rCeba mTavar samuSao principad Cveni proeqtis:

„urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebisaTvis“ ZiriTadi ideis ganxorcieleba: in-

tegrireba da TanamSromloba sxvadasxva saswavlo da samecniero institutebis mkvlevreb-

Tan da studentebTan.

tradiciisamebr, „mermisis“ winamdebare krebulic am RirebulebaTa warmomCenia.

Tamar paiWaZe

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istoria, qveyanaTmcodneoba

mariam xabuliani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli:

profesori mirian maxaraZe

yarsis xelSekruleba da misi Sedegebi

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg daiSala germaniis, avstria‐ungreTis, ru-

seTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi. axloaRmosavleTi da kavkasia daikaves inglis\safrangeTis

saokupacio jarebma. paralelurad parizSi, versalSi mimdinare molaparakebebis erT‐erT

ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgenda axloaRmosavleTSi axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmna ukve

daSlili osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze. aseve ganixileboda axali Turquli saxelm-

wifos Seqmna, romelsac mcire aziaSi mxolod anatolia unda moecva.

antantis saxelmwifoebis am survils win aRudga mustafa qemali, romelmac brZola

daiwyo rogorc antantis saxelmwifoebis, aseve sulTnisa da misi mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.

man kavSiri daamyara sabWoTa ruseTTan, romelic samoqalaqo omis cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli.

1920 wlis agvistos bolos moskovSi gaixsna TurqeTis saelCo. molaparakebis dros miR-

weul iqna SeTanxmeba sabWoTa ruseTis mier TurqeTisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb:

iaraRiT, samxedro aRWurvilobiTa da oqroTi. Tumca xelSekrulebis saboloo teqsti ar

iqna gaformebuli imis gamo, rom am dros ar iyo dadgenili amierkavkasiaSi ruseT‐Tur-

qeTis sazRvari. imave wlis oqtombris damdegs ankaraSi sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatiuri

misia Cavida, gaixsna sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo. 1920 wlis bolosTvis ankaras ewvia ruseTis

sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi — budu mdivani.

paralelurad, saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris moskovSi 1920 wlis 7 maiss daido xelSek-

ruleba, romlis mixedviTac, sabWoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas de-

faqto da de-iured cnobda Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis, baTumis, soxumisa da zaqa-

Talas olqebis farglebSi.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebis Semdeg inglisma, saf-

rangeTma, aSS-m, germaniam, italiam, espaneTma da sxva qveynebma saqarTvelo deiured cnes

da survili gamoTqves daemyarebinaT masTan diplomatiuri urTierToba. aseve, 1920 wlis

noemberSi TbilisSi ankaris mTavrobis oficialuri warmomadgenlis polkovnik qiazim beis,

Camosvlis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gaixsna TurqeTis saelCo (elCi — qiazim bei), xolo 1921

wlis 8 Tebervals ankaraSi Casul saqarTvelos elCs, svimon mdivans Sexvda mustafa qemal

faSa. am Sexvedraze maT isaubres saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mniSvnelobaze regionSi da

TurqeTis rolze aRmosavleTSi. Sexvedris bolos TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam

saqarTvelo de-iured cno da daamyara masTan diplomatiuri urTierToba. saerTaSoriso

asparezze saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebis miuxedavad 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals

TbilisSi me-11 wiTeli armia Semovida da meore dResve moskovSi oficialurad gaixsna

ruseT-TurqeTis konferencia, romelzec yvelaze daZabulad diskusia amierkavkasiis

sazRvris dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT mimdinareobda: sabWoTa ruseTis delegacia moiT-

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xovda, rom saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari dadgeniliyo 1920 wlis 7 maisis moskovis ru-

seT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, anu saqarTvelos xelSi darCeniliyo axal-

cixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebi, q. baTumi da baTumis olqi, Tum-ca TurqeTis mxare amaze ar

Tanxmdeboda. 9 marts molaparakebebSi leninis davalebiT CaerTo ioseb stalini, romel-

mac saerTo mdgomareoba Secvala da TurqeTis mxaris winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad 16 marts

dadebul iqna xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris. is Sedgeboda 16 muxlisgan da

3 damatebisagan.

xelSekrulebis II muxlis mixedviT, TurqeTi daTanxmda saqarTvelosTvis daeTmo q.

baTumi, Sesabamisad, arTvinis, artaanisa da yarsis okrugebi TurqeTs gadaeca. moskovis

xelSekrulebis XV-XVI muxlebis Tanaxmad, ruseTi iRebda valdebulebas samxreT kavkasias-

Tan mimarTebaSi gadaedga nabijebi, raTa maT eRiarebinaT moskovis xelSekruleba, rome-

lic maT uSualod exeboda, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs samxreT kavkasiis samive

respublika dapyrobili hqonda, jer kidev ar iyo gansazRvruli, Tu ra saxiT Sevidodnen

amierkavkasiis respublikebi sabWoTa ruseTSi. swored amitom, gadawyda yarsis molapa-

rakebebSi azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis warmomadgenlebis CarTva.

23 seqtembers q. yarsSi gaixsna konferencia TurqeTs, saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da

somxeTs Soris, romelSic sruluflebian mxared monawileobas iRebda ruseTi. 1921 wlis

13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekruleba Semdegnairad aris dasaTaurebuli: „xelSekruleba me-

gobrobis Sesaxeb erTi mxriv somxeTis ssr, azerbaijanis ssr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s

meore mxriv TurqeTs Soris, romelic dadebul iqna rsfsr-s monawileobiT yarsSi 1921

wlis 13 oqtombers“.

saqarTvelos mxridan xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres erovnulma komisarma samxedro

da sazRvao sakiTxebSi – Salva eliavam da erovnulma komisarma sagareo urTierTobebsa da

finansebSi — aleqsandre svaniZem.

ruseTis mxridan — iakob vaneckim (fiurstenbergi), romelic imavdroulad warmoad-

genda komisariatis kolegiis wevrs ruseTis sagareo saqmeebSi.

azerbaijanis mxrisan-behbud Sahtaxtinskim, TurqeTis mxridan — qiazim qa-rabeqir

faSam, veli beim, muhTar beim, memduh SevqeT beim, somxeTis mxridan — askanaz mravianma da

poRos makinzianma.

yarsis xelSekruleba praqtikulad imeorebda moskovis xelSekrulebas: TurqeTis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari da q. baTumTan dakavSirebuli muxlebi ucvlelad iqna gad-

motanili. yarsis xelSekruleba Sedgeboda 20 muxlisgan da 3 damatebisgan. maT Soris

ramdenime exeboda uSualod saqarTvelos.

yarsis xelSekrulebis I muxli Zaladakargulad acxadebda im xelSekrulebebs, rome-

lic amierkavkasias (samxreT kavkasias) exeboda. Tumca es ar exeboda ruseT-TurqeTis 1921

wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebas. II muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da

azerbaijans ar unda ecnoT arc erTi xelSekruleba, romelic exeboda TurqeTs da ar iq-

neboda damtkicebuli TurqeTis didi erovnuli yrilobis mier. Tavis mxriv TurqeTi Tavis

Tavze iRebda valdebulebas ar ecno arc erTi saerTaSoriso aqti, Tu mas ar cnobda

somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo.

IV muxlSi dgindeboda, rom TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari iwyeboda Savi

zRvis sanapiroze mdebare sofel sarfTan, Semdeg miuyveboda qedis mTas, SavSeTisa da

kannidaRis mTebis wyalgamyofs, ardaganisa (artaanisa) da yarsis sanjayebis CrdiloeT ad-

ministraciul sazRvars mdinareebis arpa-Caisa da araqsis talvegs.

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VI muxli exeboda aWaras: „TurqeTi eTanxmeba dauTmos saqarTvelos suvereniteti

qalaq da port baTumze da teritoriaze sazRvris CrdiloeTiT, romelic miTiTebulia IV

muxlSi da Seadgens baTumis okrugis teritorias Semdeg pirobebSi: a) adgilobrivi mosax-

leoba, romelic miTiTebulia winamdebare muxlSi gamoiyenebs farTo adgilobriv avtono-

mias administraciul urTierTobebSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli Temis kultu-

rul da religiur uflebebs da mosaxleobas eqneba SesaZlebloba miTiTebul mxareSi da-

adginos kanoni miwis Sesaxeb, romelic misi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi iqneba. b) TurqeTi uz-

runvelyofili iqneba yvela saxis saqonlis Tavisufali tranzitiT, romelic iqneba gag-

zavnili TurqeTisken an TurqeTidan baTumis portis gavliT, ubaJod, yovelgvari Se-

ferxebisa da dabegvris gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra raodenobis gadasaxadic ar unda

iyos gadasaxdeli. aseve TurqeTs mieniWeba baTumis portis gamoyenebis ufleba specialu-

ri gadasaxadis akrefis gareSe. am muxlis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis, xelSek-

rulebis xelmoweris Semdeg dauyovnebliv Seiqmneba komisia momlaparakebeli mxareebis

warmomadgenlebisgan.“

yarsis xelSekrulebis ХХ muxlis mixedviT, 6 muxli (VI, XIV, XV, XVI, ХVIII, ХIX) ZalaSi

xelmoweris dRidan unda Sesuliyo, anu 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers. es muxlebi exeboda 1918-

1920 wlebis omebis Sedegad gamxdar devnil moqalaqeebs, kavkasiis frontze damnaSave

pirTa srul amnistias, samxedro da samoqalaqo tyveebis gacvlas, rogorc savaWro urTi-

erTobebis, aseve ekonomikuri da finansuri sakiTxebis damaregulirebeli komisiis Seqmnas

da sakonsulo konvenciis dasrulebas 3 Tvis vadaSi. danarCeni muxlebi ZalaSi unda Sesu-

liyo xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis Semdeg. ХХ muxli aseve avaldebulebda mxareebs ere-

vanSi umokles droSi gaecvalaT saratifikacio sigelebi.

xelSekrulebis I damatebaSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavle-

Ti sazRvari, II damatebaSi aRwerilia TurqeTis sazRvari arpa-Caisa da araqsis zonaSi, III

gansazRvravda naxWevanis avtonomiis sazRvars.

yarsis xelSekruleba ar Seicavda saidumlo muxlebs. misi moqmedebis vada ar iqna

dadgenili, rac, savaraudod, ganpirobebulia im praqtikiT, romelsac awarmoebdnen osma-

leTisa da ruseTis imperiebi ХVIII–ХIX ss-ebSi. rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom momlaparake-

beli mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebebSi ar uTiTebdnen xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadas.

xolo mSvidoba saxelmwifoebs Soris myardeboda manam, sanam romelime mxare ar daar-

Rvevda xelSekrulebis pirobebs.

yarsis xelSekruleba gaformebuli iqna xuT egzemplarad: Turqul, rusul, qarTul,

azerbaijanul da somxur enebze. xelSekruleba ratificirebul iqna erevanSi 1922 wlis 11

seqtembers.

yarsis xelSekrulebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda rogorc ruseTisTvis, ise Turqe-

TisTvis. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom jer kidev maSin, roca mustafa qemalma daiwyo erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola, man mokavSire sabWoTa ruseTis saxiT ipova, radgan ori-

ve mxare ebrZoda antantas, hqonda sakuTari interesebi kavkasiis mimarT da rac mTavaria,

orives sWirdeboda mokavSire.

gasaTvaliswinebelia saqarTvelos mdgomareobac: roca sabWoTa ruseTi da TurqeTis

didi erovnuli kreba saqarTvelos de-faqto da de-iured aRiarebdnen, paralelurad

saqarTvelos zurgs ukan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen missave winaaRmdeg. xolo roca 11

Tebervals XI wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SemoiWra, TurqeTis elCma saqarTveloSi, qiazim

beim wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis mTavrobas arTvinisa da artaanis okrugebi mosTxova, romelic 1920

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wels didma britaneTma saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadasca mas Semdeg, rac kavkasiidan jari

gaiyvana. xolo ukve 22 Tebervals ankaris mTavrobam saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadasca ul-

timatumi da dauyovnebliv moiTxova jaris gayvana artaanidan da arTvinidan. saqarTelos

mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda am regionebidan jari gaeyvana. swored es gaxda mizezi saqarT-

velos istoriuli teritoriebis dakargvisa.

rac Seexeba qalaq baTums da baTumis okrugs, ruseTi ar apirebda is TurqeTisTvis

daeTmo. Tumca 1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebis miuxedavad, romlis Tanaxma-

dac TurqeTi baTums saqarTvelos uTmobda, meore dResve TurqeTis jari Sevida da daika-

va fosta-telegrafi, miliciis sammarTvelos Senoba. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom 18-20

marts baTumisaTvis brZolaSi monawileoba miiRo adgilobrivma mosaxleobam, qarTvelma

social-demokratma menSevikebma da bolSevikebma. xolo komisar Jlobas samxedro nawi-

lebi, romlebic 19 martidan baTumSi imyofebodnen, monawileoba ar miuRiaT baTumis dab-

runebisTvis, radgan XI wiTeli armiis diviziis meTauris, hekerisgan miTiTeba hqonda mi-

Rebuli, ar daeSva araviTari Setakeba TurqebTan. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ba-

Tumis dabruneba ara wiTeli armiis, aramed qarTvelebis damsaxurebaa.

yarsis xelSekrulebis Sedegad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier jer kidev araRia-

rebul sabWoTa ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs Soris sabolood dadginda sazRvari:

ruseTma aWaris nawili, misi udidesi qalaqi baTumiT da somxeTis qalaqi giumri miiRo,

xolo TurqeTma saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriuli teritoriebi: yarsi, arTvini da

artaani. sasazRvro zolis gavlebiT TurqeTs moexsna omis safrTxe Crdilo-aRmosavleT

sazRvarTan da mTlianad gadaerTo berZnebis winaaRmdeg omSi. qemalistur TurqeTs beZne-

bis winaaRmdeg omSi exmareboda sabWoTa ruseTi da aqtiurad amaragebda mas oqroTi, iara-

RiTa da sabrZolo teqnikiT. yarsis xelSekrulebiT Tur-qeTs mieca saSualeba Tavisufali

tranzitiT esargebla q. baTumSi. Sedegad 1922 wlis seqtembrisaTvis TurqeTma saboloo

gamarjveba moipova berZnebze da gandevna isini anatoliidan, xolo antantis saxelmwi-

foebs ar misca misi dakabalebis saSualeba da lozanis konferenciaze TurqeTis dele-

gacia axali teritoriuli monapovariT warsdga.

aucilebelia ganvixiloT yarsis xelSekruleba Tanamedrove mdgomareobiT. 1991

wels daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri, samxreT kavkasiis samive respublikam moipova damoukideb-

loba. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis respublikebs Soris

diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damoukideblad damyareba.

saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris 1992 wlis 30 ivliss TbilisSi xelmoweril iqna xelSek-

ruleba, romelsac saqarTvelos mxridan xeli moawera eduard SevardnaZem (saxelmwifo

sabWos Tavmjdomarem), TurqeTis mxridan – suleiman demirelma (TurqeTis premier-mi-

nistrma).

xelSekruleba Sedgeba 15 muxlisgan da dasaTaurebulia Semdegnairad: „xelSekrule-

ba saqarTvelos respublikas da TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis, TanamSrom-

lobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb“. preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom mxa-

reebi „daicaven maT Soris dadebul xelSekrulebebs da SeTanxmebebs dawyebuli 1921 wlis

13 oqtombris yarsis SeTanxmebiT“.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yarsis xelSekruleba daido saerTaSoriso nor-

mebis darRveviT, radgan sabWoTa ruseTi da TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba ar iyo aRia-

rebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier. amavdroulad, sabWoTa ruseTis mier dapyro-

bili azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi, saokupacio reJimis pi-

robebidan gamomdinare, iZulebulni gaxdnen am dokumentisTvis xeli moeweraT.

12

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. bedniaSvili a, dauSvili a, naTmeliZe m. saqarTvelos istoria ХIX- ХХ saukuneebSi. Tb., 2012.

2. guruli v. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1483-1921ww). Tb., 2011. http:// sangu. ge/ images/

2015/gurulisaqruseti.pdf.

3. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro. Tb., 2010. http://sangu.ge/images/vguruli/19geo.pdf.

4. saqarTvelo da gare samyaro (ХIX- ХХI saukuneebSi). Tb., 2012. http://sangu.ge/images/vgurl.pdf.

5. vaCnaZe m, guruli v. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1801-1921). Tb., 2009. http:// sangu.ge/

images/vguruli/17geo.pdf. 6. ToiZe l. brZola baTumisTvis: 1921 wlis marti. sagamomcemlo-analitikuri centri

„axali azri“. Tb., 2009.

7. lordi kinsoni. aTaTurqi. „qarTuli biografiuli centri“ Tb., 2011.

8. Jordania n. Cemi warsuli. parizi 1953.

9. svaniZe m. TurqeTis istoria. Tb., 2007w.

10. SalikaSvili d. saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli TurqeTSi 1921w. ix. SaraZe – qarTuli

emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t 4. Tb., 2003w.

11. xelSekruleba saqarTvelos respublikas da TurqeTis respublikas Soris megobrobis,

TanamSromlobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos sakanon-

mdeblo macne. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1207454

12. Договор между Грузией и Россией от 7 мая 1920 года http://www.osetinfo.ru/ist1

13. Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией – с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе 13 октября 1921 г. http://www. amsi. ge/istoria/sab/yarsi.html

14. Московский договор между Россией и Турцией 16 марта 1921 года http:// www. hrono. ru/ dokum/ 192_dok/19210316ru_tur.html.

13

nani manveliSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori mariam CxartiSvili

„sizmrebi „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ da maTi istoriul-

wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba“

„qarTlis cxovreba“ Zveli qarTuli saistorio TxzulebaTa krebulia, romelic mog-

viTxrobs saqarTvelos istorias uZvelesi droidan dRemde. is gvawvdis ZiriTad informa-

cias feodaluri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Seswavlis ramdenime mimarTu-

leba arsebobs: wyaroTmcodneobiTi, istoriografiuli da kulturuli. wyaroTmcodneo-

biTi mimarTuleba aqcents akeTebs wyaros Rirebulebaze, istoriografiuli kvleva gu-

lisxmobs wyaros mniSvnelobas istoriuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba

kulturul kvlevas, igi kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs sakiTxs. yvela am

kuTxiT, es Zegli sakmaod aris Seswavlili. amaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis bevr

cnobil qarTvelologs, pirvel rigSi, ivane javaxiSvils. iv. javaxiSvilma Rrma kvali da-

tova mecnierul qarTvelologiaSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ kvlevis ramdenime aspeqti arsebobs. Cven-

Tvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa kvlevis istoriografiuli aspeqti, rac gulisxmobs is-

toriuli reprezentaciis Taviseburebebze dakvirvebas. amitom gaxda CvenTvis aqtualuri

sizmrebi. sainteresoa, ra funqcia aqvT sizmrebs Zvel wyaroebSi. qarTul istoriografia-

Si Seqmnilia ramdenime Rirebuli naSromi sizmrebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris

qeTevan xuciSvilis sadoqtoro naSromi — „sizmari qarTul yofaSi“; lela patariZis „po-

litikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi“. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi

Cven kvlevis sxva mimarTuleba gvaqvs. Cveni mizania „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ daculi sizmrebi

warmovadginoT rogorc istoriis reprezentaciis forma. sizmrebis kvleviT dainterese-

bulni arian evropeli mecnierebi. maT Soris, CvenTvis saintereso aRmoCnda qristina ange-

lidisa da jorj kalofonosis kvleva: „sizmari bizantiaSi da mis gareT. `xsenebul wignSi

warmodgenilia Sua saukuneebis istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli sizmris fenomenis axsna-

ganmarteba.

sizmari realobis subieqturi aRqmaa, iracionaluri realobaa, romelic adamianis

aracnobierTan da qvecnobierTan aris dakavSirebuli. imis Tqma, rom sizmari calsaxad

arafris momtania da mas ar unda davujeroT, rasakvirvelia Secdomaa. swored sizmarSi

ixila bevrma cnobilma adamianma im kiTxvaze pasuxi, rasac mravali weli eZebda. Tumca arc

yvela sizmris dajerebaa sasurveli, radgan es adamianis cxovrebas mSfoTvares gaxdis da

adamianSi crurwmenebs gaaZlierebs. fsiqologiaSi sizmris fenomens ikvlevdnen iseTi di-

di fsiqologebi rogorebic iyvnen zigmund froidi da karl gustav iungi. froidis sityve-

biT, sizmrebis axsna aris Via Regina, anu qvecnobieris Secnobis „samefo gza“. manve Seqmna

sizmrebis axsnis meTodologia. Tumca ki, Cven mizans ar warmoadgens sizmrebis fsiqo-ana-

litikuri xasiaTi, Cveni kvlevis mTavari idea Sua saukuneebSi istoriuli reprezentaciis

stilis win wamoweva da sizmrebis ideologiuri xasiaTis warmoCenaa.

vinaidan , Cveni mTavari sasaubro Tema qarTul istoriul Zegls exeba, gvsurs mokled

warmogidginoT „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Seqmnis istoria, Sinaarsi. qarTlis cxovreba warmo-

adgens saistorio TxzulebaTa krebuls, sadac Setanilia qarTvel istorikosTa is Txzu-

lebebi, romlebic TanmimdevrobiT mogviTxroben qarTveli eris Tavgadasavals uZvelesi

droidan XVIII saukunemde.

14

axla ki uSualod SevexoT sizmrebs, rogorc simboluri datvirTvis elementebs is-

toriografiaSi. dasawyisSive unda iTqvas rom, sizmrebis kvleva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi me-

tad uintereso sferod iTvleboda. bevri mkvlevari maT mxolod zRaprul mniSvnelobaze

saubrobda da amdenad, am sakiTxis Zireuli Seswavla arc momxdara. Tumca, sizmrebi araTu

umniSvnelo , xSir SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi ideis matareblad gvevlineba „qarTlis cxovreba-

Si“. sizmari saSualebaa iribad gadmogvces avtorma saTqmeli. SeiZleba isic davaskvnaT,

rom sizmari istoriuli Txzulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, datvirTuli nawilia. am Sem-

TxvevaSi, SevecdebiT mokled ganvixiloT „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ Semonaxuli sami sizmari

(mefe farnavazis, wm. ninos da vaxtang gorgaslis), maTi mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba.

farnavazis Sesaxeb informacias ori qarTuli istoriografiuli wyaro gvawvdis.

„moqcevai qarTlisaSi masze mxolod ramdenime winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli, xolo „qar-

Tlis cxovrebaSi“ mas mTeli Txzuleba eZRvneba.1 farnavazis mefobas win uswrebs aleqsan-

dre makedonelis laSqrobebi, aqemeniduri iranis rRveva. „makedonelTa laSqris erT-er-

Tma marbielma amierkavkasiaSic moaRwia da iranis gavlenisgan gaaTavisufla arian dqar-

Tli, romlis winamZRolis Zem, azom, makedonelTagan zurgmomagrebulma ilaSqra Crdilo-

eTSi da gamefda mcxeTaSi“.2 ase aRwers mariam CxartiSvili azos damkvidrebas qarTlis xe-

lisuflebis saTaveSi. mis mmarTvelobas leonti „Znel da mesisxle `kacs uwodebs. swored

azos winaaRmdeg gamodis farnavazi. igi, azosgan gansxvavebiT, taxtis kanonieri memkvidre

iyo. marTalia, amas amtkicebs qujis mimarTva: „ukeTu mogueces Zleva Sen xar ufali Cveni“.

farnavazma SeZlo da Seqmna ganuyofeli qarTuli saxelmwifo. qveyanas saTaveSi gaR-

merTebuli monarqi edga. mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis idea, iCens Tavs far-

navazis „cxovrebis“ dasawyisidanve. amis dasturia misi sizmari, romlis mixedviT, farnava-

zi „mziscvarcxebulia“. m. CxartiSvili sainteresod afasebs farnavazis mefobis dasas-

ruls: „farnavazis warmatebuli mefobis bolosTvis qarTlSi ukve aRaravis epareboda eWvi

imaSi, rom gvirgvinosani zegardmo Zalebis movlenili iyo. farnavazma qarTuli eTnosi,

anu qarTveloba moiazra rogorc gansakuTrebuli, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli movlena; ami-

tomac saxelmwifo SenobisTvis duRabad man qarTuli ena gamoiyena, romelsac saxelmwifo

statusi mianiWa”.3

amgvarad, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba swored farnavazis mefobiT iwyeba.

„aman ganavrco enai qarTuli da arRara iZraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTu-

lisa“.4 leonti mroveli, romelic wers farnavazis istorias axsenebs sizmars, romelic

farnavazma ixila: “ixila farnavaz sizmari reca igi saxla Sina ukacursa, da egulveboda

ganvla da ver ganvida. maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa da moertya welTa missa,

da gamiyvana sarkmelsa mas. da viTar ganvida, ixila mze quedmdablad, mihyo xeli misi, moh-

xoca cuari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa missa“.5 am sizmarSi, Cveni azriT, warmoCinda leon-

ti mrovelis mTavari survili, moamzados xalxi farnavazis mefobisTvis. am sizmris miza-

nia daamtkicos farnavazis mefobis legitimuroba. xsenebuli epoqa warmarTi salocavebis

xanaa. mzis kulti jer kidev aqtiuria. amaze metyvelebs Tundac TviTon farnavazis mier

Seqmnili armazis kulti. armazi mzis gamomxatvel miTologiur saxe-idead warmoaCens le-

1 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv. 7. 2 iqve, gv. 7. 3 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv. 14. 4 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. qarTlis cxovreba, anaseuli nusxa (XVII s.),

gv.46. 5 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa. qarTlis cxovreba, anaseuli nusxa (XVII s.),

gv.40.

15

onti mroveli. amas sxvadasxvagvari axsna aqvs. erTis Tanaxmad, Zv. qarTul TqmulebaSi mze

Casvlisas oqros afrqvevs. SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom Camavali mze Tavis naTels armazSi

anivTebs. armazi miwieri mzea. arsebobs Tqmulebac, rom mzes aqvs Tavisi saxli da igi spi-

lenZisaa, iseve rogorc armazis kerpi. leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi naxsenebi sizmris mi-

xedviT, farnavaz mefe mzis naTelTanaa wilnayari da mziurobas anivTebs Tavis aRmarTul

kerpSi.leonti mrovelma farnavazis gzis misive sizmari dasaxa.sizmari, ara mxolod saxis-

metyvelebiT, aramed saazrovno saxe-ideas qmnis. teqstSi mzis xilvis aRwera naTlis ganfe-

nis momaswavebelia. sizmarSi mze cis kabadonze Camodis da misi nawili farnavazs ergeba wi-

lad. es pasaJi, Cveni azriT, warmosaxavs farnavazis, rogorc gamorCeuli mmarTvelis mefo-

bas. farnavazi niSnavs naTels, mziurs, mefur didebas. farnavazis RvTiurobaze miuTiTebs

misi saqmeebi. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli enis Seqmna da saerTo religiuri kul-

tis Seqmna. leontis TxzulebaSi asaxuli farnavazis pirovneba RvTis da kerZod mzis „nawi-

liania“.6 misi saqmenic mziur siZlieres, sidiades da siwmindis gacxadebaa. xsenebuli gamok-

vleva vfiqrobT, naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis farnavazis mefobis Sesaxeb. leonti mroveli

sizmris saSualebiT iribad gadmogvcems Txzulebis mTavar saTqmels, xsenebuli teqsti me-

fis legitimurobis damamtkicebelia da, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadi azris ideis matarebelia.

wm.nino

sxva kuTxiT warmovaCinoT wm. ninos istoria. adreul periodSi wm. ninos cxovrebis

ori redaqciaa Seqmnili. isini Satberdul-WeliSurma redaqciebma Semogvinaxa. nino Semos-

vlis Semdeg mcxeTaSi, mefis sasaxleSi dasaxlda. samefo baRis mcvelebma Seifares igi. ima-

ve xanebSi, wmindanma, baRSi muxlebze asketurad mTvlemarem, ramdenimejer naxa sizmrad,

rom mravalferadi Citebi mofrindebodnen, mdinareSi gaibanebodnen da baRSi rtoebs mo-

kenkavdnen, mere ninos eWikWikebodnen da garSemo evlebodnen JRurtuliT. qalwulma es

sizmari mouTxro sidonias, abiaTar mRvdlis asuls, romelmac igi ise ganumarta, rom wmin-

danis mier es samefo baRi RvTis sadidebel baRad gadaiqceva. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, swo-

red im adgilas, samefo baRSi, aSenda qarTlis samefoSi pirveli eklesia, romelsac, mogvia-

nebiT, sveticxoveli ewoda. „movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian

da movidian samoTxes amas, da babilos amas moisTulebdian da yuavils amas Zovdian, da mow-

led Cemda moRaRadebed, raca Cemi ars samoTxÀ igi, garemomadgian JRaviliT da £mobed Cem-

da momarT; mraval-ferad da Suenierad iyo xilva¡ igi maTi. da mraval gzis iyo ese“.7

mxatvruli da saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania wm.ninos siz-

mris epizodi, sadac saubaria samefo baRze, romlisa aRwerilobac sakmaod damajereblad-

hgavs bibliuri samoTxis baRs, da frinvelebze, romlebic mdinareSi Cadian, `babilosa mo-

isTulebdian~ da amboben, rom wminda ninos ekuTvnis samoTxe. sayuradReboa is momenti,

rom sxvadasxva redaqciaSi sxvadasxva xezea saubari da zoggan, misi saxeli saerTod ar ix-

senieba. es faqti SeiZleba samefo baRis bibliuri samoTxis baRTan msgavsebis kidev erT ma-

galiTad miviCnioT, radgan zustad ar aris cnobili, Tu risi xe idga samoTxeSi. rogorc

bibliur, ise am siuJetSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ara xeebis saxeobaze, aramed maT mniS-

vnelobaze, aseve SesaZlebelia, is mdinare, romelic samefo baRSi moedineboda da romel-

Sic Citebi Cadiodnen, samoTxis baRis oTx mdinares davukavSiroT. frinveli suliwmindis

simboloa, romelic mdinareSi Cadis, anu erTgvarad simbolurad madls gadascems, rome-

lic Semdgom mTel baRs moefineba. samoTxis oTx mdinaresac, romlebic sicocxlis xesTan

iRebda saTaves, sasicocxlo energia gadahqonda samyaros oTxive kuTxeSi (8,73). Tu wina

epizods qarTuli xalxuri legenda davukavSireT, rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi ukve

6 m. CxartiSvili; saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan, gv.14. 7 http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/qm/qarTlis moqceva.pdf pg. 14.

16

bibliur winamZRvrebTan gvaqvs saqme. wm. ninos kurnebas swored am gamorCeuli xeebis sam-

yofelSi aResruleba, radgan is qristianuli madliT aivso, Zvels daefuZna axali, qristi-

anuli cnobiereba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „wm. ninos cxovrebaSi“ sizmars gansakuTrebuli

datvirTva aqvs. xsenebuli sizmari iribad warmoaCens qristianobis damkvidrebas qarTSi

da zeciuri sasufevlis gadmotanas qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi. vfiqrobT, uyuradRebod

ar unda davtovoT amgvari mniSvnelobis mqone pasaJi.

vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis istorikosi — juanSeri piruTvneli meistoriea. mis am

TxzulebaSi gamovlenilia qristianuli religiis zneobrivi msoflmxedveloba. juanSeris

istoriuli azrovneba providencialisturia — is aramarto aRwersistoriul faqtebsa da

movlenebs, aramed mizezebsac arkvevs da amdenad, is Semfasebelia da es Sefaseba gajerebu-

lia wm. werilis suliT. avtori istoriul faqtebSi eZebs „mimalul“ sulier azrs. juanSe-

ris Txzuleba „vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba“ qristianobis apologiaa.

vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb saintereso kvleva warmogvidgina lela patariZem. misi az-

riT, juanSeri „qristianobis universalobis xazgasmiT, istorias Sorsmimaval mizans usa-

xavs: qarTvelobis saRvTo gzaze mibrunebas, warmavali samyaros nacvlad maradiuli idea-

lebis damkvidrebas, eklesiis rolis aRzevebas da Teokratiuli principebis populariza-

cias“.8 amdenad, vaxtang gorgaslis istorikosi Sua saukuneobrivad moazrovne pirovnebaa

da providencialisturi saxiT warmogvidgens samyaros.

vaxtang gorgaslis zeobis epoqa qarTlis samefos istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani xanaa. sainteresoa, is ideebi rasac Seicavs da amkvidrebs vaxtang gorgaslis

cxovreba zogadad mefobis da kerZod, vaxtangis mefobis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. vaxtan-

gamdel monakveTSi mirianis mefobis wamyvani ideebia: mirianis sasanuri warmomavloba, far-

navazian mefeebTan kulturuli siaxlove da mefis gaqristianeba. gansxvavebuli ideebi

udevs safuZvlad vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis legitimacias. pirveli exeba vaxtangis mefo-

bis Sedarebas bibliur daviTTan. meore, vaxtangis mefoba bizantiis imperatoris „keisris“

xeldasxmulia da, Sesabamisad, bizantiuri Teokratiis principebs eTanxmeba. vaxtangi, ro-

gorc mirian mefis STamomavali, sparsTa samefo dinastiis naTesavia da sasanianTa imperiis

ideologiur moTxovnebsac akmayofilebs. juanSeri, vaxtangis prototipad bibliur da-

viTs warmogvisaxavs. am faqts legitimaciis funqciac gaaCnia. vaxtangis cxovrebis dasawyi-

si mihyveba bibliur siuJets. ovsebTan dapirispireba avtorma warmoadgina erTgvar gamoc-

dad, romelmac unda aCvenos Tu ramdenad mzad aris vaxtangi mefobisTvis da RvTisgan Tua

misi mefoba kurTxeuli. goliaTebTan omis siuJeti aseve Zalian gavs daviTis SebrZolebas

filistimel goliaTTan. legitimaciis meore mTavari safuZvelia mirian mefesTan naTesau-

ri kavSiri. TxzulebaSia naTqvamia: „mamis mamaa Cemi mirian odes Semohyva mefesa sparsTa-

sa“,9 aseve vaxtangi Tavs nebroT gmiris naTesavad miiCnevs da sparsebs Zmebs uwodebs. neb-

roT gmirTan naTesaoba miCneulia samefo Zalauflebis legitimurobis wyarod. nebroTa-

noba sasanuri warmomavlobis sinonimia. amgvarad, juanSeri icnobs mirianis sasanuri war-

momavlobis Sesaxeb arsebul mosazrebas, da amkvidrebs mas. vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis

aRweris erT-erTi mizani aris mefis gamarTleba, vinaidan, rogorc Cans, am dros bevri pa-

suxgaucemeli kiTxva dagrovda. mefis politikis mimarT damokidebuleba bevri sayvedu-

riT Sexvda v. gorgaslis gadawyvetilebas. mag., petre mRvdeli, SemdegSi pirveli kaTali-

kosi kicxavs mefes, radgan vaxtangi sparseTis mefis mxares ibrZoda da qristianul bizan-

tias zurgs aqcevda. petre moiTxovs vaxtangisgan politikuri orientaciis Secvlas. swo-

8 l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi, gv.48. 9 iqve, gv.47—49.

17

red aq mivdivarT im ZiriTad sakiTxTan , romelic xilvaSi cxaddeba. petre mRvdeli icnobs

saparsTa da vaxtangis naTesaobis ideas, magram amas upirispirebs axali aRTqmiseul WeSma-

ritebas. qristianoba auqmebs xorcieli naTesaobis upiratesobas, vinaidan qristianoba su-

lierad uSualod RvTis Zeobazea dafuZnebuli. „megobari keisrisa“ mxolod es aqcevs vax-

tangs RvTiTkurTxeul mefed. gavecnoT uSualod sizmars.: mefe vaxtangi Zilis win ilo-

cebs da xedavs saswaulebriv sizmars: masTan midis wmida nino da igi zecisa da qveynis mefe-

ebTan mihyavs. vaxtangi xedavs konstantines qalaqs da or saydars: erTze dabrZanebulia

gvirgvinosani Wabuki, xolo meoreze — spetaki zewriT Semosili moxucebuli, romelsac

Tavze naTlis gvirgvini adgas. vaxtangis marjvena xeli petre mRvdels upyria, xolo mar-

cxena — samoel monazons. samoeli mas eubneba, rom pirvelad Tayvani sces grigols (par-

Tels) — zecismTavars. grigoli mas ganurisxdeba imis gamo, rom moaoxra misi banaki da mxe-

cebs SeaWama misi cxovarni. da mxolod petre mRvdlis, samoel monazonisa da wmida ninos

meoxebiT, romelic RvTismSobel mariamTan erTad maradis iRvwis qarTvelTaTvis, aRar

iZiebs Surs vaxtangze. wmida ninos SuamdgomlobiT vaxtangi midis keisarTan, romelic mas

gverdiT daisvams da beWeds miscems. keisari mas aRuTqvams gvirgvins im pirobiT, rom igi

ibrZolebs misi mtrebis winaaRmdeg. Semdeg vaxtangi ixilavs jvars, romlis frTebzec aris

gvirgvini. wmida nino, petre da samoeli erTiTa piriTa ityvian: „Cven varT Tavsmdebni, vi-

Tarmed umetes yovelTa sawaremarTos, hoi jvaro, uZlevelo“' maSin keisari mefes gvir-

gvins Tavze daadgams. episkoposi ki samjer ityvis: „—vaxtang! umetes morwmune iyo Sen yo-

velTa Soris naTesavsa sparsTasa, — Sengan aReSenen eklesiani da ganewesnen episkoposni da

episkoposmTavarni — gvirgvini wamebis miiRo“.10 imave sizmars xedaven cal-calke: petre

mRvdeli da samoelic. am saswauls is funqcia aqvs, rom aCvenos gangebis Zliereba, misi

yvelganmyofoba. vaxtangi darwmundeba, rom es aris RvTis neba da igi sabolood orien-

tacias berZnebisken aiRebs.

amdenad, Tu vaxtangs surs iyos WeSmariti xelisufali keisris megobrad unda iqces.

am sityvebis WeSmaritebaSi vaxtangi xsenebuli xilviT darwmunda, aseve, juanSeri am

sizmriT TiToeul mkiTxvels Caunergavs axal ideas. mefis legitimuroba mtkicdeba. amas

zeciuri xilva amtkicebs. mniSvnelovani monakveTia, bizantiis imperatoris mier vaxtan-

gisTvis gvirgvinis Tavze dadgma. bizantiur samefo wesdebaSi basilevsad kurTxevis ce-

remonialSi gvirgvinis dadgma umTavresi ritualia. am xilvaSic misi xseneba rogorc

qristianul-bizantiuri simbolikisa vaxtangis mefobis xelaxali legitimaciis mcdelo-

baa. amgvarad, mTlianobaSi cxovreba vaxtangisi legitimaciis daniSnulebis mqone teqstia.

Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom is „zRapruli“ Tu „saswaulebrivi“ elementebis ukan, rom-

lebic mravlad gvxvdeba teqstSi, politikuri idebi dgas. rTuli politikuri viTareba

Tan sdevs vaxtangis cxovrebas. sparseTis mze Caesvena, bizantiis Zalebi ki izrdeba. vax-

tang mefem swori arCevani gaakeTa, istoriuli gardatexis momentSi qristianuli samyaros

mxareze dadga. xsenebuli xilva nawilia avtoriseuli mcdelobisa mefis RvTiTkurTxeu-

lobis Sesaxeb.

amdenad, SeuZlebelia, gulgrilad SevxedoT e.w. zRaprul siuJetebs, romliTac mdi-

daria qarTuli istoria. es iyo mciredi nawili sakiTxis kvlevisa. vfiqrobT, xsenebuli sa-

kiTxi sainteresoa rogorc istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis, aseve istoriiT dainteresebuli pi-

rebisaTvis. kvlevis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda sizmrebis, rogorc Suassaukuneobrivi

istoriis reprezentaciis formis warmoCena. marTalia sizmrebis kvleva qarTul istorio-

grafiaSi cnobilia, Tumca maT wyaroTmcodneobiT mniSvnelobaze naklebia dawerili da

10 l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi, gv. 48.

18

naTqvami. Tumca ki, vfiqrobT, rom samive ganxilul magaliTSi sizmrebs ZiriTadi daniS-

nuleba hqondaT. sizmrebi warmogvidgnen rogorc umTavresi mesiji, ZiriTadi azri, rome-

lic avtorma iribad, SefarviT gadmogvca. xsenebuli gamokvleva axali saxiT warmogvid-

gens saistorio krebuls „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mniSvnelobas. wyaroSi daculi sizmrebis

axsna ki gvexmareba Rrmad CavwvdeT da amovicnoT avtoris dafaruli ganzraxva.


1. metreveli 2008: r. metreveli, qarTlis cxovreba; Tb., 2008.

2. patariZe 2009: l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul

erTobaSi; Tb., 2009.

3. qavTaria 1999: g. qavTaria, farnavazi; Tb., 1999.

4. CxartiSvili 2009: m. CxartiSvili, saxeebi saqarTvelos warsulidan; Tb., 2009.

5. http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/qm/qarTlis_moqceva.pdf.

19

rezo marnaZe goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, magistratura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori mamuka jolbirdi

daba suramis istoriidan (antikuri xana)

daba surami xaSuridan 5 km. moSorebiT, lixis qedis aRm. kalTis Ziras, zRvis donidan

740 m, md. suramulas napirebze mdebareobs. igi sadabo sabWos centria (Sedis soflebi:

bijnisi, buRaura, gverdisubani, didi bekami, patara bekami, zekota, itria, urTxva, Cuma-

TeleTi) [8: 610].

suramis warmoSobaze arsebobs xalxuri Tqmulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, suramSi mcxov-

reb axalgazrda qal-vaJs, romelTagan qals — su rqmevia, vaJs — rami erTmaneTi Zalian hyva-

rebiaT da radgan mSoblebi erTad yofnas uSlidnen, gadawyvites Cumad daqorwine-

buliyvnen. im ubans, sadac isini dasaxlebulan, maTi erToblivi saxeli — surami darqmevia,

mogvianebiT ki es toponimi mTel dabaze gavrcelebula.

suramSi adamianTa dasaxlebis uZvelesi kvali adrebrinjaos xanidan Cans, rasac mow-

mobs mdidri arqeologiuri masala. kerZod, suramSi SemTxveviT aRmoCnda gviani brinjaos

xanis nivTebi: brinjaos sakinZi, rgoli, samajuri da sakidi, aseve mikvleulia gviananti-

kuri xanis Wviruli balTa, aqemeniduri vercxlis moneta. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom su-

rami arqeologiurad Seuswavlelia [7: 493].

surami antikuri xanis saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvnelovan dasaxlebas warmoadgenda.

adreul periodSi suramze gadioda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken mimavali mniSvnelo-

vani savaWro-saqaravno gza. adreantikur xanaSi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba dasav-

leT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris warmoebda suramis uReltexiliT, rasac adas-

turebs 1856 wels suramSi aRmoCenili Zv.w.aR-is VI-V s.s. vercxlis aqemeniduri sikla

kolxur „TeTrTan“ erTad. amave periodSi aRniSnuli uReltexiliT berZnuli importi iW-

reba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo elinisturi xanidan, roca vaWroba iRebs e.w. „msof-

lio“ xasiaTs da masSi ara mxolod mcire azia, mesopotamia da egvipte, aramed Sua aziis

qveynebi, indoeTisa da CineTis Soreuli raionebic ebmeba, iqmneba erTiani didi savaWro

gza indoeTidan fazisisaken [5: 13].

Tumca, saqarTvelos savaWro urTierToba aqemenidur samyarosTan jer kidev susti

iyo. rogorc e. a paxomovi wers: „aqemenidTa xanaSi (VI-IV s.s.) kavkasiis azerbaijanma, mTeli

kavkasiis umetesi nawilis msgavsad, jer kidev ar icoda samoneto mimoqceva. TviT iseTi

xalxi, rogoric kolxebia, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapiroze da elianTa savaWro cent-

rebTan axlos mosaxleoben, mizanSewonilad Tvlidnen darios I (522-485) dros gadasaxadebi

gadaexadaT monebiT da ara fuliT. es aixsneba aqemenianTa monetebis iSviaTobiT amierkav-

kasiaSi. CemTvis cnobilia mxolod ori SemTxveva, rodesac vercxlis monetebi aRmoCnda

suramsa da erevanSi“ [6: 58–59].

amrigad, qarTul-aqemeniduri savaWro urTierTobebis sisuste, amierkavkasiaSi aqe-

menianTa monetebis iSviaToba da mxolod ori monetis aRmoCena maT Soris erT-erTisa

suramSi, kidev ufro amyarebs mosazrebas, rom suramze gamaval gzas antikur periodSi

mniSvnelovani savaWro-ekonomikuri funqcia hqonda, rogorc damakavSirebels aRmo-

savleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobda suramis dawinaurebas.

20

suramze gamavali gzis Sesaxeb cnobebi jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV-III s.s. berZeni avtorebis —

aristoteles, eratosTenes da patrokles SromebSi gvxvdeba. straboni maT cnobebs ase

gadmogvcems: „aristobule oqsoss (e.i. amudarias) miiCnevs udides mdinared... aristobule

da, patrokles sityviT, eratosTenec amboben, rom es mdinare sanaosnoa da am mdinariT bevri

induri saqoneli SemoaqvT hirkaniis (e.i. kaspiis) zRvaSi, xolo aqedan albaniaSi gadaaqvT da

Semdeg mtkvriTa da mis momdevno adgilebiT evqsinis (e.i. Sav) zRvaSi CaaqvT“ [11: 75].

zemoT motanili wyarodan gamomdinare „mtkvriTa da mis momdevno adgilebiT“-Si

savaraudod isini gulisxmobdnen suramis midamoebs da uReltexils.

n. berZeniSvili amis Sesaxeb werda: „induri saqoneli md. amudariiT CahqondaT kaspiis

zRvaSi da iqidan mtkvriT amohqondaT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. aqedan ki, ukve xmeleTiT

— suramis uReltexiliT — ezidebodnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac saqoneli md.

rioniT Savi zRvis sanapiro qalaqebs, kerZod faziss anu foTs aRwevda, romelic im

droisaTvis friad mniSvnelovan navsadgurad iqca“ [2: 47].

Zveli berZeni geografi straboni (daaxl. Zv. w. 64 – ax. w. 24 ww.) da pliniusi gad-

mogvcemen ra am gzis aRwerilobas, adastureben rionze 120 gadasasvleli xidis arsebobas,

kerZod straboni wers, rom: „Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze, romlebzedac fazisi

mimdinareobs, swrafi da miemarTeba kolxidaSi, (romelzedac [e.i. fazisze] 120 xidiT ga-

daisvleba misi mixveul-moxveulobis gamo)... aseTia kolxididan iberiaSi Sesavali, dax-

Suli kldeebiT, simagreebiTa da xeobiani mdinareebiT“ [10: 128—129]. igi aseve wers, rom

„[Sorapnidan] fexiT, saurme gziT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde“ [10: 123]. is garemoeba, rom

rionze 120 xidi iyo mowyobili miuTiTebs imaze, rom am savaWro-saqaravno gzis mowyobas

didi yuradReba eqceoda da am gzis savaWro-ekonomikuri datvirTva, romelic evropas da

azias akavSirebda, romelic Tavis mxriv suramzec gadioda, udidesi iyo.

unda aRiniSnos, rom suramze gamavali savaWro-saqaravno gzis arsebobasa da Zv.

berZeni istorikosebisa da geografebis gadmocemiT md. mtkvris sanaosnod gamoyenebas

adasturebs sof. cxramuxasTan axlos md. mtkvarSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi napovni gemis

Ruza. 1890 w. 1 seqtembers gazeTi „iveria“ werda: „rogorc SevityeT s. cxramuxas axlo, go-

ris mazraSi, mtkvarSi metiveebs upovniaT erTi Ruza... sul uZveles dros, rogorc isto-

riidan viciT mtkvarzed ialqniani gemebi da surams axlo, cxramuxasa da qviSxeTs Sua, nav-

sadguri yofila gamarTuli. napovni Ruza gemisaa. es axlad (napovni) Ruza cxadad amtki-

cebs Zveli istorikosebis gadmocemas, rom kaspiis zRvidgan suramamde saqoneli gemebiT

gadahqondaT da mtkvari sanavosno mdinare iyovo“ [5: 14].

am faqts mogvianebiT „saxalxo gazeTi“ miubrunda da 1913 wlis 9 ianvars gamoaqveyna

mRvdel qristofore cicqiSvilis werili saTauriT – „mtkvarSi napovni Ruza“, romelSic

weria: „qarTul saeTnografio sazogadoebis davalebiT, 29 dekembers 1912 wels avedi

suramis axlo mdebare sofel bekamSi, sadac mRvdels ioane cicqiSvils hqonda Senaxuli

Zveli Ruza, rom es Camometana tfilisSi. es Ruza upovnia am ocdaxuTi wlis winad sofel

savanlis tezris glexs badriaSvils mdinare mtkvarSi sofel taSiskaris axlo. am glexs

tivi mohqonebia, tivi wamosdebia Ruzis kaps da gaCerebula. metives gauTavisuflebia tivi

da unaxavs wylidam amoSverili rkina. daubams kameCebi am rkinisaTvis, gamouTrevia

napirze, wamouRia Sin savanlis tezerSi da daugdia Tavis ezoSi. mere es glexisaTvis

ucnauri rkina unaxavs mRvdels mama ioane cicqiSvils, Seucvnia Ruzad, Seusyidnia da

moutania Tavis saxlis ezoSi, sadac egdo mas Semdeg dRemdis. dRes es Ruza Camotanilia

tfilisSi da gadacemulia saistorio-eTnografiis sazogadoebisadmi, romelsac dRevan-

delma patronma Ruzisa ufasod Seswira.

21

Ruza woniT rva fuTia. hqonia oTxi romelTagan ori mostexia.sigrZiT iqneba ori

arSini.

Cemi fiqriT wminda rkina ar unda iyos, radganac Jangs magre rigad veraferi dauklia.

Tu es rkina marTla Zveli drois Ruza gamodga, Zalian SesaniSnav istoriul ganZad

CaiTvleba, radganac igi iqneba damamtkicebeli sabuTi im Zveli cnobisa, rom uwin gemebi

dadiodnen mdinare mtkvarzeo, da rom gemebiT indoeTis saqoneli amohqondaT suramamde,

aqedan xmeleTiT gadahqondaT Sorapnamde da mere isev gemebiT CahqondaT Sav zRvamdeo. es

mdinareebi, unda vifiqroT, maSin erTi-samad da erTi-xuTad met iqneboda dRevandelTan

SedarebiT. imedia, mcodne pirebi daaTvaliereben aRniSnul Ruzas da Taviss azrs ga-

mosTqvamen“[5: 14—15].

suramze gamaval gzas samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobac hqonda, pompeusi iberi-

idan kolxeTSi, rogorc Cans, gadasula suramis uReltexiliT da Semdeg md. faziss (e.i.

yvirilasa da mere rions) Cahyolia [4: 110].

Zveli berZeni geografi klavdios ptolemaჴosi (100-178) Tavis naSromSi asaxelebs

iberiaSi mdebare 9 qalaqsa da sofels: lubioni, agina, vasaida, varika, sura, artanissa,

mestleta, Zalisa, harmaqtika. s. yauxCiSvili miiCnevs, rom lubioni, agina, vasaida, varika

da sura damaxinjebuli formiT aris moRweuli da maTi gaigiveba CvenTvis cnobil daba-

qalaqebTan ar xerxdeba, Tu ar vivaraudebT, rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom

„agina“ SeiZleba iyos „ZaRina“ (md. fcis auzSi), xolo „sura“ — surami [11: 72].

metad sarwmunoa T. yauxCiSvilis mosazreba, romelic klavdios ptolemaiÁosis

cnobaze dayrdnobiT asaxelebs im dasaxlebul punqtebs, romelTa identifikacia xerxdeba

Tanamedrove an sxva wyaroebiT cnobil dasaxlebebTan. igi asaxelebs „sura“-s da varaudobs,

rom es SesaZlebelia iyos surami, „harmaqtika“-s (igive harmozike, anu armazcixe), „mest-

leta“-s (mcxeTa), „Zalisak“- s (dRevandeli Zalisi muxranis dablobze) da “artanissa“-s (igive

artanuji) [9:165—166]. mkvlevari aseve wers: „is garemoeba, rom klavdius ptolemai£osi

icnobs am qalaqebs, imis momaswavebelia, rom misi droisaTvis isini mniSvnelovnad

dasaxlebul adgilebs warmoadgenen da Tu straboni kmayofildeba imis aRniSvniT, rom

„iberia metwilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli dabebiTa da qalaqebiT“ klavdios ptolemai£osi

kidevac aRniSnavs am kargad dasaxlebul punqtebs“ [9: 166].

j. gvasaliac adasturebs, rom „surami SeiZleba iyos ptolemaiosis mier dasaxe-

lebuli „sura“ [3: 140].

ptolema£osis mier dasaxelebuli iberiis erT-erTi qalaqi – „sura“ surami unda iyos,

romelic damaxinjebuli formiT aris moRweuli, radgan saxelwodeba „sura“, suramis

garda, ar Seesabameba iberiis arcerT dasaxlebas.

Zv. romaeli istorikosi, geografi pliniusi surams — suriums uwodebs [1:120].

S. mesxia surams uZvelesi droidan dasaxlebul punqtad Tvlis da aRniSnavs, rom surami

„imdroindeli saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani punqti unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg, miuxedavad

mravalgvari saSinao da sagareo cvlilebebisa, surami savsebiT arasodes gamqrala am mxriv mas

didad uwyobda xels Tavisi moxerxebuli geografiuli mdebareob“ [6: 228].

T. lacabiZis daskvniT: „suramis rogorc qalaqis aRmoceneba iwyeba Zv.w. IV-III sau-

kuneebis mijnaze, xolo III saukunis bolosTvis mas ukve mkveTrad gamoxatuli qalaquri

iersaxe unda mieRo“ [5:14]. igi agreTve varaudobs suramis geografiuli mdebareobis

gaTvaliswinebiT aq sabaJos arsebobas, rac gviandeli periodis mravali dokumentiT

22

dasturdeba – „rogorc cnobilia, sabaJo iq arsebobs, sadac cixe-simagrea. amave principiT

unda yofiliyo gamarTuli sabaJoebi xaSuris dRevandel regionSic. aq arsebuli samive

sabaJo funqcionirebs iq, sadac cixe-simagre an raime TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobaa (mag.,

koSki). alis sabaJo alis cixeSia, taSiskrisa — taSiskris koSkSi, suramis sabaJoc, ra Tqma

unda, suramis cixe-simagreSi unda yofiliyo ganTavsebuli da masze dayrdnobiT moexdina

Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcieleba“ [5:15].

amrigad, zemoT motanili saistorio masalis Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom suramis

xelsayrelma geografiulma mdebareobam, misma aqtiurma Cabmam saSinao Tu saerTaSoriso

savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi ganapiroba suramis qalaquri tipis dasaxlebad

(dabad) Camoyalibeba, romelic, savaraudod, unda momxdariyo elinistur xanaSi.


1. aixvaldi 2005, e. aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZi-

eblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2005.

2. berZeniSvili 1956; n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1956.

3. gvasalia 1983; j. gvasalia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis narkvevebi,

Tbilisi, 1983.

4. kasiosi 1966; d. kasiosi, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targma-

niTurT gamosca, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo n. lomourma, Tbilisi, 1966.

5. lacabiZe 2012; T. lacabiZe, ambavi suramis cixisa, xaSuri, 2012.

6. mesxia 1983; S. mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1983.

7. qarTlis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2013.

8. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tbilisi, 1985.

9. yauxCiSvili 1976; T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tbilisi,

1976.

10. yauxCiSvili 1957; T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, Tbilisi, 1957.

11. yauxCiSvili 1964; s. yauxCiSvili, ras gviamboben Zveli berZnebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbi

lisi, 1964.

23

maia axalkaciSvili iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori madona qebaZe

saqarTvelodan deportirebuli „Turqi mesxebis“ repatriaciis

sakiTxi saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelo Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo warsulSi araerTi qveynis

interesis da qveynebs Soris dapirispirebis obieqts warmoadgenda. am mxriv saqarTvelos

TiToeul kuTxes Tavisi istoria gaaCnia, romelic mTlianobaSi avsebs da qmnis saqar-

Tvelos istorias. TiToeuli dampyrobeli saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi damkvidre-

bisTvis cdilobda gamoeyenebina iseTi meTodebi rogoricaa: mosaxleobis asimilacia, ga-

dasaxleba (romelTac Tan sdevdaT devna, religiuri da ekonomikuri Seviwroeba). orive es

meTodi saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT, istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebma

mosaxleobam sxvadasxva dros sakuTar Tavze gamoscada da wlebia ukve rac istoriuli

samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT cxovroben yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, uzbekeTSi, ruseTSi,

azerbaijanSi, TurqeTsa da aSS-Si. am adamianebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar hqondaT pasuxi

kiTxvebze: ra erovnebis xar? vin xar? sadaa Seni adgili? sad aris Seni mSobliuri miwa-

wyali? dRemde am kiTxvebTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi da damoki-

debulebac maTdami mimRebi saxelmwifos (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelo) mosax-

leobisaa araa erTgvarovani, rac arTulebs maTi repatriaciis sakiTxs.

da mainc sad iwyeba da sadamde grZeldeba mesxuri problema?! ra aris gasaTva-

liswinebeli am problemis gadaWrisas, rogori iyo saxelmwifos midgoma am sakiTxisadmi da

rogoria e.w „Turqi mesxebis“ ganwyoba, kargaven Tu ara samSobloSi dabrunebis imeds (amaze

odnav mogvianebiT, manamde ki mimovixilav istoriuli mesxeTis qronikas).

mesxeTis istoriuli qronika

dasawyisSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom istoriuli mesxeTis (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo)

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda: artaani, eruSeTi, kola, SavSeTi, tao, klarjeTi, Tori, WaneTi,

speri, samcxe, javaxeTi. dRes XXI saukuneSi mesxeTis didi nawili daaxloebiT 34230 kv.km.

TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSia.

1578 wlidan es mxare osmalebma daikaves da batonobis gasamyareblad mosaxleobis

islamizaciis procesi daiwyes, amisaTvis SemoiRes da gaatares iseTi kanonebi, rom mo-

saxleoba iZulebuli xdeboda mieRo mahmadianoba, kerZod, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba mxo-

lod samxedro valdebuls hqonda, romelic amavdroulad mahmadiani unda yofiliyo. sa-

valdebulo salaparako enad Turquli iTvleboda (mesxebs yurZnis movlac aekrZalaT,

radgan yuraniT Rvinis sma ikrZaleboda). gamahmadianebulTaTvis SemoiRes SeRavaTebi, ga-

aTavisufles mTlianad an nawilobriv gadasaxadebisgan. islamizaciis procesi xdeboda

ZaldatanebiTac (magaliTad: „abuseriZeebi, avaliSvilebi, amilaxorebi, vaCnaZeebi, TaTqa-

riZeebi CixlaZiebi da sxv“), magram meTvramete saukuneSic qarTveli mefeebi ar kargavdnen

imeds misi SemoerTebisas da kvlavac miCneuli iyo qarTlis nawilad.

1783 wlis 23 ivliss georgievskis traqtatis erT-erTi muxli aseve iTvaliswinebda

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis maT Soris osmaleTisgan mitacebuli terito-

riebis dabrunebas.

TurqeTis 250 wlian batonobas mesxeTSi kiTxvis niSnebi gauCnda 1801 wels, roca ru-

seTis interesis obieqti gaxda kavkasia. 1828-1829 w.w am or qveyanas Soris omis Sedegad (ad-

24

rianopolis zaviT) ruseTma daikava kidec mesxeTis CrdiloeTi nawili. mimaCnia, rom adek-

vaturi iqneboda Tu isini uzrunvelyofdnen am mosaxleobis qristianul sawyisebTan dab-

runebas, miTumetes mosaxleobis mxridan iyo amis mzaoba „qarTvel mahmadian begTa nawilma

paskeviCs mimarTa winadadebiT, rom isini miiRebdnen marTlmadideblobas Tu maT daubrun-

debodaT qarTvel TavadaznaurTa wodeba da mefeebis mier maTTvis naboZebi miwebis gada-

cemac, romlis sigelebic maT xelT gaaCndaT“ (T.CageliSvili „mesxebi“ dokumenturi fil-

mi). ruseTma es winadadeba ar miiRo, da piriqiT xels uwyobda maT gaTurqebas (raTa mo-

mavalSi ufro advilad ganexorcielebina Tavisi miznebi), rasac mowmobs maT mier gaxsnili

Turquli skolebi, vinaidan mis gegmebSi maTi ara e.w. „moqceva“, aramed gandevna da maT ad-

gilze arzrumeli qristiani somxebis da rusebis Camosaxleba warmoadgenda. 1830 wels

daiwyo gadasaxlebis pirveli talRa, 75 000 qarTveli mahmadiani TurqeTSi gadaasaxles,

radgan arasaimedo xalxad iqnen miCneulni (zogadad, im periodSi iTvleboda, rom rwmena

da erovneba es erTi da igive iyo). qarTveli mahmadianebis adgilebze Camoasaxles daax.

32000 arzrumeli qristiani somexi rusebi Tvlidnen, rom ase ufro daculi iqneboda

imperiis samxreT sazRvari.

gadasaxlebis meore talRa ukavSirdeba 1877-1878 ww.-Si mimdinare ruseT-TurqeTis

morig oms, romelic ruseTis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, rac dadebiTi iyo saqarTvelosTvis

im mxriv, rom amas mohyva osmaleTis mier dapyrobili teritoriebis gaTavisufleba, ker-

Zod SavSeTi, klarjeTi imerxevi, kola-artaani, olTisi da aWara. daiwyo da man moicva tao,

klarjeTi, samcxe, aWara, qvemo guria, magram iq mcxovrebi mahmadiani qarTvelebisTvis es

uaryofiTi xasiaTis movlenad iqca, daiwyo muhajiroba da man moicva tao, klarjeTi,

samcxe, aWara, qvemo guria.

gadasaxlebis mesame talRa 1921 wels moxda (yarsis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTma saqar-

Tvelos gadasca mTliani aWara), magram am SualedSi adgili hqonda iseT mniSvnelovan pro-

cesebs rogoricaa: pirveli msoflio omi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopoveba. pir-

vel msoflio omSi monawile yvela qveyanas Tavisi miznebi hqonda, TurqeTs (germaniis

mokavSire) im teritoriebis SemoerTeba surda romelic maTi modgmis xalxiT iyo dasax-

lebuli da surda „didi Turanis Seqmna“. ra Tqma unda, aq igulisxmeba samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloc, romelic mahmadianebiT dasaxlebul teritorias warmoadgenda, romlis

mosaxleobis nawili panTurqizmis ideiT iyo Sepyrobili, ruseTisadmi uaryofiTad iyvnen

ganwyobilni da TavianT momavals TurqeTs ukavSirebdnen, amas mowmobs 1917 wels axal-

cixeSi gamarTuli mahmadianTa yrilobac, sadac omar feiqr yifiani sityviT gamovida: `ru-

seTis batonoba ukanasknel dReebs iTvlis. Cveni mizani naTelia aWaris, focxovis, axal-

cixis, axalqalaqis mazrebis gamoyofa Tbilisis guberniisgan... qristianebma unda gaigon,

rom maTi adgili aq ar aris, Cveni momavali moZme TurqeTTanaa... azerbaijanelebTan da

TurqebTan erTad SevqmniT did panislamur saxelmwifos“. T. CageliSvili dokumenturi

filmi „mesxebi“ (mimaCnia, rom es imJamindeli ruseTis mesveurTa politikis Sedegic iyo,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, maT am adamianebis gaqristianebisTvis, danarCen mosaxleobaSi

integraciisTvis araferi gaukeTebiaT, samagierod xdeboda maTi religiuri da ekono-

mikuri Seviwroeba. bevri qarTveli mahmadiani swavla-ganaTlebas stambolSi, baqoSi, arz-

rumSi iRebda, ramac did wilad ganapiroba maTSi panTurqizmis ideebis gavrceleba,

antirusuli ganwyobileba, vfiqrob imJamindel ruseTs awyobda kidec aseTi ganwyobilebis

arseboba, radgan es gauadvilebda da gaamarTlebda mis politikas ganxorcielebuls

qarTveli mahmadianebisadmi (gadasaxleba). 1918 w. 18 marts brest-litovskis zaviT ruseT-

ma 1877—1878 w.w-Si dakavebuli teritoriebi TurqeTs daubruna. Tavis mxriv, mudrosis za-

25

viT (1918 w. 30 oqtomberi) osmaleTis jarebma gamoacxades kapitulacia. TurqeTi amierkav-

kasiaSi 1877 wlis sazRvars unda dabruneboda, magram man moaxerxa samxreT-dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi e.w. yarsis respublikis Seqmna (mxolod 4 Tve iarseba). qarTvelebma daikaves

tao-klarjeTi da 1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukidebloba gamoacxades, rac didxans ar gagr-

Zelebula 1921 w. 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTma misi okupacia moaxdina.

ssrk-is memkvidreoba da gza Sua aziisken

1921 wels ruseTisa da TurqeTis liderebs leninsa da aTaTurqs Soris xeli moewera

yarsis xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad mesxeTi or nawilad gayofili aRmoCnda. saqar-

Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda aWara da samcxe-javaxeTi.

sabWoTa ruseTma memkvidreoba ganagrZo da winaprebis gzas ar gadauxvia anu misi

politika qarTveli mahmadianebis mimarT arafriT ar gansxvavdeboda mefis ruseTisgan.

gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom man qarTveli mahmadianebi azerbaijanelebad „monaTla“.

daiwyo azerbaijanuli skolebis gaxsna, azerbaijaneli pedagogebis Semoyvana, savsebiT

marTebulia daisvas kiTxva Tu SesaZlebeli iyo azerbaijanuli enis swavla ratom ar

SeiZleboda qarTuli enis swavla (amis moTxovna arsebobda kidec) pasuxi martivia Tu Cven

ruseTis politikas mimovixilavT zogadad saqarTveloSi kerZod qarTuli enis rusuli

eniT Canacvleba, romlis mizansac qarTveli eris garuseba warmoadgenda.

arc gadasaxlebis mxriv Secvlila rame, piriqiT meore msoflio omis dros eTnikuri

niSniT deportaciam masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo. marto erT wels 1.9 mln adamiani iqna

gadasxlebuli cimbirsa da centralur aziaSi, romelTa Soris iyvnen qurTebi, hemSinebi,

yaraCaelebi, yalmuxebi, mahmadiani mesxebi, balyarelebi, CeCnebi, yirimeli TaTrebi,

inguSebi da a. S. yvela sazRvrispira (TurqeTis, avRaneTis, iranis) raionebSi mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba gamocxadda „antisabWoTa elementebad“. maTi gadasaxlebis mizezad saxelde-

boda sabWoTa ruseTis mier centralur aziaSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebac.

1944 wels lavrenti beriam stalins saidumlo moxseneba gaugzavna, sadac igi xazs

usvamda qarTveli mahmadianebis arasaimedoobaze, maT urTierTobebze mesxeTis im pro-

vinciebTan, romelic TurqeTis teritoriaze mdebareobda da maTi gadasaxlebis saWi-

roebaze. 1944 wlis 10 noembris Rames sabWoTa xelisuflebam axsna-ganmartebis gareSe mes-

xeTis ramdenime soflidan mosaxleoba ahyara da Sua aziis gzas gauyena, maT Soris iyvnen

iseTebic, romelTa Svilebi meore msoflio omSi ruseTis mxares ibrZoda (mogvianebiT es

mebrZolebic aseve gadasaxles). maTi miwebi, sacxovrebeli adgilebi saxelmwifo kuTv-

nilebad cxaddeboda (gadasaxlebulTa cxovreba Sua aziaSi ar iyo advili, es mraval sir-

TulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli).

„brZola“ dasabruneblad

1956 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac ssrk-is xelisuflebaSi mosulma n. xruSCovma 1944 wlis ga-

dasaxleba arasamarTlianad scno, gadasaxlebulebs, garda e. w. Turqi mesxebisa, ukan, samSob-

loSi dabrunebis ufleba misca, mesxebma mSvidobiani demonstraciebi gamarTes, magram

sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwies. vfiqrob amis mTavari mizezi maT mier miCneuli samSoblo iyo,

romelSic zogi saqarTvelos, zogic TurqeTs gulisxmobda, iyvnen iseTebic, romelTac

gadaWriT raimes Tqma ar SeeZlo, da am erTianobis ar arsebobam maTi brZola uSedego gaxada.

mogvianebiT Camoyalibda organizaciebi, romlebic icavdnen da iTxovdnen calkeuli

da ara erTiani jgufis interesebs da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, esenia: „vaTani“ –

daarsda 1990 wels igi proTurqulia, radikalurad iTxoven mxolod mesxeTSi dabrunebas,

kulturuli avtonomiis miRebas da mSobliur enaze swavla-ganaTlebis miRebas. „xsna“ –

daarsda 1992 wels (1999 wlidan organizaciam miiRo „qarTvel repatriantTa kavSiris“ sa-

26

xeli) isini „Turq mesxebs“ eTnikur qarTvelebad Tvlis da Tanaxmaa icxovros saqarTvelos

nebismier raionSi. „umidi“ – 1984 wels Camoyalibda da mis mizans TurqeTSi dasaxleba war-

moadgens.

amrigad, mesxTa repatriaciis mTavar problemas warmoadgens maT Soris arsebuli

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba samSoblos mimarT. „umidis“ da „xsnis“ pozicia vfiqrob SesaZlebeli

da mogvarebadia, magram „vaTanis“ radikaluri moTxovnebi dafiqrebas saWiroebs .

repatriaciis sakiTxi

saqarTvelos inteligenciis xelmZRvanelobiT sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi 1960-1980 -

ian da 1982-1990 ian wlebSi ramdenime aTasi mesxi dabrunda saqarTveloSi, magram 1990-1992

wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad (eTnokonfliqtebi), da maTdami mosaxleobis

negatiuri ganwyobilebis gazrdis gamo bevrma maTganma kvlav datova saqarTvelo. 2005

wels statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi 592 mesxi cxovrobda aqedan 163-ma

ekonomikuri problemebis gamo saqarTvelo datova (Tumca maT ukve aqvT miRebuli

saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba).

SevardnaZis mTavroba mesxebTan dakavSirebiT iRebda brZanebulebebs magaliTad

„1992 wels Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda Seeswavla samxreT saqarTvelodan deportire-

buli mosaxleobis problemebi“, molaparakebis warmoeba daiwyo krasnodaris mxaresTan

(mesxebi aq, ZiriTadad, 1989 wlis ferRanaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg dasaxldnen)

SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad iqmneboda 1944 wels mesxeTisa da javaxeTis deportirebuli mosax-

leobis repatriaciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri gegma, „deportirebul mesxTa socialuri

problemebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb“ (v. modebaZe, gv.117). magram es da sxva gankargulebebi

realurad cxovrebaSi ar gatarebula.

1999 wels saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevri qveyana gaxda da aiRo valdebuleba rasac e. w

„Turqi mesxebis“ repatriacia ewodeba da rac 2011 wlamde unda daesrulebina. magram am

kuTxiT raime qmediTi nabijebi ar gadadgmula.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mosulma xelisuflebam repatriaciasTan dakavSirebiT

miiRo kanoni 2007 wlis 1 ianvars, romelsac oficialurad ewoda „saqarTvelos kanoni yo-

fili ssrk-is mier me-20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-idan iZulebiT gadasax-

lebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb“. es kanoni exeba 1944 wels aWaridan da samcxe-javaxe-

Tidan gadasaxlebulebs: hemSinebi, yarafafaxebi, Taraqamebi, qurTebi, Turqebi da boSebi.

mTlianobaSi 5841-ma ojaxma Seitana ganacxadi, romelTagan repatriaciis statusi

1349 mieniWa, magram amiT ar dasrulebula, es sakiTxi amiT mxolod daiwyo.

amasTan, arsebobs organizacia „javaxki — Turquli diaspora“ romelic mesxebis

repatriacias uaryofiTad afasebs da saubrobs movlenebis iseT ganviTarebaze, rasac

mohyveba maTi mxridan „TurqeTTan SeerTebis“ moTxovna.

daskvna

am Temaze muSaobisas mindoda axalgazrdebs Soris gamokiTxva Cametarebina da aR-

moCnda rom axali Taobis nawilma ar icis e.w. „Turqi mesxebis“ ukan arsebuli problemebis

Sesaxeb. amitom vfiqrob aucilebelia am kuTxiT sazogadoebis swori informirebuloba.

saqarTvelo, romelsac dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan surs natosa da evrokavSiris struq-

turebSi gawevrianeba unda Seasrulos evrosabWos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebi, erT-

erTi maTgani mesxebis repatriacias Seexeba. procesi ukve dawyebulia amitomac arasworad

mimaCnia saubari imaze sworia Tu ara, valdebulia Tu ara qarTuli mxare da a.S. dRes

ZiriTadi yuradReba unda eqceodes iseTi problemebis dadgenasa da aRmofxvras ris wi-

27

naSec aRmoCndebian e.w. „Turqi mesxebi“ da qarTuli sazogadoeba. amisaTvis aucilebelia

qarTuli sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Seswavla da mosalodneli daZabulobis ganeit-

raleba, repatriantebis damokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan maT mo-

qalaqeobis miRebis Semdeg konstituciiT aqvT ufleba Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen da da-

saxldnen iq sadac maT surT anu saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi, romelic warmoadgens

saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad teritorias es SeiZleba iyos kaxeTi, guria, samcxe-

javaxeTi da a.S. 2009 wels samcxe-javaxeTSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad (romelsac

gavecani v. modebaZis wignSi) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT am regionSi dasaxlebas naklebi

adamiani uWers mxars, Tvlian rom isini moiTxoven winaprebis miwa-wylis dakavebas, sadac

amJamad Tavad cxovroben (ZiriTadad somxebi) da ar uaryofen eTnokonfliqtebis dawyebas.

kidev erTi problema ris winaSec e.w. mesxebi aRmoCndebian aris qarTuli enis ar-

codna, rac aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis da sakuTari Tavis ukeT rea-

lizaciisTvis, me eWvic ar mepareba rom saxelmwifo miiRebs am mxriv RonisZiebebs, am

kuTxiT dResac moqmedebs eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli raionebisTvis proeqti

„qarTuli ena momavali warmatebisaTvis“, magram aucilebelia maTganac iyos mzaoba enis

Seswavlisa, raTa Sedegiani aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mxridan gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.

aucilebelia aseve saqarTvelos ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, qveynis SigniT arsebul

ltolvilebze, dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis problemazec yuradRebis gamaxvileba. kargi iq-

neboda Tu amis Sesaxeb maT ecodinebaT, vinaidan savsebiT SesaZlebelia arasaxarbielo

mdgomareobis gamo maT kvlav datovon saqarTvelo.

rac Seexeba sazogadoebis nawilis uaryofiT damokidebulebas maTdami, aixsneba erTi

mxriv, informaciis naklebobiT, xolo meore mxriv, Tavad mesxebis mxridan wamoyenebuli

radikaluri moTxovnebiT. sazogadoebas es Rrmad afiqrebs maSin rodesac saqarTvelo

isedac mravaleTnikuria.


1. al. bendianiSvili, „saqarTvelos istoria“, Tb.,1999.

2. o. gigineiSvili, „Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo politika“, Tb., 1963.

3. z. daviTaSvili, „nacionalizmi da globalizacia“, Tb.,2003.

4. n. vaCnaZe, „deportirebuli mesxi qalis- naziras wigni“, Tb., 2005.

5. d. koJoriZe, „samcxe-javaxeTi- warsuli da dRevandeloba“, Tb., 1987.

6. g. mamulia (red.), „stalini istoriasa da istorikosTa Sefasebebi“, Tb., 2002.

7. v. modebaZe, „mesxuri problemis analizi“, Tb., 2010.

8. m. svaniZe, „TurqeTis istoria 1923-2000 w.w“, Tb., 2005.

9. m. qasabi, „osmaleTis qarTvelebi“, stamboli, 2012.

10. T. navrozaSvili, „Turqi mesxebi – stalinis mier Turqebad Seracxuli qarTvelebi“ (statia),

22.09.2010.

11. n. narimanaSvili, „axalcixe“ (statia), 30. 05. 2014.

12. https://diaokh.wordpress.com/.../istoriuli‐mesxeTi.

13. T.CageliSvili, dokumenturi filmi „mesxebi“, 2013 .

28

socialuri mecnierebani: Jurnalistika

ilona buiSvili kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori irina Rvineria

teroristuli aqtebi qarTuli arxebis obieqtivSi

XXI saukunem kacobriobis cxovrebaSi bevri siaxle moitana — globalizaciis mzardi

tempi, axali teqnologiebi da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, masobrivi saSualebebis kon-

tenti.

sainformacio sivrcis axal ambebs Soris, bolo wlebSi didi adgili, samwuxarod,

terorizmis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis gaSuqeba ikavebs adgils. ramdenad profesiulad

Suqdeba es movlenebi? xdeba Tu ara am movlenebis analizi? ra daskvnebis gamotanas SeZ-

lebs rigiTi mayurebeli sainformacio gamoSvebebSi aseTi kadrebis xilvis Semdeg? es

kvleva pasuxobs am da kidev bevr sxva kiTxvas.

terorizmis cneba

upirvelesad gavarkvioT, ra aris terorizmi. Zaladobrivi aqti, ganxorcielebuli

samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg, romelic Cadenilia garkveuli miznebisTvis. es iqneba,

politikuri, religiuri Tu ideologiuri safuZvlebi. reitingisTvis brZolaSi, masob-

rivi informaciis wyaroebi xSirad aSuqeben iseT informacias, romelic savalalo Sede-

gamde SesaZloa miiyvanos mdgomareoba.

aucilebelia, ganvasxvaoT terorizmi sxva kriminaluri organizaciebis mier, msgavsi

taqtikis gamoyenebiT, Cadenili danaSauli, mag., fulis an informaciis gamoZalva, ar

SeiZleba CaiTvalos terorizmad Tu mis qveS ar moiazreba politikuri motivacia.

teroristuli aqtebis gaSuqebis profesiuli standarti

am terminis araswori gamoyeneba sajaro pirebis mier, uwyobs xels adamianebis dayo-

fas da maT stigmatizacias.

adamianebi sul ufro met dros atareben teleekranTan, Tumca, dabali esTetikuri

Rirebulebis da mdare gasarTobi gadacemebis uxvi raodenoba, ar iZleva saTanado anali-

tikuri msjelobis saSualebas, ris gamoc mniSvnelovani regresiT iwevs sazogadoebis

kulturuli ganviTareba. xolo, Zaladobis xSiri demonstrireba sazogadoebaSi, aRiqmeba

bunebriv movlenad. Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT Tu ra specifikiT udgeba diametralurad sa-

pirispiro informaciuli politikis mqone ori telearxi gansxvavebuli prioritetebiTa

da RirebulebebiT, ama Tu im qveyanaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs.

parizi

eTikuri standartebi: pirdapir eTerSi terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ga-

Suqebis dros Jurnalisti awydeba mraval dabrkolebas, sirTules. dgeba sakiTxi: SeiZleba

Tu ara am informaciis gaSuqeba? cxadia, saeWvoa, rom safrangeTSi momxdari teroristuli

aqtis dros afeTqebis organizatorebi, „rusTavi-2“-is 15:00 saaTian gamoSvebas uyurebd-

nen, sadac Tamar nucubiZe asaxelebda parizis quCis konkretul misamarTsa da savaraudo

gegmas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeboda samZebro operaciebi qalaqis masStabiT. Jur-

nalisti aris figura, romelic unda avrcelebdes sando informacias, raTa sazogadoeba

iyos saqmis kursSi. Tumca, Jurnalisturi saqmianoba mTavrdeba iq sadac, iwyeba sxva ada-

mianebisTvis xelis SeSla.

29

„kurieris“ Jurnalisti Tamar nucubiZe ver gaumklavda emociebis mozRvavebas da

amis fonze, misi saubris manera iyo panikis Semcveli, daZabuli. am emociurobas amwvavebda,

warmoTqmuli frazebi: sazogadoebaSi panikaa, frangi xalxi Sokirebulia, sazogadoeba sa-

sowarkveTilia, masobrivi tragedia da sxv. amis sapirispirod, „moambis“ Jurnalistma qeTi

qardavam, romelic aseve imyofeboda movlenebis epicentrSi, moaxerxa, Camoeyalibebina

konkretuli movlenebis qronologiuri suraTi. is erideboda winaswari Sefasebebis ga-

keTebas. misi informacia lakoniuri da sxarti iyo.

qronometraJi: unda aRiniSnos, rom igi ganxorcielda 13 noembers, adgilobrivi

droiT 21:20 wuTze (saqarTvelos droiT 00:20 sT.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom SabaTi dRe iyo

10:00 saaTiani „kurieri“ da „moambe“ ar gasula pirdapir eTerSi. pirveli cnoba, parizSi

momxdari afeTqebis Sesaxeb, 11 saaTisa da 40 wuTis dagvianebiT qarTul telesivrceSi,

sainformacio gamoSveba „kurierSi“ saTauriT „islamuri saxelmwifos pasuxi saerTaSori-

so koalicias“ gavrcelda. aSkaraa, rom operatiulobis kvali Zalian bundovania, meore

mxriv, drois gasvlis Semdeg moZiebuli informacia, ufro srulyofilia, versiebsa da

varaudebisagan Tavisufali da dabalansebuli. drois xangrZlivobis mxriv ki, mTeli dRis

ganmavlobaSi „kurieris“ eTerSi parizis teraqts daeTmo 1. 40 wuTi. „moambis“ SemTxvevaSi

es dro 1,12 wuTs utoldeboda.

sainformacio gamoSvebaSi, informaciuli cnobebi xSirad meordeboda, amitomac,

iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom Jurnalisti axdenda erTi informaciis tiraJirebas sxva-

dasxva interpretaciiT. igrZnoboda aseve, arsebuli kadrebis simcirec.

mopovebuli kadrebi: umravles SemTxvevaSi kadrebi gadaicemoda araredaqtirebuli

saxiT, ar xdeboda maTi damuSaveba (usiamovno sanaxaobisagan mayurebelTa arideba, da-

burva, dafarva). ar Canda aseve wyaro Tu saidan aris arsebuli kadrebi aRebuli, rac san-

doobis efeqts ukargavda. rodesac, mayurebeli gaTviTcnobierebulia da icis mocemuli

kadrebis warmomavloba izrdeba an mcirdeba (wyarodan gamomdinare) damajereblobis da

sandoobis efeqti. Breaking new stili saqarTvelos televizia saerTod ar iyenebs, Ziri-

Tadad, uxmo kadrebs yovelTvis emateba Jurnalistis saubari.

komentarebi: ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom Jurnalistebi moekidnen am Temas pasuxis-

mgeblobiT, rac gulisxmobs mTeli samuSao redaqciis fexze dayenebas, am sityvis pir-

dapiri mniSvnelobiT. es exeba, „rusTavi-2“is Jurnalistebs. daviT qaSiaSvili ukve saqarT-

veloSi, adgilobrivi politikosebis misamZimrebisa Tu mxardamWer gancxadebebs erTad

uyrida Tavs.

orive televiziis Jurnalistebs ar aviwydebodaT, movlenebis epicentrSi, saqarT-

velos moqalaqeebis SesaZlo arsebobis SemTxvevebi. swored amitom, pirveli zari, yovelT-

vis iyo saqarTvelos elCTan.

sainteresoa, Tu ras fiqroben analitikosebi, eqspertebi momxdarze. „moambis“ eTer-

Si, mxolod dRis bolos gamoCnda aseTi Sefasebebi „kurieris“ SemTxvevaSi ki dRis pirvel

naxevarSi. mokle monologebi 3-4 eqspertTa mxridan, qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom erTi

ideis gavrcelebas emsaxureboda es komentarebi. maTi sruli umetesoba ruseTis politi-

kis mowinaaRmdege iyo da Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi „xels iTbobs“, „sargeblobs“, „iyenebs“

aseT movlenebs. am SemTxvevaSi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo eqspertebs daenaxebinaT bolo pe-

riodSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa Soris logikuri kvanZi, romelic ganxorcielda parizSi

da briuselSi.

ankara

eTikuri standartebi: am informaciis gaSuqebisas ucxour saitebze moZiebuli in-

formaciiT Semoifarglnen. TiTqos mayurebels Seugdes meorexarisxovani, Tema romelic

30

ar saWiroebs siRrmiseul CaRrmavebas. radgan sainformacio gamoSvebis specifika unda

iyos agebuli 3 ZiriTad principze: sizusteze, operatiulobaze da obieqturobaze.

qronometraJi: Jurnalistebi ar Casulan momxdaris adgilze da arc analitikosTa

mosazrebebiT dainteresebulan. „moambis“ SemTxvevaSi, ki informacia iyo zerele, zogadi,

bundovani da arasruli. 35 wuTi daeTmo „kurierSi“, xolo „moambeSi 44 wuTi.

mopovebuli kadrebi: informacia, romelic „rusTavi-2“-isa da „sazogadoebrivi mau-

wyeblis“ sainformacio gamoSvebebSi gaSuqda mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi, iyo mwiri. am afeT-

qebas ki 100-mde gardacvlili da 125-ze meti dazaralebuli mohyva.

17 Tebervlis teraqtze — sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis Jurnalistis mtkicebiT, sava-

raudod, erT-erTi teroristi qalia. moxda damnaSaveTa gayofa sqesis niSniT. rodesac sa-

varaudo damnaSaveTa Soris mamakacebi figurireben xazgasmiT arasdros xdeba maTi mox-

senieba, „rom erT-erTi damnaSave mamakacia“. erovnebis mixedviT ganasxvaves „rusTavi-2“-is

Jurnalistebma savaraudo eWvmitanili. xSirad, iyenebdnen qsenofobiur mtkicebulebas,

rom SesaZlo damnaSave „sirieli qurTebi“ arian. am SemTxvevaSi negatiuri yuradReba eq-

ceva erovnebas, romelsac terorizmTan kavSiri ar aqvs.

stamboli

eTikuri standartebi: gaugebaria, ra mizeziT daeTmo minimaluri yuradReba Tur-

qeTisa da ankaris teraqtebs, saqarTvelos mediaSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TurqeTi

samxreTel mezoblad iTvleba da uSualo mosazRvre qveyanaa, rac ar unda dasavluri

Rirebulebebisaken viswrafvodeT, ar unda dagvaviwydes teritoriuli siaxlove da mosa-

lodneli safrTxeebi, romelic SesaZloa Cvens teritoriazec aisaxos. amitom, yovlad

gaurkvevelia, ratom ar moaxdina saTanado reagireba qarTulma mediam am mniSvnelovan

movlenebze.

qronometraJi: TurqeTSi momxdar movlenebs, romelsac TiTqmis igive msxverpli

moyva (rogorc briuselSi), daeTmo Zalian mcire dro. 8 wuTi mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi

„kurierSi“, 4 wuTi „moambeSi“. Jurnalistebi movlenebis gaSuqebas studiidan gausvlelad

amjobinebdnen.

briuseli

eTikuri standartebi: qeTi qardavas mier warmodgenili informacia gamoirCeoda

emociurobiT, es SeiniSneboda mis xmaSic, misi mZime emociuri fonis miuxedavad, saubari ar

gadaiqca cariel panikad. igi cdilobda, maqsimalurad miukerZoeblad gadmoeca momxda-

ris detalebi. CarTvisas, iyenebda: satelefono saubars, „SKYPE“-s. Tumca, ferxdeboda

komunikaciis damyareba da iyo xarvezebi (xmis gawyveta, kavSiris damyareba, internetis

susti miwodebis xarisxis gamo) rac arTulebda informaciis aRqmas.

qronometraJi: 1,12 wuTi „kurierSi“,1,40 wuTi „moambeSi“. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,

gadaicemoda pirvel ganyofilebaSi da iyo dRis mTavari Tema. sainformacio gamoSvebebis

garda, analitikur gadacemebSic gagrZelda briuselis teraqtis Sesaxeb msjeloba.

komentarebi: socialuri qselebi amarTleben Tavis saxels da Jurnalistebic iyene-

ben maT, rogorc erT-erT sando wyaros. komentatoris rolSi, „kurieris“ Jurnalisti

sofo zurabiani mogvevlina. zaal udumaSvilis damajerebeli argumentis safuZvlad, TiT-

qos igi didi xani evropaSi cxovrobda da Tamamad SeeZlo Seefasebina teraqtebis masSta-

bebi. zurabianma marTlac wamoayena ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi, romelic idga briu-

selis winaSe. dasva mwvave magram ritorikuli SekiTxvebi.

lahori

eTikuri standartebi: 70 udanaSaulo adamianis daRupva maT Soris 30 bavSvis, namdvi-

lad ar aris umniSvnelo siaxle, romelic „ucxoeTis rubrikaSi“ unda vrceldebodes. mag-

31

ram, rogorc Cans, ase ar fiqrobs kvlevaSi ganxiluli ori televizia. amis magaliTi, ki

saxezea. pakistanis q. lahorSi momxdar afeTqebas, masmediis mxridan imaze naklebi yurad-

Reba daeTmo, vidre warmovidgendiT. qronometraJi, Zalzed mcirea, 4 wuTi „kurierSi“, 5

wuTi „moambeSi“.

qronometraJi: droiTi simciris garda, „niusis“ ganlageba sainformacio badeSic, ar

Seesabameboda momxdaris Sinaarss. (umravles SemTxvevaSi am Temaze gakeTebul siuJets

gadacemis miwuruls, sportisa da amindis prognozis doneze gadmoscemdnen).

komentarebi: arcerTi, analitikuri komentari, arcerTi konkretuli fraza. mxolod

varaudi. wamyvanma xazi gausva, rom aRdgomis dResaswaulze momxdari afeTqeba sabavSvo

moedanze qristianebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas unda niSnavdes. Jurnalistma ar CaTvala

saWirod, am Temis farTo WrilSi ganxilva, Tumca saintereso iqneboda analitikuri

msjeloba, rom religiuri niSniT adamianis mokvla 21-e saukuneSic grZeldeba.

mopovebuli kadrebi: iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelodan arcerTi Jurnalisti

ar Casula, kadrebi iyo mxolod sazRvargareTis mediis mier gadaRebuli.

am Temam ganviTareba da gagrZeleba ar hpova. yuradRebis nakleboba ki SeiZleba

ramdenime faqtoriT iyos ganpirobebuli: 1) pakistani ganviTarebis doniT qveda zRvarze

imyofeba; 2) ar aris evropis qveyana; 3) ar aris „natos“ wevri; 4) socialur-ekonomikuri do-

niT ganuviTarebel qveynad moiazreba; 5) ar moiazreba demokratiuli qveynebis siaSi;

6) aseTi Tavdasxmebi xSiria da aRiqmeba Cveulebriv movlenad.

daskvna: SerCeulia diametralurad sapirispiro informaciuli politikis mqone ori

telearxi gansxvavebuli prioritetebiTa da RirebulebebiT. gansxvavebulia aseve maTi

dafinansebis specifikac „sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli“ aris dafinansebuli mSp-is 15%-iT da

„rusTavi-2“ aris kerZo telesivrce. „sazogadoebrivi arxis“ principia, izrunos sazoga-

doebis TviTSegnebis amaRlebaze, kerZo — komerciuli televizia mogebazea orientirebuli.

saWiroa, rom mocemulma telearxebma gadaxedos im prioritetebs rac maT winaSea,

raTa sworad moaxdinon droisa da mniSvnelobis gadanawileba. aseve gaurkvevelia, ra

informaciuli politikis matareblebi arian isini, roca mezobeli qveynis teraqtebs

uTmoben minimalur dros, xolo parizisa da bruselis teraqtebs yvela movlenaze

prioritetulad Tvlian.

Jurnalisti yovelTvis didi pasuxismgeblobiT unda moekidos movlenebze muSaobas.

gansakuTrebiT Tu is televizia, sadac is muSaobs, aris „sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli“ an

erT-erTi reitinguli arxi, romelsac qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili uyurebs. ar Se-

iZleba ar gaJRerdes, rom „saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiam“ ramdenime sainte-

reso da saWiro rekomendaciebi warmoudgina Jurnalistebs teroristuli aqtebis gaSu-

qebasTan dakavSirebiT.

ramdenad paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, warmoiqmneba informaciuli vakuumi, erTi

mxriv, modis informaciis didi nakadi, meore mxriv, am informaciis sandooba da avTen-

turoba saeWvoa. swored amitom, roca ar aris gakeTebuli oficialuri gancxadeba arc sa-

xelmwifos arc samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan, informaciuli deficitis fonze,

Jurnalistebi cdiloben moiZios da gaaSuqos nebismieri saxis informacia, raTa Seavsos

samauwyeblo bade an, uaress SemTxvevaSi, avrcelebs TavianT mosazrebebs rac, arcTu

iSviaTad araobieqturia. swored amitom, mxolod gadamowmebuli informaciis unda

gavrceldes, raTa ar moxdes sazogadoebis dezinformireba.

32

ana zabaxiZe, eTiko SayuliSvili kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino WalaganiZe

regionuli mauwyeblobis gaSuqebis specifika Tanamedrove qarTul

samauwyeblo mediaSi

(telekompania „marneuli TV“ -is magaliTze)

saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierToba azerbaijanis demokratiul respublikasa da sa-

qarTvelos Soris pirvelad 1918 wels damyarda. 1920 wels ბolSevikebiს mier azerbaijanis

gasabWoebis Semdeg iqauri politikuri elitis nawili TbilisSi gadmovida, magram 1921

wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTveloc daipyro. 1922 wlis 30 dekemberს orive

qveyana სabWoTa kavSiriს nawili gaxda აmierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi

respublikiს SemadgenlobaSi, romelic 1936 wels gauqmda da Seiqmna სaqarTvelos, აzer-

baijanisა da სomxeTis ssr-ebi.

am viTarebam, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba 2 saxelmwifos Soris mWidro diplomatiuri,

kulturuli da sxva saxis kavSiri.

oficialurad, azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris diplomatiuri urTerTobebi

1992 wlis 18 noembers damyarda, mas Semdeg 100-ze meti saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebrivi

dokumenti arsebobs, romelic aregulirebs TanamSromlobis yvela sferos. (mudmivi

politikuri dialogi; TanamSromloba energetikis sferoSi;

TanamSromloba transportis sferoSi; ormxrivi savaWro urTierTobebi;

investiciebi; turizmi; sistematurad tardeba erTi qveynis kulturis dReebi meore

qveyanaSi, mis farglebSi imarTeba saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris kulturis sakiTxTa

komisiis sxdomebi, sadac ganixileba or qveyanas Soris kulturis sferoSi TanamSrom-

lobis mimarTulebebi).

droTa ganmavlobaSi gamovlenilma am megobrulma Tu diplomatiurma urTierT-

kavSirma ganapiroba azerbaijanSi qarTvelTa dasaxleba – analogiurad saqarTvelos teri-

toriazec.

azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 7%-s Seadgenen, maTi saerTo raodeno-

bis 19,2% qalaqad cxovrobs, danarCeni – soflad. bolo 2002 wlis aRweriT saqarTveloSi

cxovrobda 284,761 azerbaijaneli, maT Soris TbilisSi – 10,942.

eTnikur azerbaijanelTa yvelaze didi nawili saqarTveloSi marneulis terito-

riazea.

azerbaijanelebi 86.4%;

qarTvelebi 7.8%;

somxebi 5.2%;

rusebi 0.2%;

berZnebi 0.2%[2];

maTi raodenoba, qarTvelebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metia (daaxloebiT 80%-iT

meti).

azerbaijanelTa aseTma ricxobrivma upiratesobam, (gansakuTrebiT marneulis teri-

toriaze) Tavis mxriv ganapiroba, rom Seqmniliyo inovaciuri televizia, orenovani ma-

uwyeblobis formatiT, romelic adaptirebuli iqneboda rogorc qarTvelebisTvis, aseve

eTnikuri azerbaijanelebisaTvis.

33

2006 wels, Camoyalibda telekompania „marneuli TV“, imave wels aqtiurad SeuerTda

regionul mauwyebelTa asociaciis rigebs da, miuxedavad imisa, rom mauwyebloba praq-

tikulad nolidan, ganvadebiT SeZenili aparaturiT daiwyo, sakmaod did warmatebas miaR-

wia da mayurebelTa ndobac moipova.

2006 wlis 1 ivniss Seqmnilma televiziam, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sain-

tereso gza ganvlo. warmatebuli starti aRmoCnda „internius saqarTvelos“ fokusSi mox-

vedra, romelmac Semdgom didi roli iTamaSa rogorc personalis SerCevisa da gadam-

zadebis, ise teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis saqmeSi.

zogadad, am televiziaSi muSaoba, ra Tqma unda, sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli da

Jurnalistebic, romlebic aq saqmdebian, garkveul kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdnen.

erudireba, kompiuteruli unarCvevebis codna, profesionalizmi, lingvisturi mra-

valferovneba (sasurvelia azerbaijanuli da rusuli) SerCevis procesSi gadamwyvet rols

asrulebs. qarTuli enis srulyofili codnis gareSe ki televiziaSi dasaqmeba praqti-

kulad warmoudgenelia.

rTuli struqturidan gamomdinare, bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad warma-

tebulia orenovani televizia, da ra saxis xarvezebi ikveTeba mauwyeblobaSi.

kvlevis procesSi gamovlinda, rom mosaxleoba sakmaod dadebiTad aris ganwyobili

„marneuli TV“-is mimarT, maRalia ndobis xarisxic. Tavad televizia, TavisTavad did rols

TamaSobs mosaxleobis informirebis sakiTxSi, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom igi erTgvari

damakavSirebelicaa xalxsa da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas Soris, rac sakmaod kargad

vlindeba ormxriv procesSi „kiTxvebi gamgebelTan“, sadac mosaxleobas saSualeba aqvs

amomwuravad miiRos misTvis saintereso kiTxvebze pasuxi.

televizia Tavis mxriv fexs uwyobs qveyanaSi mimdinare mwvave procesebs. aqtiurad

aris CarTuli sagranto proeqtebSic, gamomdinare iqidan, rom dResdReobiT saqarT-

veloSi sakmaod did problemas warmoadgens qalTa mimarT Zaladoba, saeTero dro eTmoba

gadacemas „saubrebi qalTa sakiTxebze“, romelic sakmaod rezonansuli aRmoCnda.

telekompaniis zogadi saeTero bade gansxvavebuli da araerTgvarovania. drois

udidesi nawili eTmoba sainformacio gamoSvebebs, datvirTulia pirdapiri eTeriTa da

Toq-SouebiT. sxvadasxva saintereso gadacemebTan erTad ki, mauwyeblobis procesSi

vxvdebiT gansxvavebul, inovaciursa da erovnuli saqmisTvis sasargeblo „qarTuli enis

gakveTilebs“, romlebmac sakmaod did roli Seasrula sasaubro qarTulis daxvewaSi, igi

Tavis mxriv aviTarebs weriT unarebs da metyvelebis stils.

qarTul enaze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is dagegmili sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebi, romelic pirdapir exeba telekompanias ris mixedviTac informacia mxolod

saxelmwifo enaze unda miawodon mosaxleobas. mogexsenebaT, rom marneulis mcxovrebTa

didma nawilma qarTuli ena ar icis; aqedan gamomdinare, „garbis“ informaciaze dayrd-

nobiT, maTTvis alternativa rusuli arxebis meSveobiT informaciis miReba iqneba, rac

SesaZloa rusul propagandaze wylis dasxmac ki aRmoCndes. „partnioroba Tavisufali ar-

CevnebisTvis“ saarCevno garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT sazogadoebas maT mier SemuSa-

vebuli rekomendaciebi warudgina.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis gaerTianebaSi acxadeben, rom mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb

kanonSi parlamentis mier pirveli mosmeniT miRebuli cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

mauwyeblobaze avtorizebuli licenzirebuli telemauwyebeli valdebulia, eTerSi prog-

ramebi mxolod saxelmwifo enaze gauSvas, aRniSnuli redaqciis saboloo damtkicebis

SemTxvevaSi, umciresobebis uflebebi SeizRudeba.

34

„regionul mauwyebelTa asociaciis“ aRmasrulebeli direqtoris naTia kupraSvilis

gancxadebiT ki am cvlilebebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri umciresobebi saarCevno

periodSi, sainformacio velis miRma darCebian. igi ganmartavs imasac, rom qvemo qarTlisa

da samcxe-javaxeTis adgilobrivma mosaxleobam qarTuli ena TiTqmis ar icis da mauwyeb-

lobis mxolod saxelmwifo enaze ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis alternativa

SesaZlebelia rusuli arxebi gaxdes.

zogadad televiziis reitings ganapirobebs misi gavrcelebisa da dafarvis areali.

saqarTveloSi arsebul regionul televiziebs es problema ase Tu ise dRemde gaaCnia,

Tumca, „marneuliTV“-s es problema met-naklebad mogvarebuli aqvs. cifruli muqsis

saSualebiT, garda marneulisa televizia mauwyeblobs bolnissa da TeTri wyaros muni-

cipalitetebSi.global TV-s saSualebiT ki praqtikulad mTel saqarTvelos faravs.

mniSvnelovania, rom globaluri internetizaciis pirobebSi, internet portali

myvideo.ge onlain da gadaxvevis reJimebTan erTad, exmareba im adamianebs, visac telekom-

paniaze xeli ar miuwvdeba.

arxis mier ganTavsebuli siuJetebi moTxovnadia youtube-zec, rasac erT-erTi

videos mnaxvelTa raodenoba adasturebs, igi 10 000-s aWarbebs.

moTxovnadobidan gamomdinare, telekompania mauwyeblobs onlain reJimSic,

www.marneuliTv.ge-s saSualebiT. zogadad saiti multifunqciuria. dayofilia Tematikis

mixedviT. aq ganTavsebulia Sesabamisobis deklaracia, informacia TanamSromlebis Sesa-

xeb, aseve organizaciis misia. darTulia sareklamo drois finansuri mxarec (Sps „marneuli

tv“ sareklamo praisi, fasdaklebebi wuTobrivi paketebis mixedviT, erTi wuTis Ri-

rebulebaa 30 lari +18%dRg=35l 40T).

mxolod sainformacio gamoSvebebSi erTi wuTis Rirebulebaa 60 lari +18% dRg=70l

80T.

paketi 40 wT-dan – 3%;










paketi 170 wT-dan – 36%



paketi 205 wT-dan– 40%;


gancxadeba — erTi sityvis Rirebuleba 50 TeTri + dRg;

erT wuTamde sareklamo rgolis gadaReba da montaJi 210 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;

saeTero dro — erTi wuTis Rirebuleba 50 lari+dRg;

fasebi politikuri reklamisTvis;

35

wuTis fasi arapraimTaimSi – 80 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;

wuTis fasi praimTaimSi 19sT–22 sT – 150 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;

wuTis fasi saeTero dro, pirdapiri eTeri – 65 lari dRg-is CaTvliT;

(SeniSvna: politikuri reklamis Rirebuleba fasdaklebas ar eqvemdebareba).

vizitors Tavisuflad SeuZlia moiZios televiziis saeTero bade, aqve gaecnos

amindis prognozs, ixilos kalendari da valutis kursic. saits aqvs arqivic, sadac SesaZ-

lebelia Zveli gadacemebis moZieba. es, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs arxis gamWirvaleobas,

radgan aq warmodgenilia yvela mniSvnelovani informacia da darTulia administracias-

Tan sakontaqto rekvizitebic.

telekompanias memorandumi mxolod „studi re“-sTan aqvs, rac gadacemebis miwodebas

gulisxmobs. ar aSuqebs azerbaijanSi mimdinare socialur-politikur movlenebs da arc

specialurad mivlenili korespondenti hyavs, Tumca, samomavlod gegmavs mraval refor-

mas, ganaxlebas, gafarToebas da sxva inovaciebis danergvas.

mosaxleobaSi arsebuli enobrivi barieridan gamomdinare, msgavs televizias sasi-

cocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan misi saSualebiT balansdeba informaciis miwodeba

rogorc qarTul, ise azerbaijanul enovani mosaxleobisaTvis. rogorc marneuli TV-s di-

reqtori, batoni Salva SublaZe acxadebs“ „momavalSi „marneuli TV“ mosaxleoba unda elo-

dos ufro met mxardaWeras vidre aqamde iyo.”

(naSromSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi informacia Sesabamisi iyo kvlevis periodisaTvis

da SesaZloa dRes Zveli formiT aRar vxvdebodeT.)

36

lia zambaxiZe ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar kinwuraSvili

mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba,

saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxi

(20.10.14-02.11.14 – 14.12.15-28.12.15)

kvlevis sagani: mediis angariSvaldebulebebi ayalibebs missave funqciebs, romelTa

Soris umTavresi sazogadoebis yvela wevris saWiroebebis asaxva da Camoyalibebuli ste-

reotipebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. es ukanaskneli avaldebulebs mediasaSualebebs, gaaSuqon

mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da gaiTvaliswinon sazogadoebis TiToeu-

li warmomadgenlis interesebi.

sainteresoa, rogor asrulebs sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli aRniSnul valdebulebebs,

romelsac mas kanoni da auditoriis garkveuli segmenti akisrebs. is movalea, warmoad-

gendes sazogadoebis nebismieri jgufis interesebis damcvels. amasTan, saWiroa, rom aR-

niSnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebisa da gaSuqebis procesi ar iyos prioriteti mxolod

konfliqtis, daZabulobis, negatiuri incidentisa da dapirispirebebis dros.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis mizans warmoadgens gamoavlinos ara marto

is, Tu ra sixSiriT da rogor xdeba mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ga-

Suqeba, aramed gviCvenos:

1. rodis interesdeba media mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT;

2. aris Tu ara Tavad iniciatori, miawodos sazogadoebas misi TiToeuli wevris in-

teresebi da saWiroebebi;

kvlevis obieqti: kvlevis obieqtia saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli

arxis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba – „moambe“ 20:00 saaTze. aq Jurnalistebi dRis mniS-

vnelovan movlenebs ajameben da sazogadoebas yvelaze saWiro da aqtualur informacias

awvdian.

dRis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba praim-TaimSi gadis eTerSi. es swored is droa,

roca mayureblis ricxvi sakmaod maRal niSnulamde adis da amasTan, misi Semadgenlobac

SedarebiT mravalferovania. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, ramdenad warmoadgens mocemuli

mediasaSualebis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris xmas

sajaro sivrceSi, ra sixSiriT uTmobs tribunas umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs da rogor

aSuqebs maT interesebsa da saWiroebebs.

kvlevis meTodologia: winamdebare angariSi mravalferovnebis pirvelad ganzomile-

bebs asaxavs, iseTs rogoricaa: genderi, seqsualuri identoba, gansakuTrebuli saWiroe-

bebis mqone pirebi da religiuri kuTvnileba.

monitoringi drois or sxvadasxva monakveTSi Catarda. pirveli etapi 2014 wlis 20

oqtombridan 2 noembramde Sualeds asaxavs. meore etapi ki – 2015 wlis 14 dekembridan 28

dekembramde periods.

kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, mocemuli periodebi mravalferovnebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli mimdinare movlenebis TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania.

pirveli monakveTi „qalTa mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg“ mimdinare kampanias, ilias

saxelmwifo universitetis leqtoris – maka wivwivaZis mkvlelobasa da adigenSi, adgilob-

rivi muslimebis saprotesto aqcias emTxveva.

37

rac Seexeba meore etaps, am SemTxvevaSi, movlenebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,

neitraluri periodi SeirCa.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli raodenobrivi meTodebis saSualebiT dadgindeba, ramdenad

intensiurad Suqdeba mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi „moambeSi“. am SemT-

xvevaSi mTavaria Semdegi aspeqtebi:

1. mTavari sainformacio gamoSvebis saerTo drois ra nawils ikavebs mravalfe-

rovnebasTn dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;

2. mravalferovnebis pirveladi gaznomilebebidan romeli maTgani ra intensivobiT

Suqdeba;

amas garda mniSvnelovani iyo mocemuli ori periodis Sedareba, mravalferovnebasTn

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis intensivobis kuTxiT. ase Cven SevZlebT davadginoT,

rodis xdeba mediisTvis aqtualuri umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

rac Seexeba Tvisobriv meTodebs, maTi saSualebiT SevafasebT, mravalferovnebasTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze muSaobisas, rogoraa daculi profesiuli da eTikuri normebi,

romelsac medias „saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“, „mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeq-

si“ da „eTikis qartia“ uwesebs.

gaSuqebis standartebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyeneT mediis mravalferovnebis insti-

tutis mier SemuSavebuli standartebi. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vecadeT dagvedgina

rogor asrulebs sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxi Semdeg sakiTxebs:

mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis inicireba da ara mxolod pro-

tokoluri gaSuqeba;

umciresobebi rogorc masalis „subieqtebi“ da ara „obieqtebi“;

eTnikuri, religiuri Tu socialuri dapirispirebis saTaaveebTan misvla da

realuri mizezebis Zieba;

umciresobebis realuri interesebisa da saWiroebebis Cveneba;

sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis sworad,

siZulvilis enis gareSe gadmocema;

movlenebis ganviTarebis bolomde gaSuqeba.

sakanonmdeblo normebi da regulaciebi: mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiT-

xebis gaSuqebis regulirebis CarCo dokuments „mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni

warmoadgens.

kanonis 50-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnulma komisiam „ma-

uwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsi“ SeimuSava. dokuments ar gaaCnia kanonis Zala da misi implemen-

taciac TviTregulirebis doneze xdeba.

amas garda, sazogadoebriv mauwyebels sakuTari qcevis kodeqsi gaaCnia, romelSic

calkeuli Tavi eTmoba mravaflerovnebis gaSuqebis sakiTxebs.

„mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis meTeqvsmete muxli mauwyeblebs Sinaar-

sobriv valdebulebebs uwesebs:

„T“ qvepunqtis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli valdebulia: „programebSi asa-

xos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli eTnikuri, kulturuli, enobrivi, religiuri, asakobrivi da

genderuli mravalferovneba;“

rac Seexeba mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqss, is Semdeg regulacias uwesebs sazogadoeb-

riv mauwyebels:

muxli 31. mravalferovnebisa, Tanasworobisa da Semwynareblobis principi:

38

mauwyebelma Tavi unda Seikavos iseTi masalis gamoqveynebisgan, romelic gaaRvivebs

siZulvils an aratolerantobas rasis, enis, sqesis, religiuri kuTvnilebis, politikuri

Sexedulebebis, eTnikuri, geografiuli an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze.

amasTan, mauwyebeli valdebulia ganaTavsos zusti, sarwmuno da dabalansebuli in-

formacia. man pativi unda sces azris sindisis da rwmenis Tavisuflebas (muxli 32).

kodeqsis mixedviT, mauwyebelma Tavi unda aaridos SecdomaSi Semyvani gancxadebebis

gakeTebas da xeli ar unda Seuwyos stereotipebis Camoyalibebas. amas garda, 33-e muxlSi

Camoyalibebulia is saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebi, romliTac mediasaSualebam mraval-

ferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas unda ixelmZRvanelos.

profesiul standartebsa da arxis eTikur principebs gansazRvravs aseve sazogado-

ebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi. is 2006 welsaa miRebuli da programisadmi ndobis

gazrdas isaxavs miznad.

kodeqsis 15 Tavi programaSi mravalferovnebis asaxvas exeba. aq calke qveTavebadaa

ganxiluli, rogor unda aSuqebdes mauwyebeli religiur, eTnikur, seqsualur umcire-

sobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. ra terminologias unda iyenebdes qalebTan da gansa-

kuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas da a.S.

zogadad, kodeqsis am Tavis mizans warmoadgens „srulfasovnad da samarTlianad ga-

aSuqos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxi da kultura, pativi sces eTnikuri da reli-

giuri umciresobebis uflebebs da xeli Seuwyos maT ganviTarebas“.11

mauwyeblebs garkveul regulacias uwesebs Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiac, romlis

me-7 muxlis mixedviT: „Jurnalists unda esmodes mediis mier diskriminaciis waxalisebis

safrTxe; amitom yvelaferi unda iRonos nebismieri piris diskriminaciis Tavidan asaci-

leblad rasis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, enis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexe-

dulebebis, erovnuli an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze an raime sxva niSniT“.

amas garda, aucileblad unda moviyvanoT adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisufle-

baTa dacvis konvecia, romlis me-10 Tavis mixedviT: „yvelas aqvs ufleba gamoxatvis Ta-

visuflebisa. es ufleba moicavs piris Tavisuflebas, hqondes Sexedulebebi, miiRos an

gaavrcelos informacia Tu mosazrebebi sajaro xelisuflebis Caurevlad da saxelmwifo

sazRvrebis miuxedavad“.

moyvanili muxli, Tavis mxriv, mediasac avaldebulebs, pativi sces sazogadoebis yo-

veli wevris uflebas, gaavrcelos nebismieri jgufisTvis saWiro informacia da iyos audi-

toriis TiToeuli warmomadgenlis interesebis damcveli.

literaturis mimoxilva: empiriuli nawilis sworad gaazrebasa da ganxilvaSi

mravalferovnebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli literatura dagvexmara.

Tavisufali institutis saxelmZRvaneloSi – „Tavisufleba“ gamoqveynebulia masme-

diis mravalferovnebis institutis direqtoris, milica peSicis naSromi „mravalferov-

nebis gaSuqeba: media – sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis saSualeba“.

`mravalferovnebis“ dabalansebuli, samarTliani da zusti asaxva saSualebas aZlevs

Jurnalistebs, ufro mravalsaxovani gaxadon da gaamdidron media; ufro mWidro kontaqti

daamyaron auditoriasTan; moipovon imaTi ndobac, visac miaCnda, rom media ar asaxavda maT

cxovrebas da Sexedulebebs“.12 — aRniSnulia naSromSi.

11 sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi. 2006 w. Tavi 15. gv 46. 12 milica peSici – „mravalferovnebis gaSuqeba: media – sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis sa-

Sualeba“; „Tavisufleba“ 2003 w. 10 .

39

aqve avtori samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi Catarebuli monitoringis Ziri-

Tad daskvnebsa da mravalferovnebis institutis rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs umcireso-

bebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis profesionalurad gaSuqebisaTvis.

„media eTika da profesiuli standartebi“ – mediis ganviTarebis fondis mier gamoce-

muli TviTregulirebis gzamkvlevia, romlis calkeuli Tavebi homofobiasTan, seqsualur

Zaladobasa da SSm pirebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis ganxilvas eTmoba. gzamkvlevSi

aRniSnuli kuTxiT 2013 wels sxvadasxva mediasaSualebebSi aRmoCenili xarvezebi da reko-

mendaciebia gaerTianebuli.

rac Seexeba „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRvanelos“, is devid taleris avto-

robiT „mediis mravalferovnebis institutma“ 2004 wels gamosca. masSi garkveuli maga-

liTebi da rekomendaciebia warmodgenili, Tu rogor unda imuSaos Juralistma mraval-

ferovnebasTn dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

calkeul Tavebadaa dayofili zogadi rekomendaciebi, aseve genderTan, seqsualur,

eTnikur, religiur umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli qeisebi da rCevebi.

mravalferovnebis calkeul ganzomilebebze mediis ganviTarebis fondsac aqvs ga-

moqveynebuli ramdenime kvleva, romlebic genderul da eTnikur umciresobebs Seexeba.

erT-erTi bolo angariSi, romlis calkeul komponents mravalferovnebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba Seadgens, Jurnalisturi eTikis qartias ekuTvnis. is saqar-

Tvelos sazogadoebriv mauwyeblebs Seexeba da 2014 wlis 15 oqtombridan 15 dekembramde

periods moicavs.

kvlevaSi calke Tavi eTmoba socialur Tematikas, umciresobebsa da maT integracias.

angariSis mixedviT, sxvadasxva daucveli fenebis Sesaxeb Temebi calkeul sainformacio

gamoSvebebSi maSin xdeboda aqtualuri, roca mimdinare axal ambebs ukavSirdeboda.

monacemTa analizi

raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi

kvlevis pirveli periodi

raodenobrivma kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis mTavar sainformacio

gamoSvebaSi gasuli 182 Temidan mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs mxolod 18 maTgani Seexeboda,

rac saerTo eTeris 9%-s Seadgens (diagrama 1).

N1 "მოამბე" 20:00 საათზე

91%

9%

სხვა საკითხები მრავალფეროვნებასთან დაკავშირებული საკითხები

40

rac Seexeba TviTon mravalferovnebis pirvelad ganzomilebebs, umciresobebTan

dakavSirebuli Tematikis saerTo raodenobaSi (18 Tema) maTi mimarTeba Semdegnairi iyo:

genderi – 39%, religiuri umciresobebi – 44%, lgbt Tematika – 6%, gansakuTrebuli

saWiroebebis mqone pirebi — 11% (diagrama 2).

N2 "მოამბე" 20:00 საათზე

მრავალფეროვებასთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება

39%

45%

5%

11%

გენდერი

რელიგიური უმცირესობები

ლგბტ თემატიკა

განსაკუთრებულისაჭიროებების მქონე პირები

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom genderTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis sruli umravlesoba

mimdinare axal ambebs gadmoscemda. mocemuli 39%-dan arcerTi masala ar momzadebula

mediis iniciativiT. TiToeuli maTgani im periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis, aqciebis,

angariSebis, samTavrobo Sexvedrebisa da iniciativebis meqanikur asaxvas warmoadgenda.

aRniSnuli tendencia meordeba danarCen SemTxvevaSic. gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis

mqone pirebiT, lgbt TematikiTa da religiuri umciresobebis problematikiT daintere-

sebis mizezi mimdinare dapirispireba an protesti gaxda.

pirveli periodisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlevis meore monakveTSi (14.12.15-28.12.15) arcer-

Ti wuTi daTmobia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

Tu mocemul orkvirian (14 dRian) periodebs SevadarebT davinaxavT, rom kvlevis

pirvel periodSi mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs yvelaze meti dro daeTmo mesame dRes – 22

oqtombers, roca adigenis raionSi adgilobrivma muslimebma saprotesto gamosvlebi

daiwyes. situaciis ganmuxtvasTan erTad umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli masalebis raode-

nobac iklebs, bolo dReebSi ki nuls utoldeba (diagrama 3).

Tvisobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi:

rac Seexeba Tvisobriv nawils, mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSu-

qebisas, media mxolod faqtebis konstantacias axdenda, ar Canda analizi da Tematika

siRrmiseulad ar iyo gaSuqebuli. darRvevebi gamovlinda Semdegi mimarTulebiT:

umciresobebi, rogorc masalis „subieqtebi“ da ara „obieqtebi“

oci oqtombris mTavar sainformacio gamoSvebaSi bolo Temad gavida qarTul-eb-

rauli urTierTobis 26 saukunovani iubile. RonisZebas israelidan 120-kaciani sam-

Tavrobo delegacia stumrobda. komentari mxolod premier-ministrma da delegaciis erT-

erTma wevrma gaakeTes. siuJetSi ar iyo warmodgenili saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelebis

mosazreba.

41

sofel moxeSi religiuri umciresobebis saprotesto aqcia 22 oqtombris „moambis“

mTavar Temad iqca. gamoSvebis bolos, vasil ivanov-Ciqovanis bloki sofel moxaSi mdebare

Senobis garSemo arsebuli dapirispirebis gamo, aqciis dros dakavebuli ToTxmeti ad-

gilobrivi muslimis mdgomareobasa da samarTaldamcavebTan Setakebas Seexeboda. Jur-

nalistis kiTxvebs saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli religiuri sabWos wevri sofio Samaniri

da umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze saqarTvelos prezidentis mrCeveli ani

kacitaZe pasuxobda. blokSi monawileoba ar miuRia religiuri umciresobebis warmomad-

genels. aRniSnulis mizezi Jurnalists ar ganumartavs.

eTnikuri, religiuri Tu socialuri dapirispirebis saTaveebTan misvla da realuri

mizezebis Zieba;

qalTa mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampania da sofel moxeSi mimdinare

dapirispireba „moambis“ mTavar gamoSvebaSi ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad Suqde-

boda.

23 oqtombers sainformacio gamoSvebis mTavar Temad kvlav sofel moxes incidenti

darCa. adgilobrivi muslimebi Senobis statussa da aqciis monawileebis dakavebis faqts

aprotestebdnen. Sewyvetili iyo saswavlo procesic. rogorc siuJetSi erT-erTi adgi-

lobrivi muslimi acxadebda, bavSvebs skolaSi religiuri niSniT diskriminaciis gamo ar

uSvebdnen.

miuxedavad CamoTvlili faqtebisa amave Temaze momzadebuli masalebSi arcerTi

wuTi daTmobia Jurnalistis mxridan Semdegi sakiTxebis dazustebasa da gamoZiebas:

1. problemis warmoSobis realuri mizezebis Zieba, rac SesaZloa diskirminaciis

faqtebi iyos;

2. skolaSi arsebuli situacia da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi religiuri umcireso-

bebis mimarT damokidebuleba;

3. aqciis monawileebis dakavebis legitimuroba da policiis mxridan Zalis gadame-

tebis SesaZleblobis gamoZieba.

rac Seexeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobas, am SemTxvevaSi siuJetebi mxolod kancela-

riasTan mimdinare aqciebs, „axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis“ mier dagegmili kvlevas,

samTavrobo iniciativebsa da saxalxo damcvelis angariSs Seexeboda. masalebSi ar umsje-

liaT problemebis warmoSobis realur mizezebsa da am mxriv arsebul saWiroebebze.

umciresobebis realuri interesebis, saWiroebebis Cveneba

aRniSnuli punqti, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis intensiur, pozitiur gaSuqebas umciresobebis realuri saWiroebebis CvenebiT.

monitoringis procesSi „moambeSi“ erTaderTi siuJeti Seexo gansakuTrebuli saWi-

roebebis mqone pirebs. 21 oqtombers gasul masalaSi „SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone

pirebis mSobelTa komitetis“ mier mTavrobis saxelze momzadebul peticiaze isaubres.

siuJetSi 16 wlis giorgis magaliTze aCvenes is problemebi, romlebic am kuTxiT qveyanaSi

arsebobs. rac Seexeba komentarebs, mTavar moTxovnebsa da problemebze SezRuduli SesaZ-

leblobebis mqone pirebis mSobelTa komitetis wevrma – naTia SarvaZem isaubra. sazo-

gadoebis mxridan damokidebulebis Secvlasa da aRsrulebis meqanizmebis araefeqturo-

baze gaamaxvila yuradReba „koalicia damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis“ Tavmjdomarem rati

ionaTamiSvilma. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon rati ionaTamiSvili gansakuTrebuli saWi-

roebebis mqone piria, siuJetSi naklebad Canda Tavad problemis winaSe mdgari pirebis sur-

vilebi da saWiroebebi. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom „moambis“ mizani ara problemebze sau-

42

bari da maTi mogvarebis gzebis Cveneba, aramed komitetis mier momzadebuli peticiis

wardgenis procesis gaSuqeba iyo.

sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis sworad, siZul-

vilis enis gareSe gadmocema.

29 oqtombris „moambeSi“ erT-erTi siuJeti Seexeboda arsamTavrobo organizaciebis

moTxovnas, romlis mixedviTac, mesame seqtoris zogierTi warmomadgeneli diasporis

sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris moadgiles Tanamdebobis datovebisken mouwodebdnen.

maTi protesti sagazeTo publikacias ukavSirdeboda, romlis safuZvelzec arasamTavro-

bo organizacia „identobas“ generaluri direqtori irakli vaWaraZe sandro bregaZes mu-

qaraSi adanaSaulebda.

statiaSi sandro bregaZe erTujredians uwodebs vaWaraZes, romelmac patriarqze

gamoTqva sakuTari azri da moRalated moixsenia. bregaZis argumentiT mis religiur

grZnobebs miayenes Seuracxyofa.

siuJetSi orive mxaresTan erTad moyvanilia saparlamento umravlesobis wevris,

gedevan fofxaZis komentaric, romelic diasporis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris moad-

giles Tmenis valdebulebas axsenebs.

masalaSi mxolod aRniSnuli diskriminaciis faqtia gadmocemuli realuri proble-

mis ganxilvis gareSe. aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom umciresobebTan dakav-

Sirebuli problemebi konfliqtis, maT mimarT siZulvilis enis gamoyenebisa da diskri-

minaciis dros xdeba aqtualuri. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic, masala mxolod konkretul,

negatiur faqtzea aqcentirebuli.

movlenebis ganviTarebis bolomde gaSuqeba rogorc monitoringis raodenobrivi

kvlevis Sedegi aCvenebs, moambe monitoringis periodis bolo etapze ar Sexebia mraval-

ferovnebis sakiTxebs arcerT konteqstSi.

sofel moxeSi dapirispirebis Sesaxeb moambis bolo monacemebiT gamgeobam reabili-

taciis procesi SeaCera, Senobas policia icavs, dakavebuli ToTxmeti piridan sami gamouS-

ves, danarCeni TerTmetisTvis ganaCeni ar gamoutaniaT, mxareebs Soris konsultaciebi

mimdinareobs Senobis statusis dasadgenad da konkretuli mxaris mflobelobaSi gadasa-

cemad. aRniSnulis Semdeg, monitoringis procesSi, „moambe“ Temas aRar dabrunebia.

ar gaSuqebula aseve 21 oqtombers „SSm pirebis mSobelTa komitetis“ mier Sedgenili

peticiis Sedegebi. kerZod, moTxovnebis Seusruleblobis SemTvevaSi siuJetis bolos „Sez-

Ruduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis mSobelTa komitetma“ aqcia daaanonsa, Tumca mo-

nitoringis periodSi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli Temas aRar dabrunebia. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi darCa daiwyo Tu ara Sesabamisma uwyebebma problemebis

mogvarebaze zrunva, axla ra mdgomareobaSi arian siuJetis gmirebi da zogadad ra keTdeba

gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone pirebis sazogadoebaSi metad integrirebisTvis.

rac Seexeba kvlevis meore etaps, am periodisTvis „moambis“ prioriteti vizalibe-

ralizacia, saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTled levan murusiZis daniSvna, e.w. Sewya-

lebis saqme da samTavrobo cvlilebebi aRmoCnda.

wina periodisgan gansxvavebiT, mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba saerTod ar Sexebia

mravalferovnebasTn dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

25 dekembris „moambeSi“ erT-erTi bolo Tema kaTolikuri Soba da misi aRniSvna iyo.

siuJetSi mimoixiles rogor Sexvda kaTolikuri samyaro dResaswauls. moyvanili iyo

nawyveti romis papis saSobao qadagebidanac.

43

masalaSi arcerTi wuTi daTmobia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb religiuri umciresobis

warmomadgenlebs. arc baptistur-evangelistur da kaTolikur eklesiebSi gamarTuli

RvTismsaxurebebis amsaxveli videomasala gauSviaT eTerSi da arc Sesabamisi konfesis

warmomadgenlisTvis miuciaT saSualeba gamoexataT sakuTari emociebi da mosazrebebi.

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

media mravalferovnebis sakiTxebs mxolod mimdinare, daZabuli movlenebis SemTxve-

vaSi aSuqebda;

mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas sazogadoebrivi mauwyeb-

lis pirveli arxis mTavari sainformacio gamoSveba, umetesad, protokoluri niusebiT

Semoifargleboda;

Jurnalistebi bolomde ar miyvebiodnen Temas da ar gvaCvenebdnen situaciis ganviTa-

rebas an problemis mogvarebis gzebs;

pozitivTan dakavSirebul masalebSi umciresobebi warmodgenilni iyvnen rogorc

masalis obieqtebi. rogorc movlenis subieqtebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ar eZleodaT sa-

kuTari azris dafiqsirebis saSualeba.

monitoringis procesSi ar gasula siuJeti umciresobebis cxovrebis, kulturisa da

Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, rac xels SeuSlida stereotipebis Camoyalibebas.

daskvna:

sazogadoebrivi mauyebeli sakuTari qcevis kodeqsis mTavar mizans „srulfasovnad

da samarTlianad gaaSuqos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xaxli da kultura, pativi sces

eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis uflebebs da xeli Seuwyos maT ganviTarebas“ pe-

riodulad emsaxureba.

kvlevis orma sxvadasxva periodma cxadyo, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis obieqtiv-

Si mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mxolod konfliqturi situaciis,

radiklizmis, daZabulobisa da negativis SemTxvevaSi xvdeba.

amasTan unda iTqvas, rom mTavari sainformacio gamoSvebis dRis wesrigs mimdinare

movlenebi, saprotesto aqciebi, preskonferenciebi da politikosebis komentarebi adgens,

Tavad media ki iSviaTad xdeba umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis win wamowevisa da

ganxilvis iniciatori, gansakuTrebiT pozitiur konteqstSi.

rekomendaciebi:

1. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirvelma arxma da misma mTavarma sainformacio ga-

moSvebam, rogoc saogadoebis winaSe gansakuTrbuli valdebulebebis mqone gadacemam, pri-

oritetuli unda gaxados mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba;

2. umciresobebisaTvis saeTero drois daTmoba ar unda moxdes mxolod negativisa da

dapirispirebis SemTvevaSi;

3. sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma xeli unda Seuwyos umciresobebis mimarT Semrigeb-

luri da tolerantuli damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebis process;

4. „moambem“ unda gaaSuqos umciresobebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba, maTi Sexedule-

bebi, interesebi, raTa sazogadoebam SeZlos realuri suraTis danaxva da miReba;

5. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis pirveli arxis warmomadgenlebma unda gaacnobieron,

rom mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis intensiuri da sistemuri gaSuqeba

xels SeuSlis stereotipebisa da mastigmatizirebeli Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.

bolos SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom samauwyeblo mediam, rogorc masobrivi komunikaciis

farTod gavrcelebulma saSualebam sazogadoebis nebismieri warmomamdgenlis interesi

unda daicvas. is valdebulia TiToeuli maTganis xma miitanos auditoriamde. es valde-

buleba SesaZlebelia ormxrivad momgebiani aRmoCndes. erTi mxriv sazogadoebisTvis, ro-

44

melic swored rom umciresobebisgan Sedgeba. meore mxriv ki mediisTvis – „am SemTxvevaSi

masmediis warmomadgenlebi movlenaTa ufro farTo speqtrs gaaSuqeben, maT saSualeba

miecemaT amJamad viwrod dayofili bazris ufro didi nawili daikavon. isini aRmoaCenen,

rom SeuZliaT gaaZlieron TavianTi kavSirebi potenciur auditoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT

ki maTTan, visac arasdros ugrZvniaT, rom maT cxovrebasa da perspeqtivebs pativs scemen

an kargad aSuqeben“ (devid taleri).


1. „media eTika da profesiuli standartebi“, 2013.

2. „Tavisufleba“ – Tavisuflebis institutis saxelmZRvanelo, 2014.

3. „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRanelo“, 2004.

4. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi, 2006.

5. saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb.

6. mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsi.

7. Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia.

8. devid taleri – „mravalferovnebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRanelo“, 2004, gv.17.

45

ekonomikuri mecnierebani

daviT ToTaZe kavkasiis universiteti, bakalavriati,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori akaki comaia

socialuri mewarmeoba da saqarTvelo

ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze sul ufro xSirad ismis termini „socialuri mewar-

meoba“. igi gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aramomgebiani organizaciebis mier damkvidrda,

rodesac maT daiwyes sakuTari biznesebis amoqmedeba usaxlkaro, SSmp da sxva riskis qveS

myofi adamianebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. misi gansakuTrebiT dinamiuri

ganviTareba 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri mewarmeobis

samoqmedo areali msoflios masStabiT sul ufro izrdeba, terminis erTmniSvnelovani da

mkafio ganmarteba dRemde ar arsebobs.

dRes sxvadasxva qveyanaSi socialuri mewarmeoba gansxvavebuli praqtikiT xorci-

eldeba da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteba. Tumca yvela am ganmartebas erTi

ram aqvs saerTo, es aris biznes midgoma socialuri miznebisTvis. imisTvis, rom socialuri

mewarmeobis arsi ukeT gaxdes gasagebi, gavecnoT mis erT-erT ganmartebas. socialuri

mewarmeobis aliansis (Social Enterprise Alliance)13 ganmartebiT, socialuri sawarmo aris „or-

ganizacia an sawarmo, romelic axorcielebs socialur misias samewarmeo, Semosavlis mom-

tani strategiebiT“. socialur sawarmoebs SeiZleba hqondeT sxvadasxva forma da zoma,

Tumca yvela maTgans aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli maxasiaTeblebi, rac ganasxvavebs maT Cve-

ulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobisgan. 1996 wels Seqmnilma evropulma kvleviTma qselma

(European Research Network – EMES)14, romlis mizansac socialuri mewarmeobis irgvliv Teo-

riuli da praqtikuli codnis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, SeimuSava garkveuli kriteriu-

mebi,15 romelsac unda akmayofilebdes socialuri sawarmo. kriteriumebi sam jgufad aris

dayofili: ekonomikuri (The economic criteria), socialuri (The social criteria) da Tanamonawileo-

biTi (The governance criteria) marTvis kriteriumebi. ar aris aucilebeli, rom socialuri sa-

warmo akmayofilebdes SemuSavebul cxrave kriteriums. es aris erTgvari „idealuri soci-

aluri sawarmos“ maxasiaTeblebi da warmoadgens TviTSefasebis instruments socialuri

sawarmoebisTvis.

socialuri sawarmo imyofeba sami seqtoris: saxelmwifo, kerZo da mesame seqtoris

gzajvaredinze. maTi gadakveTa iZleva Zalian karg safuZvels mesame seqtoris ganviTare-

bisaTvis. mesame seqtorSi socialuri sawarmoebis Seqmna ganapiroba seqtorSi da zogadad

garemoSi arsebulma dinamikam. am cvlilebebis Sedegad fondebma an SeiTavses ekonomikuri

saqmianobebi an Seiqmna organizaciebi, romlebc socialur sawarmoebad Camoyalibdnen.

imisaTvis, rom ufro cxadad davinaxoT Tu ra adgili ukavia socialur mewarmeobas

arsebul organizaciaTa Soris, romlebic socialur aqtivobebs axorcieleben, gamo-

13 www.socialenterprise.us. 14 www.emes.net. 15 saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri (2013) socialuri mewarmeo-

bis saxelmZRvanelo. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf გვ. 10-11.

46

viyenoT kim alteris (Kim Alter) naSromi16. avtori met-naklebad, saerTo klasifikaciisaT-

vis gvTavazobs organizaciebis gamoyofa moxdes misi socialuri da ekonomikuri sawyi-

sebis mixedviT. Sedegad miviRebT sam jgufs: (1) absoluturad saqvelmoqmedo organi-

zaciebi, (2) absoluturad komerciuli kompaniebi da (3) am oris sinTezis Sedegad miRebu-

li hibridi. socialuri sawarmo swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba, Tumca srulad mainc

ar faravs mis speqtrs.

hibriduli speqtri17

socialuri motivi ekonomikuri motivi

dainteresebul pirTa angariSvaldebuleba aqcionerTa angariSvaldebuleba

socialur programebSi reinvestireba mogebis aqcionerTa Soris ganawileba

socialuri sawarmos socialuri miznebis speqtri iseve mravalferovania, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis samoqmedo sferoebi. es organizaciebi sxvadasxva gziT

aRweven garemoSi socialur cvlilebas da sxvadasxvagvar rols TamaSoben sazogadoebaSi.

iqneba es marginaluri mosaxleobisaTvis servisebis miwodeba, dabalSemosavliani an riskis

qveS myofi mosaxleobis dasaqmeba (Work Integration Social Enterprise — WISE) Tu socialur

miznebze orientirebuli biznessaqmianoba. erTi ram calsaxaa, am tipis sawarmoebi sa-

zogadoebisaTvis dadebiTi efeqtis momtania. Tavis mxriv, sagrZnobi keTildReoba moaqvs

im sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvisac, romlebic socialur sawarmoebs afuZneben. amis

mizezi ramdenime SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, is iZleva problemebis axleburad da ufro

efeqturad mogvarebis saSualebas, xels uwyobs organizacias misiis ufro srulad

Sesrulebasa da grZelvadiani miznebis dasaxva-ganxorcielebaSi. ekonomikuri Semosavali

organizacias aZlevs stabilurobis gancdas, exmareba, ufro metad darCes misiaze orien-

tirebuli da ar mouxdes mimarTulebaTa mudmivi cvla donorTa moTxovnis Sesabamisad.

Tumca yvelafer amasTan erTad socialuri mewarmeebi garkveul sirTuleebsac awydebian.

Zalian bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs socialuri sawarmos zusti iuridiuli forma. amis

Sedegad ki arsebuli socialuri sawarmoebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalian mZime biurokratiul

zewolas ganicdian da qveynis SigniT sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT ver sargebloben. rig

qveynebs aqvT mcdeloba Seqmnan axali iuridiuli formebi, iqneba es sazogadoebrivi

interesis organizaciebi, Tu sazogadoebrivi interesis kompaniebi, magram kritikosebis

azriT arc erTi maTgani ar qmnis socialuri mewarmeobis samomavlo ganviTarebis mkafio

struqturas.

16 Kim Alter (2003) Social Enterprise: A Typology of the Field Contextualized in Latin America http://idbdocs.

iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=383929 17 Kim Alter (2003) Social Enterprise: A Typology of the Field Contextualized in Latin America http://idbdocs.

iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=383929 გვ. 15.

absoluturad

aramomgebiani

organizacia

arakomerciuli

komerciulis

komponentebiT

socialuri

sawarmo

socialurad

pasuxismgebeli

biznesi

korporaciuli

socialuri

pasuxismgebloba

socialuri sawarmo

47

rac Seexeba socialur mewarmeebs, eseni arian adamianebi, romlebic TavianT Tavze

iReben samewarmeo saqmianobis garkveul risks maTi organizaciebis beneficiarebis sasar-

geblod. tradiciulad, biznesSi mewarmeebi risks iReben sakuTari, an biznesis mflobe-

lebis sasargeblod. es mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa da es gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba organi-

zaciaTa misias. sazogadoebriv (aramomgebian) organizaciebSi liderebi, TanamSromlebi

iReben gadawyvetilebas, gaswion samewarmeo saqmianoba da Sesabamisad Tavis Tavze aiRon

meti riski, im mizniT, rom ukeT Seasrulon organizaciis misia.

socialuri sawarmos iuridiul-organizaciuli formebi da sagadasaxado regu-

lireba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

socialur sferoSi mesame seqtoris rolis aRorZinebis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezi

is siZneleebi iyo, romlebic gaCnda saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistemebSi. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom bevr qveyanaSi socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo modelma ver gaamarTla. igi

srulad ver akmayofilebda moqalaqeebis mier wayenebul moTxovnebs. mesame seqtori

swored am dros gamodis asparezze. igi iTavsebs garkveul funqciebs da cdilobs inova-

ciuri midgomebiT gadawyvitos urTulesi problemebi. evropaSi mesame seqtori moicavs

sxvadasxva tipis organizaciebs, rogoricaa kooperativebi, asociaciebi, fondebi da a.S.

organizaciaTa es jgufi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc „socialuri ekonomikis“ organiza-

ciebi. rac Seexeba socialuri sawarmos ganviTarebas, pirveli impulsi evropaSi italiis

kooperatiuli moZraobidan ganviTarda. 1991 wels italiis parlamentma miiRo kanoni, ro-

melmac Semoitana kooperativebis axali, specialuri forma „socialuri kooperativi“. mas

Semdeg evropaSi socialuri mewarmeoba swrafad iwyebs ganviTarebas. zogierT maTganSi

kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra socialuri sawarmos iuridiuli formac. am tipis saqmi-

anobas xelisuflebis organoebisgan mraval qveyanaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani mxardaWera

aqvs. aseve mniSvnelovania sakiTxisadmi interesi da mxardaWera evrokavSirSi. 2011 wels

evrokavSirma wamoiwyo axali iniciativa socialuri mewarmeobis mxardasaWerad, romelic

mis wevr qveynebSi socialuri mewarmeobis xelSemwyobi garemos ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.

socialuri sawarmoebis sferoebi mravalferovania da maTi socialuri misia SesaZloa

sxvadasxva sferos moicavdes. miuxedavad amisa, evropaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda

socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa mizania „integracia dasaqmebis gziT“ (Work Integration Social

Enterprise – WISE)

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aramomgebiani organizaciebi msgavs saqmianobas XIX

saukunis bolodan axorcieleben. ekonomikuri midgomebis gamoyenebiT sxvadasxva socia-

luri problemis mogvarebis magaliTebi arasamewarmeo organizaciebis mier gansakuTre-

biT gaizarda 70-iani wlebis Semdeg, rodesac sul ufro da ufro metma organizaciam wamo-

iwyo biznes tipis saqmianoba sxvadasxva socialurad daucveli jgufebisaTvis samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT da aseve gamoCndnen pirveli mikrosakredito organizaciebi.

1980 wels bil dreitonma (Bill Drayton)18 pirvelad gaaJRera termini „socialuri sawarmo“.

aSS-Si socialuri mewarmeobis ori midgomaa19 ganviTarebuli. pirveli – sabazro princi-

pebis skola, xolo meore — inovaciasa da inovator liderebze damyarebuli skola.

socialuri mewarmeobis adgili qveynis ekonomikaSi damokidebulia istoriul, eko-

nomikur, kulturul faqtorebze da imaze Tu ra urTierToba aqvs socialur sawarmoebs

sajaro organizaciebTan.

18 organizacia „Ashoka-s“ damfuZnebeli. https://www.ashoka.org/team/drayton 19 saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri (2013). socialuri mewarmeo-

bis saxelmZRvanelo. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf gv.3-5.

48

sazRvargareTis qveynebSi (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, poloneTi, italia,

fineTi, CexeTi, slovenia, kanada da brazilia) socialuri sawarmoebis samarTlebrivi re-

gulireba da Seqmnis wesi ganisazRvreba, rogorc samewarmeo kanonmdeblobis (Law on

Enterprises, Law on Social Entrepreneurship, Commercial Law) mixedviT, aseve asociaciebis, fon-

debisa da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobiT (Law on Associations, Law on

Foundations, Charity Law). aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba socialuri sawarmoebis

samarTlebrivi formebi: SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sawarmo, kooperativi, korporacia

da a.S. socialuri sawarmoebi SeiZleba dafuZndes rogorc asociaciebis, aseve fondebis

saxiT. qvemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mixedviT moqmedebs ori

saxis sagadasaxado SeRavaTi: gadasaxadis Semcireba da sagadasaxado krediti. gadasaxadis

Semcireba gulisxmobs sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcirebas, xolo sagadasaxado krediti ki

gadasaxdeli Tanxis Semcirebas.

didi britaneTi: socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo, mogebis, miwis,

samemkvidreo da kapitaluri Semosavlebis20 gadasaxadisgan. aseve organizaciebi ar ixdian

gadasaxads sainvesticio saqmianobidan miRebul Semosavalze. socialuri sawarmos saqmianoba

warmoadgens dRg‐s 20%‐ian dabegvris obieqts, im SemTxvevaSi Tu misi saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba weliwadSi aRemateba 77000 funt sterlings, xolo Tu aR-

niSnuli Rirebuleba 77000 funt sterlingze naklebia, maSin dRg‐s ganakveTi mcirdeba 5%‐iT.

safrangeTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT yvela is socialuri asociacia, korpo-

racia da kooperativi, romelic dakavebulia qvelmoqmedebiT, Tavisufldeba saSemosavlo,

brunvis (Turnover Tax) da profesiuli momsaxurebis gadasaxadisagan (Professional Tax). dRg‐s

standartuli ganakveTi Seadgens 19,6%‐s, xolo rigi saqmianobebis SemTxvevaSi ganakveTi

mcirdeba 5,5%‐iT.

germania: socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa ZiriTad saqmianobas qvelmoqmedeba war-

moadgens, Tavisufldebian rogorc saSemosavlo da damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis-

gan, aseve sxva danarCeni gadasaxadebisagan.

poloneTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian sa-

Semosavlo gadasaxadisgan. xolo dRg‐sgan Tavisufldeba saqmianobebi, romlebic moicavs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebas kvlevisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi. aseve, momsaxurebas

janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi.

italia: soc. sawarmoebisaTvis dRg-s gadasaxadi 4%-ia, standartuli 20%-is nacv-

lad. kooperativebi ixdian nakleb mogebis gadasaxads, vidre kerZo kompaniebi. sagada-

saxado SeRavaTebi agreTve gaTvaliswinebulia maTTvis, vinc yidulobs aramomgebiani

saqmianobis dasafinanseblad gamoSvebul e. w. „solidarobis obligaciebs“.

fineTi: sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis moqmedebs saga-

dasaxado krediti. organizaciebs umcirdebaT dasabegri Semosavlis Tanxa 240 evrodan

25000 evromde weliwadSi.

CexeTi: socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan. Tu sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba aRemateba 30000 evros weliwadSi, maSin sa-

warmo ibegreba dRg‐s standartuli ganakveTiT (20%). sxva SemTxvevaSi (30000 evroze nak-

20 kapitaluri Semosavlis gadasaxadi – kapitaluri aqtivebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavali.

kapitaluri aqtivebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uZravi qoneba, ise finansuri aqtivebi (aqciebi, obligaciebi).

49

lebi) gadasaxadis ganakveTi mcirdeba 6%‐iT. aseve socialuri sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian

importis gadasaxadisagan, Tu evrokavSiris qveynebidan maT mier importirebuli saqonlis

Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 10000 evros weliwadSi.

slovenia: socialuri sawarmoebi, romelTa ZiriTad saqmianobasac qvelmoqmedeba

warmoadgens, Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis mTliani Rirebuleba weliwadSi ar aRemateba 25000 evros, moqmedebs dRg‐s

8,5%‐iani ganakveTi, nacvlad 20%‐iani ganakveTisa.

ukraina: kanonmdeblobiT ar aris ganmartebuli Tu ras niSnavs socialuri sawarmo.

Tumca masSi aris muxlebi, romlebic aregulireben sazogadoebrivi organizaciis ekono-

mikur saqmianobas.

kanada: Tu samewarmeo organizaciis saqmianoba mimarTulia siRaribis Semsubuqebis,

ganaTlebis mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis, religiis mxardaWerisa da sxva miznebis ganxor-

cielebisken, romlebic sasargebloa mTeli sazogadoebisTvis da sasamarTlom cno, ro-

gorc saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, Tavisufldeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan.

brazilia: gadasaxadebis akrefis ufleba ganawilebulia federalur, Statisa da

municipalitetis doneze da mTlianobaSi sagadasaxado tvirTi sakmaod maRalia. Tumca,

aRsaniSnavia sagadasaxado SeRavaTebic, romelTa mopovebac organizaciis tipis mixedvi-

Taa SesaZlebeli.

amdenad, socialuri sawarmo biznes principebiT moqmedi sawarmoa, romelsac socia-

luri misia aqvs. es aris organizacia, romelic biznesis inovaciur midgomebs sazogado-

ebrivi problemebis mosagvareblad iyenebs, Tumca, Cveulebrivi biznesisgan gansxvavebiT,

mogebas isev socialuri miznebisken mimarTavs.

qveynebSi sadac socialuri mewarmeoba ganviTarebulia, mas mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seaqvs qveynis socialur da ekonomikur ganiTarebaSi. suraTis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis Sot-

landiis magaliTi ganvixiloT. 2015 wlis monacemebiT SotlandiaSi 5 199 socialuri sa-

warmo funqcionirebda, sadac 112 409 adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli. am sawarmoTa 42% bolo 10

wlis manZilzea Seqmnili da maTma wliurma Semosavalma jamSi 3,63 miliardi funti Sead-

gina. socialur sawarmoTa 66% momaval wels Semosavlebis zrdas moelis, xolo yovel

wels 200-ze meti axali soc. sawarmo iqmneba. aq naTlad Cans, Tu ramxela ekonomikuri sar-

geblis motana SeuZlia am tipis saqmianobas qveynisaTvis.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia inovaciuri midgomebisa da formebis gamoyenebis sazogado-

ebrivi mniSvneloba. am mimarTulebis popularizaciisa da ganviTarebisTvis sxvadasxva qve-

yanaSi Seqmnilia ramdenime Zlieri fondi: „Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship“21, „Skoll

Foundation~,22 „Ashoka Foundation“.23 aseTi fondebis saqmianoba mimarTulia socialuri novato-

rebis mosaZebnad mTel msoflioSi da sxvadasxva formiT (resursebis miwodebiT, teq-

nologiebis da gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, inovaciuri socialuri sawarmoebis qselis Seqm-

niT) maTi mxardaWerisken. am midgomaSi xazgasmulia socialuri mewarmis rolis, rogorc

liderisa da socialuri cvlilebebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalis, win wamoweva.

saqarTveloSi sakmaod mZime socialuri fonia. mosaxleobas araerTi problema awu-

xebs. amitom, Cemi azriT, iseTi tipis organizaciebis arseboba, romlebic socialuri prob-

lemebis mogvarebas uwyoben xels, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. socialuri mewarmeobis

21 www.schwabfound.org. 22 www.skoll.org. 23 www.ashoka.org.

50

upiratesoba swored is aris, rom is zrunavs ara romelime konkretuli piris finansur

sargebelze, aramed xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas.

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis socialuri mewarmeobis koncefcia naklebadaa cnobili.

Tavad socialuri sawarmoebic gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen socialuri sawarmos arss. ro-

gorc adgilobrivi ise centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ar floben praqti-

kulad aranair informacias socialuri mewarmeobis Sesaxeb da gansakuTrebiT im poten-

ciuri sargeblis Sesaxeb, rac soc. mewarmeobam SeiZleba moitanos socialuri servisebis

efeqturad miwodebis kuTxiT. amasTan, socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis samarTlebrivi sta-

tusis ar qona da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis ararseboba, soc. sawarmoebis ganviTarebi-

saTvis saWiro finansebze wvdomis sirTule, saxelmwifo grantebTan dakavSirebuli sa-

marTlebrivi garemoebebi, ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis grantebis gacemis dabegvris sa-

kiTxi da sxva. damatebiT arasasurvel barierebs qmnis da sagrZnoblad aferxebs am sferos

ganviTarebas.

2009 wlidan „saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centrma“24 axali

mimarTulebiT daiwyo muSaoba, rac qveyanaSi socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xel-

Sewyobas gulisxmobs. ideis popularizaciisa da masStaburi dadebiTi socialuri Sedegis

misaRebad am organizaciis bazaze Camoyalibda struqturuli erTeuli „socialuri mewar-

meobis centri“.25 misi misiaa soc. mewarmeobis mxardaWeris gziT xeli Seuwyos sazogado-

ebaSi dadebiT socialur da garemosdacviT cvlilebebs.

biznesis warmoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faq-

tori „firmis“ registracia da Sesabamisi nebarTvebis/licenziebis mopovebis simartivea.

saqarTveloSi biznesis wamowyeba da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi sakmaod libera-

luria, rac Tavis mxriv drois dazogvis saSualebas iZleva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad yoveli axali tipis saqmianobis wamosawyebad aucilebeli ar aris axali firmis

registrireba. Tumca Cveni qveynis kanonmdebloba ar icnobs socialuri mewarmeobis

cnebas, Sesabamisad, qarTuli soc. sawarmoebisaTvis ar arsebobs raime saxis gansakuT-

rebuli normebi da socialur mewarmeebsac msgavsi iniciativebis ganxorcieleba arsebuli

kanonmdeblobis farglebSi uwevT. amJamad saqarTveloSi 50-ze meti moqmedi socialuri

sawarmoa, Tumca qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis es rao-

denoba da maT mier ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebi, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar aris.

socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos ro-

li, radgan socialuri sawarmos warmatebisaTvis, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, gadamwyvetia is

Tu rogori urTierToba aqvs mas sajaro seqtorTan.

rogorc aRvniSne, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs termins „socialuri mewar-

meoba“ da, Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT socialuri mewarmeoba, iseve ro-

gorc sxva tipis samewarmeo saqmianoba, ganimarteba rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba da

masze gansxvavebuli dabegvris reJimi ar vrceldeba. amitomac, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania

ganisazRvros calke iuridiuli forma da aseve gaiweros am tipis saqmianobisaTvis rigi

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi an saerTod gaTavisufldes maTgan.

mTavrobis mxridan warmatebuli socialuri sawarmoebisaTvis SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas

maTi dajildoebis sxvadasxva sistema, iseve rogorc es aris StatebSi. magaliTad, iqaurma

mTavrobam gadawyvita finansurad uzrunvelyos erT-erTi organizacia, romelmac

warmatebiT ganaxorciela proeqti da Sedegad Seamcira kriminalis done, im SemTxvevaSic

24 www.csrdg.ge. 25 www.segeorgia.org.

51

ki Tu kerZo dafinanseba am organizacias Seuwydeboda. mTavrobas aseve SeuZlia waaxa-

lisos socialuri sawarmo maTi warmoebuli produqciis Sesyidvis gziT. SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebul iqnas italiis praqtika. Seiqmnas „markonis fondis~26 msgavsi fondi, romelic

Tanxis akumulirebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnida, xolo Semdeg am Tanxebs mimarTavda ukve

arsebuli soc. sawarmoebis ganviTarebis an axlis daarsebisken.

saboloo jamSi, rac umTavresia ideis popularizaciisaTvis es aris cnobierebis

amaRleba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. mniSvnelovani sakiTxia am mimarTulebiT

Zalebis mimarTvac, raTa axalgazrdebSi Camoyalibdes dadebiTi damokidebuleba da maT

axali sicocxle Seitanon am procesSi.


1. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/11_socmewarmeobis%20saxel.pdf 2. http://www.segeorgia.org/FILES/doc/96_Socialuri-mecarmeoba_Kveknebi.pdf 3. http://www.seforis.eu/upload/reports/1._Key_Facts_and_Figures_of_Social_Entrepreneurship.pdf 4. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=12988&langId=en 5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225759566_Social_Enterprise_in_the_United_States_and_Europe_Under

standing_and_Learning_From_the_Differences 6. https://www.mspbank.ru/userfiles/files/researches/social_entrepreneurship-new.pdf 7. http://socialenterprise.org.uk/uploads/editor/files/Publications/FINALVERSIONStateofSocialEnterpriseReport2015.

pdf. 8. http://www.socialenterprisescotland.org.uk/files/1a891c7099.pdf

26 markonis fondi — socialuri kooperativebis saerTo „mutual“ TviTdafinansebis meqanizmi

italiaSi. es aris e.w. markonis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac yvela socialurma kooperativma unda gaiRos Semosavlis 3% saerTo fondSi, es Tanxebi ki, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva koopera-tivis dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba.

52

xaTuna Tabagari ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, magistratura

xelmZRvaneli: profesorebi avTandil silagaZe, aleqsandre TvalWreliZe

saqarTvelo-iranis energosatransporto derefnis mniSvneloba

saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi

navTobisa da gazis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba da Tvisebebi. naxSirwyalbadebi aris

mniSvnelovani energetikuli resursi. mas xSirad „Savi oqroTi“ moixsenieben. navTobisa da

gazis mniSvneloba me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli zrdadi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. am movle-

nis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs. igi ukve didi xania msoflio politikis ganmsazRvrel erT-

erT mTavar faqtorad iqca da, savaraudod, misi gavlena kidev ufro gaizrdeba. misgan war-

moebuli produqtebi saukunis civilizaciis mniSvnelovani monapovaria. masze damokide-

bulia msoflio ekonomika.

qveynebis ekonomikebi saocari siswrafiT viTardeba da farTovdeba, bunebrivi re-

sursebis sakiTxma udidesi mniSvneloba SeiZina. nebismieri industriulad ganviTarebuli

qveynis warmoeba damokidebulia bunebrivi resursebis fassa da stabilur miwodebaze. Ti-

Toeuli maTganisTvis energousafrTxoeba da energopolitika dRes mwvave Tema gaxda. ami-

tom dRemde navTobi warmoadgens mwvave konkurentuli brZolis sagans, mravali saerTaSo-

riso konfliqtisa da omis mizezs.

navTobi gamoiyeneba mrewvelobis praqtikulad yvela dargSi, transportis yvela sa-

xeobaSi, samxedro da samoqalaqo mSeneblobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, energetikaSi da a. S.

navTobis kvalificirebuli moxmareba saxelmwifos samrewvelo ganviTarebis mniSvne-

lovani maxasiaTebelia.

rac Seexeba bunebriv airs, igi warmoadgens msoflio energiis miwodebis umniSvne-

lovanes nawils navTobis msgavsad da maTi mxolod 12% miemarTeba qimiuri mrewvelobis

moTxovnebze.27 amasTan, is warmoadgens nedleuls, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba unda moi-

povos qimiur teqnologiebSi.

gazis mopoveba da transportireba iyo da rCeba msoflio geopolitikuri TamaSebis

erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad.

msoflioSi navTobis fasze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens opekis wevri qveynebi (OPEC

– Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries – ganimarteba, rogorc navTobis eqportiori

qveynebis organizacia), romelic Seiqmna 1965 wels. igi moicavs: alJirs, angolas, ekva-

dors, irans, erays, quveiTs, libias, nigerias, yatars, saudis arabeTs, arabeTis gaerTiane-

bul saamiroebs da venesuelas. opekis ZiriTadi principi gansazRvravs im saukeTeso sa-

Sualebebs, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos organizaciis usafrTxoeba rogorc calke, aseve

erToblivad. igi, aseve, xels uwyobs fasebis stabilizacias navTobis saerTaSoriso ba-

zarze.

27 http://lib.bsu.edu.ge/e-books/book_292.pdf.

53

naxazi: 1.128: navTobis fasi 1946-2014 wlebSi istoriuli movlenebis fonze.

mocemuli naxazi aanalizebs geopolitikuri movlenebis zegavlenas navTobis fas-

warmoqmnaze.

saerTaSoriso sanedleulo bazrebi sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaTdebian:

1. yvela nedleulis fasi saerTaSoriso bazrebze kotirdeba aSS dolarSi;

2. yvela nedleulis fasi damokidebulia navTobis fasze;

3. navTobis fasi damokidebulia aSS dolaris gacvliT kursze.

ruseTis federaciis navTobisa da bunebrivi airis bazris daxasiaTeba. ruseTis fede-

racia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi. Tu gadavxedavT zemoT

mocemul 2014 wlis statistikur monacemebs. navTobis msoflio maragebis mixedviT imyo-

feba me-6 adgilze 6,1%-iT (nax.: 2.129), xolo warmoebis mxriv — me-2 adgilze dReSi 534.1 mln

tona (nax.: 2.230):

naxazi: 2.1: 2014 wels navTobis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis

procentuli maCvenebeli

28 http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx. 29 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 30 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.

54

naxazi: 2.2: 2014 wels msoflio nedli navTobis warmoeba procentebSi

gazis maragebis mixedviT ki me-2 adgilze 17,4%-iT (nax.: 2.431):

naxazi: 2.4: 2014 wels bunebrivi airis msoflio maragebis procentuli maCvenebeli

ruseTma 2014 wels awarmoa msoflio bunebrivi airis 16,7% (nax.: 2.532):

naxazi: 2.5: oci umsxvilesi qveynis mier bunebrivi airis msoflio warmoebis procentuli

maCvenebeli 2014 wels xolo eqsportis kuTxiT ki pirvel poziciazea dReSi 187,4 mlrd m3-iT

(nax.: 2.633):

31 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 32 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.

55

naxazi: 2.6: bunebrivi airis oci umsxvilesi eqsportiori qveyana 2014 wlis mixedviT

erT-erTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad34, saudis arabeTis garda, ruseTis ekonomika, Sesaba-

misad mSp, damokidebulia neldeulis eqsportze, ufro konkretulad ki navTobsa da bu-

nebriv airze.

geopolitika, ZiriTadad, efuZneba navTobs. aSS-s, rogorc navTobis udides momxma-

rebels msoflioSi, aqvs upiratesoba, rom gansazRvros msoflio petropolitikis (sanav-

Tobe politikis) mimarTuleba.

ruseTTan erTad evropis gazis bazarze mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas cdiloben

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi: TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi da ukraina. arsebuli milsadene-

bis meSveobiT ruseTi evropas awvdis gazis 29%-s belorusiis saSualebiT, xolo ukrainis

meSveobiT — 71%35.

2008 wlis movlenebic swored ruseTis ekonomikur politikas ukavSirdeba.

rogorc profesori blenki aRniSnavs36, swored am omis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom saqar-

Tvelo aris navTobisa da bunebrivi airis gamtari qveyana. amis sawinaaRmdegod, strategiu-

li milsadenebi saqarTvelos gavliT asrulebs gadamwyvet rols msoflio politikuri,

ekonomikuri da a.S. klimatisaTvis, rac ganapirobebs aSS-is mtkice mxardaWeras aRniSnuli

qveynis mimarT.

saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromlobis perspeqtiva — energo-satransporto derefani.

irani aris axlo aRmosavleTis qveyana. mas gaaCnia navTobis sakmao maragebi — 9,3% da ika-

vebs me-4 adgils msoflioSi (nax.: 3.137):

33 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid 34 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 35 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 36 Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Ibid 37 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid

56

naxazi: 3.1: 2014 wels navTobis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis procentuli

maCvenebeli (mln. bareli)

is awarmoebs 169,2 mln tona navTobs dReSi da me-7 poziciazea (nax.: 3.2)38:

naxazi: 3.239: navTobis oci umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli qveyana 2014 wlisTvis

bunebrivi airis SemTxvevaSi irans gaaCnia msoflios 18,2% maragebi da 1-li adgili

ukavia (nax.: 3.340):

38 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 39 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 40 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.

57

naxazi: 3.3: 2014 wels bunebrivi airis msoflio maragebis oci umsxvilesi qveynis procentuli

maCvenebeli igi awarmoebs 5%-s da me-4 adgilzea (nax.: 3.441):

naxazi: 3.4: bunebrivi airis oci umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli qveyana 2014 wlisTvis irani ar axorcielebs imports, xolo eqsportze gaaqvs 9,6 mlrd m3 gazi da inarCunebs me-14 pozicias

(nax.: 3.542):

naxazi: 3.5: 2014 wels oci umsxvilesi qveynis bunebrivi airis importi

41 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid. 42 BP statistical review of world energy (2015). Ibid.

58

mocemuli statistikuri monacemebidan kargad Cans, Tu ra rols asrulebs irani

msoflio ekonomikaSi, miT umetes, rom igi warmoadgens opekis wevr qveyanas.

qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis.

irani dainteresebulia saqarTveloSi megaproeqtis ganxorcielebiT: energomatareblebis

— gazisa da navTobis gatarebaze saqarTvelos portebis saSualebiT.

naxazi:3.6 : navTobisa da bunebrivi airis milsadenTa sistema kavkasiaSi

saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi naxSirwyalbadis seqtorSi gamoi-

xateba SemdegSi:

1. saqarTvelo warmoadgens aucilebel segments kavkasiis naxSirwyalbadis centrSi;

2. saqarTvelosTvis xelmisawvdomia saerTaSoriso milsadenebi: kaspiis milsadenis

konsorciumi, dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani;

3. saqarTvelo flobs sakmaod didi mniSvnelobis gamocdilebas energiis saerTa-

Soriso proeqtebis SesrulebaSi;

4. saqarTvelos gaaCnia SesaniSnavi urTierToba moziare qveynebTan: TurqeTTan, evro-

kavSiris qveynebTan, aSS-sTan da a.S.;

5. saqarTvelos gaaCnia araCveulebrivi urTierToba navTobisa da bunebrivi airis

saerTaSoriso kompaniebTan: bipi (BP), sokari (SOCAR), Sevroni (Chevron), statoilhidro (StatoilHydro),

tfao (TPAO), eni (ENI), totali (TOTAL), inpeqsi (Inpex), konokofilips (ConocoPillips), hes korp (Hess Corp), petronasi (Petronas) da a.S.;

6. saqarTvelos xeli miuwvdeba Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSuazRvis ofSoruli wylebis-

Tvis.

saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromloba naxSirwyalbadis seqtorSi uzrunvelyofs iranu-

li navTobisa da gazis yvelaze efeqtian da iaf miwodebas saerTaSoriso bazrebisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos infrastruqtura da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

efeqtianad Seewyobian.

ganvixiloT sami proeqti:

59

proeqti # 1 – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis gamoyeneba

naxazi: 3.7: axali milsadenis modeli kavkasiis regionSi

30 mln tona navTobi yovelwliurad gadaizideba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsa-

denis saSualebiT. aqedan, milsadenis simZlavre weliwadSi aris 50 mln tona. ese igi, Ta-

visufali mimoqcevisTvis adgili rCeba 20 mln tona navTobisaTvis wliurad. swrafi da

iafi damxmare milsadenis konstruqciis ageba ukve uzrunvelyofs 15-20 mln tonas ira-

nisTvis.

axali Tavriz-gardabanis milsadenis sigrZe iqneba 508 km sigrZis, diametri – 41 duimi

(41*2,54=104,14 sm).

proeqti # 2 – sufsis terminalis ganviTareba

sufsis terminalSi arsebuli infratruqturis saSualebiT gadaizideba weliwadSi

mxolod 2 mln tona navTobi, xolo Tu aRniSnul terminals ganvaviTarebT, SesaZlebeli

iqneba navTobisa (2,1 km) da bunebrivi airis (9,9 km) axali milsadenebis gayvana, sadac

weliwadSi 5 mln tona navTobisa da 500 mln m3 bunebrivi airis (gaTxevadebuli gazis – FLNG

Floating Liquefied Natural Gas) simZlavris qarxnebi aSendeba.

60

proeqti # 3 – nabukos axali proeqti

naxazi: 3.8: samxreTkavkasiis milsadenis gegma (nabuko)

1. samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis simZlavre iqneba 40 mln m3;

2. aqedan, azerbaijans SesaZlebloba eqneba uzrunvelyos mxolod 6 mlrd m3 Sahdeni-

zis velidan;

3. swored am mizezebis gamo aris saWiro trans-kaspiis milsadeni.

ardebili-gardabnis milsadenis sigrZe iqneba 561 km da SesaZlebeli iqneba iranidan

25-30 mlrd m3 bunebrivi airis transportireba.

Tu aRniSnuli proeqtebidan, romelime mainc ganxorcieldeba, saqarTvelos eko-

nomikaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. es SemdgomSi ganapirobebs qveynis SigniT energiaze fasis

Semcirebas, dasaqmebis zrdas, qveynis mSp-is zrdas. amave pirobebSi, qveyana iqneba ufro

metad damoukidebeli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan umda davaskvnaT: saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropisa da aziis

gasayarze. rogorc istoriidan aris cnobili, qveyana yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi

eqceoda. Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, energo usafrTxoeba saerTaSoriso doneze

kvlav zrunvis sagans warmoadgens. amitom evropis mowinave qveynebi arian safrTxis qveS.

ruseTis mxridan evropis manipulireba sasicocxlo resursebiT evropas didi poli-

tikuri arCevanis winaSe ayenebs. saqarTveloze gadis mravali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

milsadeni, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos evropis ruseTis resursebisgan damoukidebloba

da Sida bazris diversifikacia.

am pirobebSi saqarTvelo kvlav sakvanZo adgils ikavebs, radganac naSromSi ganxi-

luli Tema, saqarTvelo-iranis satransporto derefani, aris saukeTeso gamosavali mowi-

nave qveynebis bunebrivi airiT uzrunvelyofaSi. am proeqtis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva 2

mniSvnelovani mizani: 1) Semcirdeba ruseTis gavlena evrokavSiris politikaze samxreT

kavkasiis regionSi da 2) saqarTvelo, iranis paralelurad, gaxdeba evrokavSiri energo-

usafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari garanti. rac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Se-

degis momtani iqneba rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, aseve evropisaTvis.

61

Tu aRniSnuli proeqtebidan, romelime mainc ganxorcieldeba, saqarTvelos ekono-

mikaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. es SemdgomSi ganapirobebs qveynis SigniT navTobsa da gazze

fasis Semcirebas, dasaqmebis zrdas: mSeneblobis periodSi 1000-ze meti adamiani dasaqm-

deba, xolo momdevno wlebSi Seiqmneba ramdenime aseuli mudmivi samuSao adgili, qveynis

mSp-is zrdas, inflaciis Semcirebas. amave pirobebSi, qveyana iqneba ufro metad damouki-

debeli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, moipovebs evropisgan mtkice mxardaWeras da kidev

ufro gaizrdeba saqarTvelos roli saerTaSoriso masStabiT. saqarTvelo, iranTan iqneba

evropis energousafrTxoebis garanti, Semcirdeba ruseTis gavlena samxreTkavkasiis

regionSi, yovelive es mkveTrad Secvlis msoflio ekonomikur da politikur urTi-

erTobebs.

gamoyenebuliliteratura:

1. Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Economics of commodities and commodity markets. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 906 pp.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum 3. http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45egjmi/1-saudi-aramco-12-millio/ 4. http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx 5. http://lib.bsu.edu.ge/e-books/book_292.pdf 6. BP statistical review of world energy (2015). London: BP, 48 pp.

62

mariam axvlediani erasmusis universiteti, roterdami

xelmZRvaneli: profesori jaTinder sidu

DISNEY'S ACQUISITION OF PIXAR

In 2005, Robert Iger succeeded Michael Eisner as Walt Disneyks CEO. Disney had struck a co-production

agreement with Pixar in 1997, for a duration of ten years, according to which Pixar would produce at least five full-length animated films for Disney within that period. The agreement was about to expire in 2006 and Bob Iger had to make a decision about a possible new deal with Pixar. Previous negotiations between Michael Eisner and Steve Jobs, CEO of Pixar at the time, had failed due to personal conflict.

Disneyks perspective to Disneyks potential acquisition of Pixar. If other company bought Pixar, Disney would have to engage in competition with Pixar, therefore

acquiring it would be beneficial, as Disney would avoid rivalry. If Disney had not been the one to acquire Pixar, there would be a high possibility for Disneyks competitors

buying it. Therefore, acquiring Pixar would be beneficial for Disney, as it would avoid rivalry. Acquisition of Pixar should add to earnings, as it could help Disney increase its revenue throughout all of its business lines. Furthermore, according to an investment bank Merrill Lynch (2006) “Pixar's films have contributed over half of Disney's profits from its studio since 1999.” This fact becomes the main predicator of the future financial success. The addition of Pixar would significantly improve the quality of Disneyks animations, “which is a critical engine for driving growth across the business”. (Iger 2006). Pixar has become an example of animated filmmaking using computer-generated hits. This could help Disney to develop their in-house production, as those were not as successful as the ones made in collaboration with Pixar. By buying Pixar, Disney would acquire all of its technologies, complementing their current ones. Furthermore, company would avoid extra costs of buying brand new technology. “The company needs a flow of new characters to supply its theme parks, its cable TV programs and its consumer product division.” (The Economist 2006) Acquisition of Pixar adds new characters to Disneyks list, thus becoming a quick fix for Disneyks intermittent animation business. Even though Disney does not suffer from the lack of audience, acquisition of Pixar would potentially introduce Disney to new audience, thus broadening the scope of activity and Steve Jobs would become a major asset for Disney, as he would help the company build up the relationship with Apple, which would be beneficial, as Apple Inc. would introduce Disney to iTunes.

Experts argued that Disney might have been paying too much for Pixar, which might not prove to increase revenues. This would mean that the companyks financial health could suffer from overpaying Pixar, thus making the acquisition a questionable deal. Disney and Pixar have evidently different working styles and culture. It might turn out to be a problem for Disney to preserve Pixarks established, unique culture. Disney and Pixar strive to achieve different goals. Pixarks goal is to have the animations of the highest quality, while Disney centers on increasing the profits. This inconsistency might become the reason of conflict between Disney and Pixar.

Pixarks perspective to Disneyks potential acquisition of Pixar. Pixar could continue focusing on its core competence - creating computer-based animations, (for which it

had won an Academy award) as many of Disneyks animation movies had failed and, thus, the company was lacking those skills in this field. Disney, in exchange of new characters to its theme parks, would give Pixar opportunity to increase Pixarks brand recognition by producing the other lines of products for Pixar - such as movie toys. Moreover, Pixar would also have its own saying in designing Disney theme parks in the future and could use this possibility to it own advantage. The acquisition would make collaboration easier between the two companies, as it would potentially create transformational leadership style and Disney and Pixar could “collaborate without barriers that come from two different companies with two different sets of shareholders.”

63

(Jobs, 2006). According to both Iger and Jobs the acquisition would not endanger Pixarks culture as Pixar would be able to retain its independence, allowing its “culture be protected and allowed to continue.” (Holson, 2006) Pixar would be introduced to a larger market when acquainted with Disney and could gain the possibility to face leader competitors in the industry such as DreamWorks and 20th Century Fox.

On the other hand, Pixar would face integration difficulties while helping Disney in restoring itks animations and trying to preserve its identity, that has made it one of the most successful moviemakers in the Hollywood history. Pixar could potentially lose merit as Pixar would be operating under Disneyks name and intentionally or not, Disney would claim Pixarks credits. Even though Disney would try to protect and preserve Pixarks practices, the possible transformation of Pixarks culture would be unavoidable.

What alternatives to an acquisition could each party have considered at that time? The bid from Disney to acquire Pixar was for 7,4 billion dollars. There were several other options on the

table for both of the firms, instead of a costly acquisition. Looking at this from Disneyks point of view, they were lagging behind on computer-based animation and they needed a new strategy to avoid a potential decline. Instead of Pixar, Disney could have acquired Square Enix, which is a video game company based in Japan that has collaborated successfully with Disney before. (Claufficious 2015) This would result Disney being able to have a big impact on the video game and animation industry, giving the company a new focus and potentially an advantage over its main competitors. Pixarks main problem at that time was the small list of distribution channels. The fact that they published one product per year made them vulnerable to failures, which would have been devastating on the firmks financial resources. In order to reach a broader audience, Pixar could have entered the broadcasting and online streaming markets on its own, enabling them to become independent in terms of distributing their work. (Claufficious 2015).

Additionally, Pixar and Disney could have also looked to collaborate with Pixar in alternative ways, such as a strategic alliance. This could have been much less costly, and would have been feasible, because both companyks cultures and values align. A strategic alliance would have enabled both firms to gain a bigger competitive advantage through the use of the otherks resources and possibilities. It would have also let both of the companies keep their separate reputations of being strong in different fields. This means that a strategic alliance would have been safer in case there would be a failure.

Another possible option would have been a joint venture, meaning that Disney and Pixar would have created a new entity, with strengths from both companies. This however, would have been hard to manage and would need a lot more resources to be successful. A plus side to this would be the safety of a third firm, failures of which would not affect the parent companies.

However, as it is stated in the CNN article, Disney did not want to lose Pixar to any other company and its main reasoning behind an acquisition was to secure Pixar to itself and have a permanent contract, so there was really no other alternative to acquisition. (La Monica 2006).

What is Pixarks acquisition an example of? Is the “marriagek between Disney and Pixar synergistic? The acquisition from Disneyks perspective can be

either horizontal or vertical. There are two key differences. First of all, horizontal acquisition is driven by companyks objective to increase market share and revenue, whereas primary objective for vertical acquisition is reducing costs. Secondly, horizontal acquisition enables companies to diversify their business by increasing the range of products, whereas with vertical acquisition companies aim to improve their costs and production capability within existing product range. (Linton 2014).

As the main aim for acquisition of Pixar was to get the animated films business back on track for Disney, company was clearly aiming to increase the revenues with an attempt to broaden the market reach, (La Monica 2006) In addition, earning revenue from a product range that has not been a success so far for the company can be viewed as diversifying the business by increasing the range of profitable products. Hence, it can be concluded that the deal is straightforward example of horizontal acquisition.

Synergy refers to an extra value that is created when two business units work together. The value then exceeds the combined return that those same units would create when working independently of each other. (Hill

64

2009) This means that businesses are better off working together than being separate from each other - in additionally suggesting that merging two companies might be a good option.

The best way to assess whether synergy is created is to see possible gain in value for both parties. However, one must also analyze transaction costs of acquisition strategy. Indirect costs are often underestimated by the companies that held back the creation of synergy. (Hill 2009)

The concept of synergy is applicable in the case. Disney will benefit from Pixarks extensive knowledge with CG-animated films, as the company has become a gold standard in animated filmmaking d area, where Disney suffers from lack of success. Company aims to rocket its revenue by using the critical creative engine of Pixar to enhance Disney animation and drive growth across the business. (La Monica 2006) For Pixar, the acquisition means the continuation of their blockbuster movies and life of their characters, but with much better distributing and financial capabilities. Disney is able to take Pixar content to a whole new level for example by adding them to their world-famous theme parks. (Marr & Wingfield 2006) The impact on managers and employees is ensured to be as low as possible by Steve Jobs guaranteeing low transaction costs.

Bibliography:

1. Claufficious, C. (2015). 4 best alternative solutions for Disney, to the Pixar acquisition - Analysis of Pixar's acquisition by

Disney – Case Study Conclusion | Claufficious – Your everyday lifestyle update. [online] Claufficious.com. Available at: http://www.claufficious.com/2015/07/4-best-alternative-solutions-for-disney.html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].

2. Hitt et. Al. (2009). Strategic management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Holson, L. (2006). Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal [online]. Available from: http://www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 01/25/

business/25disney.html?pagewanted=print [Accessed 29 January 2016].

3. JOURNAL, M. (2016). Disney Sets $7.4 Billion Pixar Deal. [online] WSJ. Available at: http://www. wsj. com/ articles/SB113813740822755125 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].

4. La Monica, P. (2006). Disney buys Pixar - Jan. 25, 2006. [online] Money.cnn.com. Available at: http://money. cnn. com/2006/01/24/news/companies/disney_pixar_deal/ [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016]. Linton, I. (2014). What Is the Difference Between Horizontal & Vertical Acquisitions?. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-horizontal-vertical-acquisitions-33800 html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2016].

5. Marr, M. & Wingfield, N. (2006). Disney Sets $7.4 Billion Pixar Deal [online]. Available from: http://www. wsj. com/articles/SB113813740822755125 [Accessed 29 January 2016].

6. The Economist. (2006). Looking beyond the mouse [online]. Available from: http://www.economist. com/ node/

5442077 [Accessed 29 January 20.

65

humanitaruli mecnierebani: eTnologia folklori

qeTevan arabuli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori xvTiso mamisimediSvili

xevsuruli zepirsityviereba warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis

mijnaze

„aqauri simSvide gamudmebiT fiqrisken gibiZgebs, zogjer xmamaRlac ki elaparakebi

sakuTar Tavs!... mTaSi cxovreba mZime tvirTiao amboben, ara! — qalaqia tvirTi, mZime tvir-

Ti aTasgvari sacduriT daxunZluli. mTa ki sufTaa, gulSi gikravs, sazrdos gaZlevs,

Tumc gansacdelsac givlens, rom ar modunde, ar daece, rom mudam gaxsovdes RmerTi“ (Te-

ona qumsiaSvili).

es kuTxe xevsureTis saxelwodebiT me-15s.-mde ar ixsenieba qarT. sistorio wyaroeb-

Si. amitom zogierTi mkvlevari, maT Soris zisermani, gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom xevsure-

Ti TiTqos Sua saukuneebis miwuruls iyos dasaxlebuli. am mosazrebas aqarwylebs „moqce-

vai qarTlisai“, sadac pirvelad aris naxsenebi fxovelni-fSav-xevsurebis aRsaniSnad. mema-

tiane fxovelebze saubrobs, roca iberielebis gaqristianebas aRgviwers, e.i. meoTxe sau-

kuneSi es teritoria ukve dasaxlebuli iyo warmarTi xevsurebiT, romelTac qristianoba

ar miuRia.

kidev ori wyaro gvaqvs, sadac fxovi fSav-xevsureTis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli:

1014 wels, roca kvirike meorem kaxeTi xelmeored daipyro da axal saerisTavoebs Soris

„fxovelTa qveyanac“ daarsa. aseve 1212 wels fxovs amboxeba mouwyvia da Tamars laSqari ga-

ugzavnia. amis mere meTxuTmete saukunemde fxovi am mniSvnelobiT aRar ixseneba. sagulis-

xmoa is faqtic, rom CeCnebi xevsurebs „fxiebs“ eZaxian, rac aseve fxovs niSnavs.

amrigad, xevsureTi erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli tradiciebis mqone da Tundac amitom

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso kuTxe gaxlavT. uamravi folkloruli masala da kulturu-

li Rirebulebebia daculi xevsureTSi da saocari sicxadiT gadaecema Taobebs, razec qve-

moT visaubreb.

aramarto xevsureTSi, aramed saerTod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis fol-

klorSi gansakuTrebuli adgili religiuri Sinaarsis andrezebsa da sakulto zepirsity-

vierebas ukavia. sainteresoa am teqstebis warmoSobis sakiTxi!.. xucesni xucobaTa genezi-

sis ganmartebis dros gverds uvlian saxuco teqstebis tradiciuli folkloruli gziT

gavrcelebaze saubars. isini uaryofen, rom es memkvidreobiToba xorcielis gziT gadaece-

ma. maTi rwmeniT teqsts RvTisSvilisagan iReben da Zalian xSirad sizmarSi gadaecema xu-

cess teqsti.

rogorc z.kiknaZe aRniSnavs, yvelaze ukeT kanonikuri saxe saxuco teqstebs xevsu-

reTSi aqvs Semonaxuli, sadac xucesis indiviadualoba TiTqmis ar Cans, xolo magaliTad,

fSavSi warmomTqmeli xSirad ereva teqstSi situaciis Sesabamisad.

xvTiso mamisimediSvilma, tristan maxaurma da zurab kiknaZem moiZies, Caiweres da

didi Sromis Semdeg wignadac gamosces es teqstebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva dros

sxvadasxva adamianis mier Cawerili masala: 1990-ian wlebSi xvTiso mamisimediSvilis mier,

80-ian wlebSi tristan maxauris, zurab kiknaZis, nodar zviadauris mier. 40-ian wlebSi

aleqsi oCiaurisa, Tina oCiauris da rusudan xaraZis. ufro adrindeli teqstebi ki aris

akaki SaniZis mier aris Cawerili, romlebic daTariRebulia 1910-iani wlebiT. rodesac am

66

teqstebs vadarebdi erTmaneTs, saocari aRmoCena iyo CemTvisac Tu ra sizustiT Semogvi-

naxa zepirsityvierebam es yvelaferi. magaliTad, am wignSi dabeWdili Sendobis Tqmis

teqsti da Cems mier 2015 wels sofel winxaduSi Cawerili teqsti TiTqmis erTi da igivea:

„RmerTo, dideba Senda, RmerTo madli Senda! saaqaos naTqvam samandaos ebarebis... kacT

Sendoba maudis!.. dadgul sufrai, boTla, dasxmul Wiqebi, mzeqalao, Sen saxmarimc iqnebis,

mandac magivas, mandauris wesiT, mandauris rigiT, cota didad, rioS wmindad, feruqcev-

lad, wauqcevlad... tablezedamc daicev win magebebuls, ukan maweuls, sikvdilis dRe

damTxveuls, eniT naTqvams, xeliT naqnars, piriT ganagonars... Seni codvisa mxsnel iqnebis,

codvisa iaRad mqnel iqnebis, Senimc saxmar iqnebis... RmerTma Sagindnas... vinca magyvebis

sofelSiiTa, SiniTa, qmris saxliT, mamisaxliT, marusas vinac maxyvebis WalaiT-Tavis qmar-

Svili, ginda Sendoba naTqvam Tu vin magyvebis, Senamc umaspinZleb aem boTlaiT, aem Wi-

qaiT... nu vis daabruneb xelcariels. boTlasamc aitan xelSi, Wiqasamc daiWer, rogorac

uZRvebodi aisramc gauZRvebi, Senimc saxmar iqnebis!... Sagindnas magaxmaras saqristianos

gamCenm!..“ (mTqmeli mzeqala arabuli).

rac Seexeba andrezebsa da legenda-Tqmulebebs!.. xevsurebisTvis udidesi mniSvne-

loba eniWeboda gadmocemebs, andrezebs. am mniSvnelobas ki ganapirobebda is, rom andrezi

sinamdvileSi momxdar ambavs asaxavs realurad. amis saSualebiT inarCunebda mosaxleoba

tradiciebsa da adaT-wesebs. rogorc sxva mTielebisTvis, aseve xevsurebisTvisac es gad-

mocemebi RvTiuri madlia, romelic asuldgmulebs erT muWa xevsurebs. baris mosaxleo-

bisTvis gadmocemebma didi xania dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, xevsurebisTvis ki dRemde

sicocxlisunariania. aseve mniSvnelovania legenda-Tqmulebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

xalxis xsovnas gadaecemoda da gadaecema araerTi istoriuli movlena Tu saxalxo gmiri

xsovnax, romelic dRemde ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas. nebismier xev-

surs (miTumetes mTaSi mcxovrebs), bavSvsac ki smenia gaburT eSmaze, mamuka qalundaurze,

xogais mindiasa Tu TorRva Zaganze Seqmnili Tqmulebebi. zRaprebsac ki legenda Tqmu-

lebebiT anacvlibdnen umetes SemTxvevaSi. mizezi ki martivia, radgan zRapari gamona-

gonzea dafuZnebuli naklebad saintereso iyo mTis xalxisTvis. amitom bavSvebs uyvebod-

nen legendebs, riTac pataraobidanve acnobdnen adaT-wesebs, tradiciebsa da kulturas.

aseve umTavresi, albaT, is iyo, rom am gmirebis magaliTze Svilebs vaJkacobasa da sima-

maces unergavdnen.

rogorc s.makalaTia ambobs: „leqsebi uyvarT xevsurebs da Tqmac emarjvebaT. msje-

lobis dros saubars xSirad leqsiT amTavrebs da Tavis azrs amiT mokled mosWris“, amitom

mdidaria xevsuruli poezia, romlis gadarCenaSic didi wvlili miuZRvis, upirveles yov-

lisa, akaki SaniZes.

xevsureTSi Wiric da lxinic poeziis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo. leqsi da simRera

sdevda xevsurTa sameurneo saqmianobas,micvalebulis datirebas, qeifsa Tu mijnurisaT-

vis siyvarulis gamxelas. rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, „xevsuruli poeziis“ SesavalSi,

satrfialo lirika SedarebiT naklebi odenobiTaa warmodgenili, radgan es dargi poe-

ziisa ar aris magre mimzidveli xevsuris meomruli bunebisaTvis. magram es mas ar niSnavs,

rom mniSvnelobas moklebulia poeziis es dargi. ubralod meti TavSekavebulobis gamo

eridebodnen siyvarulis Temaze saubarsa da leqsebis Tqmas, radgan erTmaneTis trfobis

gamJRavneba Temuri adaTiT sasircxvilod iTvleboda da amiT emijneboda erTmaneTs kargi

da cudi yma („kai yma laSqar mokvdebis,sworebis mjobinobasa, cudai-sacxvris yuresa, qa-

lebSi loginobasa!“). xevsur kacs augad eTvleboda qalis mimarT gansakuTrebuli yurad-

Rebis gamJRavneba.erTi xevsuri meleqse Civis: „raxan gzaSi Sameyaran, gamwyraliviT gavs-

cildebi, ra gavscilda gadmovxeneb, oboliviT avtirdebi“.

67

satrfialo poezia Tu mcirea, samagierod, xevsuruli folklori gansakuTrebiT

mdidaria sagmiro poeziiT, sadac xotbaa Sesxmuli ama Tu im gmirisTvis, vinc saerTo saq-

misTvis dasdo Tavi. uamravi leqsia SemorCenili Siola RuduSaurze, sadac asaxulia klas-

Ta brZola da didi ostatobiT aris gadmocemuli Tavgasuli batonis mokvla mTrexelis

mier. TorRva, romelic iyo moZalade, magram xevsurul poeziaSi xotba aqvs TorRvas Ses-

xmuli simamacisa da bZolisunarianobisTvis. gansakuTrebiT bevri leqsi ki zurab erisTav-

zea SemorCenili, romlebSic aRwerilia zurabTan brZolis epizodebi, zurabis mier motyu-

ebiT daxocil xevsurebsa da zurabis sikvdilze, rasac gansakuTrebiT sasixarulo elferi

dahkravs. samagierod, sapirispiro xasiaTi da ganwyoba ikveTeba erekle meorisa da xevsu-

rebis urTierTobaze Seqmnil leqsebSi, romelmac moqnili politikis wyalobiT Zalian da-

iaxlova xevsurebi. asaxulia mezoblebs Soris brZolebi: qistebisa da xevsurebis, lekebisa

da xevsurebisa Tu fSavSi xevsurTa laSqrobebi.

sameurneo poeziaze ki al. Winarauli marTebulad SeniSnavs: „xevsurTa sameurneo poe-

zia kvnesa da Civilia,Tumca SigadaSig mware iumorSereulic: „TivaT vTri kaloTaniTa, sul-

Tqmas vayoleb gminsao, davaorolen Tivani, dasvenebaic mindao“... maxsovs xevsureTSi cxov-

rebisas Cvens mezoblad nino arabuli cxovrobda, romelic zamTarSi saxlis mopirdapire

mxares dgnalis totebs Wrida saqonelisTvis, sakvebis simciris gamo. iqidan momavals Tovli

gautyda da zvavma wamoiRo. kargad mesmoda nino bebos simReris sityvebi: „daRberna civma ni-

avma. dgnalis totebze vijdodi, ra vqeni Cemanalama, radar RamiTac vTibodi“. dResac ar mes-

mis da mec ki miWirs gageba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba adamiani zvavs mohqondes da mRerodes!..

sikvdils TvalebSi uyurebde da daxmarebis Txovnis nacvlad simRera amouSva!..

oriode sityviT davaxasiaTeb xmiT natirlebs, rac piradad me gansakuTrebiT mifori-

aqebs suls. mTis xalxi, rom suliT poetebia amas swored xmiT natirlebis nimuSebi adastu-

rebs, rac mniSvnelovani folkloruli masalis matarebelia. ZiriTadad, natirlebSi riTma

araa daculi,magram SeiZleba gamonaklis SemTxvevebsac SevxvdeT. xmiT motirlebi tirilSi

xSirad aqebdnen vinmes vaJkacobas an gamZleobas, rasac Tavisi datvirTva hqonda: cocx-

lebs ar aviwyebdnen gardacvlili adamianebis xsovnasa da saqmianobas da Wiris patronebs

ki mxneobisken ubiZgebdnen amiT. viciT aseTi gadmocema, rom momakvdavma mokliam mezoblis

qals, Tamars sTxova, sicocxleSive daetira, raTa misi natiralis mosmena surda. Tamarmac

ausrula es „uandrezo“ Txovna: „sayurikaTiT madis gminio, wuxad xyav kmaruais Svilio,

guls urCi uWirs natyviario, moklias amaudis sulio. mdevarT win rad miRmetdebodio?

„dediserTa var“ – rad ar sTqvidio?“

daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xevsurebis yofa-cxovrebis ukufena xdeba ze-

pirsityvierebaSi da es yvelaferi sicocxlisunariania, miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes aRar

arsebobs tradiciuli kultura, aRar arsebobs Tem-soflebi, radgan xalxi aRar cxovrob-

s.xalxi Tu aRar iqneba ki aRarc sofeli isoflebs da aRarc jvari ijvarebs. samwuxaroa,

rom aRar arian xucesebi, ris gamoc is rituali, rasac xucesi asrulebda aRar sruldeba

srulyofili saxiT.C emTvis mxolod oTxi xucesia amJamad cnobili.

Zalian samwuxaroa,rom Taobebi mTas ar icnoben, radgan iq samyaros maradiuli sib-

rZnea daunjebuli. adre Tu bari gveZaxda qudze kacs, exla iq, mTebi dganan da mSvelels

elian.iqaurobas xalxis xma, bavSvebis xma, acocxlebs da es xma ar unda miwydes arasdros.

aTi wlis, arxiloskaloSi mcxovrebma TaTia WinWaraulma oriode wlis win,arxotSi

yofnis Semdeg skolaSi maswavlebels davaleba miutana, romelmac dedaSvilobis fotos

daxatva sTxova. suraTze daxatuli iyo mTebi da mdinareebi. gaocebulma maswavlebelma

ikiTxa, Tu ratom daxata buneba, roca dedaSviloba unda aesaxa. TaTiam ki ase upasuxa: „am

mTebs am mdinareebis garda sxva Svilebi ar yavT da am mdinareebs am mTebis garda sxva mSob-

lebi“. rogor SeiZleba vinme ver aRiqvamdes am problemas da am tkivils, maSin roca aTi

wlis bavSvs suls uTuTqavs daclili xevsureTis naxva!..

68

xevsureTi dRes „modaSia“, sruli am sityvis mniSvnelobiT. modaSia xevsuruli naqar-

gebi da simboluri ornamentebi, vercxlis samkauli da spilenZis nakeTobebi, miTologiu-

ri siuJetebiT xevsuruli poeziis kiloTa variaciebi. modaSia xevsureTis monaxuleba da-

masze gulistkivilis gamoTqma.

xevsureTi ki am dros suls Rafavs da daclilia yovelive imisgan, rac „modaSia“. dRe-

vandeli xevsureTis Segnebuli mnaxveli imedgacruebuli, gulnatkeni unda dabrundes,

magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi — gulgrili, yovelive imiT, rac xdeba. marTalac, yovelive

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, yofna-aryofnis mijnaze dgas sakiTxi, magram sanam erTi kaci

mainc ava da Svils Tavis soflis salocavs ymad dauyenebs, sanam cecxlis piras mjdari xev-

surebi isev dasdeven warsul gmirTa landebs da isev iRvreba xevsuruli leqsis lazaTi da

mSveniereba, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom varsebobT da imedi viqonioT, rom RvTis wyalobiT egeb

kidev viarseboT!..


1. a. arabuli, k. arabuli „myivana wisqvilebi“, Tbilisi, 1984;

2. „jvar xatTa sadideblebi“ (universitetis folkloris kaTedris Sromebi), Tbilisi, 1998;

3. a. SaniZis „qarTuli xalxuri poezia“, Tbilisi, universitetis gamomcemloba;

69

nino lomiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori xvTiso mamisimediSvili

muhajirobis asaxva kavkasiis xalxTa literaturaSi

muhajiroba erT-erTi tragikuli furcelia kavkasieli xalxebis istoriaSi. muhaji-

robam moicva: afxazebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, ubixebi, samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovre-

bi muslimi qarTvelebi da sxv. osmaleTis sulTani cdilobda muhajirebis dasaxlebas impe-

riis dausaxlebel adgilebsa da agreTve sazRvrispira teritoriebze. ruseTis imperias

surda mTielTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis gziT mieRwia politikuri simSvidisaTvis kavkasi-

aSi da ganTavisuflebuli teritoriebi gamoeyenebina farTo kolonizaciisaTvis da esar-

gebla am mxaris samxedro-strategiuli mdgomareobiT.

muhajiroba aisaxa kavkasieli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi. warmodgenil moxsenebaSi yu-

radReba gamaxvilebulia sami kavkasieli avtoris muhajirobis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebeb-

ze, esenia:

osi poetis TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebi: „ori megobari“ da „akvnis simRera“.

qarTveli mwerlis aleqsandre yazbegis moTxroba: „eliso“.

afxazi mwerlis bagrat Sinkubas romani: „ukanaskneli ubixi“.

os xalxs muhajiroba naklebad SeexoT, vinaidan isini balyarelebTan erTad ar mona-

wileobdnen ruseT-kavkasiis omSi, Tumca os musulmanTa nawili mainc gadasaxlda TurqeT-

Si, maT Soris iyo cnobili osi mwerali — TemirbolaT mamsurovi.

is 1865 wels sxva osebTan erTad gaemgzavra TurqeTSi. man iq gamoscada muhajiruli

yofis simZime. misi leqsebi „ori megobari“ da „akvnis simRera“ muhajirobis Temaze Seqmni-

li poeturi nawarmoebebia.

leqsi „ori megobari“ gamoirCeva romantikuli elementebis simZafriT. masSi igrZnoba

warsulis idealizacia da awmyoTi ukmayofileba. leqsi agebulia dialogze, rac nawarmo-

ebs met simZafresa da damajereblobas matebs. misi didi nawili eTmoba samSoblosTan da-

SorebiT gamowveul tkivils, mSobliuri kuTxis ZaliT datovebas. nawarmoebi mTeli sim-

ZafriT warmoadgens samSoblodan mosaxleobis ayris mTel simZimes. warmoidgineT tkivili

samSoblodan wasvlisa da gaurkveveli momavlisa. avtors moyvanili aqvs SesaniSnavi meta-

fora: „momavlis gemi zRvaSi inTqmeba“; xalxs Tvalebidan cremlis nacvlad sisxli sdio-

daT“; isini samSoblos mimarTaven, rom tkbobiT warmoTqvamen marad mis saxels da mis

mtvers gaixdian saficrad. am sityvebSi Cans samSoblos ganuzomeli siyvaruli da dardi

masTan gamoTxovebisa. avtori realisturad gadmogvcems muhajirTa tragedias, aRwers

moxeleTa gaugonar sisastikes, romlebic mTielebs araadamianurad epyrobodnen. gadavse-

bul gemebze deda Svils ver poulobda. visac ar SeeZlo, talRebs atandnen sakuTar si-

cocxles. TurqeTSi Casul muhajirebs uaresi dRe daadgaT. sulTnisgan dapirebuli sa-

moTxis nacvlad, midiodnen mziT gadamwvar, udabur miwaze mSier mwyurvalni imperiis So-

reuli adgilebisaken .

„Rnaodnen Cvilni da daosebulT,

Turqebsa vCridiT SiSiT SeZrulni,

zogi naSiers quCas andobda,

zogsac SimSiliT sZvreboda suli.“

70

ena ver gamoTqvams maT tanjva-wamebas. avtorma realisturad gadmogvca muhajirTa

tragedia. es leqsi misi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia.

leqsSi `akvnis simRera“ poeti mimarTavs momaval Taobas, rom ar daiviwyon samSoblo

Tavi dadon misTvis nu daiviwyeben rom isini kavkasiis Svilebi arian. rom samSoblosa da

rwmenisaTvis unda Zlier bevrs iTmendnen Tavi unda dadon misTvis da sikvdils jildod

Tvlidnen. poeti wuxs, rom samSobloSi darCenilebs rjuls da adaTs ZaliT aTmobineb-

dnen.

„Turqs gulze ar gacvalo

Seni guli mTielisa

gwamdes ZarRvSi giCqefs sisxli

naRdi kavkasielisa!“

aleqsandre yazbegis nawarmoebi „eliso“ aRwers osmaleTisaken gandevnili CeCnebis

tragediis fonze, CeCeni elisosa da moxeve vaJias tragikul siyvaruls. avtoris aRweriT,

mudam mxiaruli da sicocxliT savse CeCnebi, axla gminvasa da oxvras moecva. es iyo saerTo

wuxili da tanjva samSoblosTan ganSorebisa, samSoblosTan, romlisTvisac avtoris

TqmiT, CeCnebs Tavi ar dauzogavT misi sikeTisTvis. mamas Svili ar Seuwyalebia da qmars

coli da, amdeni brZolis da msxverplis Semdeg isini unda gamoesalmon mas. warmoidgineT

maTi tkivili, rodesac gascqerian TavianT nasoflars, sadac cxovreba gautarebiaT, sa-

dac maTi winaprebis saflavebia. miwaa, romelmac isini gazarda. rogorc avtori ambobs

„aris xolme iseTi wamebi adamianis cxovrebaSi, rodesac sityvas adgili ar aqvs kacis mwu-

xarebaSi. swored am mwuxarebas moecva CeCnebi. Cum oxvraSi ikiTxeboda mTeli maTi tanjva

da Wianuris xmas ayolili, efineboda irgvliv yvelafers. garda im sulieri tkivilisa, ra-

sac samSoblosTan daSoreba hqvia, avtors warmoCenili aqvs Zalzed mZime suraTi, Tu ro-

gor iRupebodnen TandaTan adamianebi. rogor aclida dedas Svils sikvdili xelidan, yo-

veli mxridan mxolod fizikuri da sulieri tanjva moismoda, magram vin iyo mSveleli?! av-

torma, aseve kargad warmoaCina rusi moxeleebis ulmobloba, rodesac maTTan vaJia mivida

TxovniT, rom anzoris ojaxi gadasaxlebisagan exsna, Tumca pasuxad miiRo is, rom moxelis

neba rom yofiliyo, yvelas moiSorebda Tavidan, yvelas gauyenebda osmaleTis gzas. amgva-

rad, avtorma warmoaCina am mcirericxovani xalxis tragedia. gamoCnda arsebuli sinamdvi-

lis simaxinje. fsiqologiuri siRrmiT ganaviTara mweralma Seyvarebuli vaJias, mSvenieri

elisosa da misi patiosani moxuci mamis — anzoris samarTliani miswrafebebis dapirispire-

ba usamarTlobisadmi, romelSic usamarTloba imarjvebs.

da bolos, ubixebi iyvnen afxazebisa da adiReelebis monaTesave xalxi, romlebic

cxovrobdnen dRevandel krasnodaris mxareSi — ruseTis federaciaSi. kavkasiis omis da-

sasruls, ruseTis xelisuflebam ubixTa mTavrebs ori arCevani SesTavaza: dasaxlebuliy-

vnen yubanispireTSi an TurqeTisaken mimaval gzas gasdgomodnen. mTavrebma TurqeTSi ga-

dasaxleba arCies xalxi daarwmunes, rom rusebi maT bavSvebs gaaqristianebdnen da TavianT

mmarTvelobas danergavdnen ubixebSi, xolo TurqeTSi maT samoTxe elodaT, alahis nacva-

li dedamiwaze — TurqeTis sulTani maT saukeTeso miwebs daurigebda da mefurad acxov-

rebda, Tavad mTavrebs privilegiebis dakargvisa eSinodaT da xsnas TurqeTSi xedavdnen.

amgvarad 1864 wels isini TurqeTisaken gaemarTnen .

afxazi mwerlis — bagrat Sinkubas romani „ukanaskneli ubixi“ asaxavs ubixebis da maT

paralelurad afxazebis gadasaxlebas TurqeTSi. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiria 100 wlis ubi-

xi zauryan zolaki, romelTanac afxazi enaTmecnieri — Sarax qvaZba Cadis, raTa gamoikvli-

os aw ukve mkvdari ubixuri ena. romanis siuJeti viTardeba misi naambobis kvalze. zauryan

zolakis biografia kvalad misdevs ubixi xalxis tragedias.z auryan zolaki dediT afxa-

zia. kargad icis dediseuli ena. miuxedavad iseTi mZime cxovrebisa, rogoric man gamoiara,

71

mas ar daukargavs sakuTari ena da tradiciebi. mosul afxaz stumars fexze wamoudga da

dasva, radgan wesis mixedviT, dedis mxridan yvela naTesavi da mogvare biZad iTvleboda,

ra asakisac ar unda yofiliyo. maT adaTis mixedviT, ufrosad miiCnevdnen. ena ver gamos-

Tqvams zauryanis bednierebas, rodesac afxazi estumra, radgan mkdrebis adgomas ifiqreb-

da da afxazuri enis gagebas veRar. is pirdeba qvaZbas, rom ubixur enis Seswavlis parale-

lurad uambobs ubixebis gadmosaxlebis istorias, mas yovelive gulze ise aqvs amotvifru-

li, rogorc warwera samaris qvaze. wlebi midian, magram arc wvimas da arc Tovls ar ZaluZs

misi waSla. zauryanma Saraxs uambo mTeli istoria ubixebis gamosaxlebisa. aseve rogor

cxovrobdnen ubixeTSi omis dawyebamde, rom maTSi arasodes yofila simSvide, radgan maTSi

TareSi Zarcva monebis gayidva TurqeTSi, qalebis gataceba da sisxlis aReba yovelTvis

iyo maTSi da sxvagvarad cxovreba verc warmoedginaT. Tu, vinme maTSi iaraRis xelSi aReba-

ze da brZolaze uars ityoda, soflidan aZevebdnen. omis dasasruls, rodesac ruseTis ga-

marjveba aSkara gaxda, ubixTa mTavrebma TavianTi TqmiT ruseTis damonebas TurqeTSi ga-

dasaxleba amjobines. maT, rasakvirvelia, sakuTari miznebi hqondaT, eSinodaT, rom privi-

legiebs dakargavdnen da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba xsnis gzad miiCnies da xalxic daarwmunes,

rom wasuliyvnen. swored aq dauSves sabediswero Secdoma da sakuTar Tavs sasikvdilo ga-

naCeni gamoutanes. mxolod erTi adamiani aRmoCnda maT Soris, romelic sTxovda ubixebs

nu wavidodnen da nu gadaaSenebdnen ubixTa modgmas. Znelia im yvelafris gadmocema, ro-

gor tovebdnen isini sakuTar keras, rogor klavdnen sakuTari xeliT cxenebs, rom rusebs

ar CavardnodaT xelSi is. maT ubixeTidan samaxsovro mxolod maTi wminda salocavi kerpi —

arwivis gamosaxulebiani biTxa – waiRes. umZimesi iyo maTi yofa, Tumca ruseTis xelisuf-

lebas maT dasaxmareblad araferi gaukeTebia. gamgzavrebis periodSi, zauryani ixsenebs,

rogor yridnen Turqebi maT gemebSi, rogori ulmoblad eqceodnen. rogor xtebodnen

zRvaSi, visac meti tkivilis atana aRar SeeZlo. rogor ganaxevrda ubixebis ricxvi Turqe-

Tis sanapiroebamde, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc mRerodnen, radgan kavkasieli ka-

cis bunebaa, gaWirvebis Jams simRera. maT imedi hqondaT momavlisa, Tumca, maTi realoba

sxvagvari aRmoCnda. SimSilisa da avadmyofobis winaSe aRmoCndnen ubixebi. aravin iyo maTi

momkiTxveli. dedebi Svilebs yiddnen, rom maTi SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis ar eyurebinaT.

sxvebi ki — TandaTan abragebad iqcnen. yvela erideboda kavkasielebs TurqeTSi. „yaCaR Cer-

qezebad“ moixseniebdnen. maTma mTavrebma ki faSebTan garigebiT, kargi qonebac iSoves da

aRarasdros dainteresebulan sawyali xalxis bediT. zauryani gaxda mowme imisa, rom sul-

Tans mxolod erTi mizani hqonda, gamoeyenebina rusebTan omSi kavkasielebi, radgan isini

ukve gamowrTobilni iyvnen maTTan brZolebSi, xolo saukeTeso gogonebi haramxanebSi ga-

emwesebina. zauryanis ori da faSam xarWebad gaixada, erTi ki SimSils emsxverpla. xolo

ded-mama Svilebze dardma gadaiyola. vinc Seegua axal cxovrebas da fexi moikida TurqeT-

Si, ubixuri enac daiviwya da gaTurqda. vinc ver egueboda samSobloSi dabrunebis mcdelo-

bisas, daundoblad klavdnen Turqebi. amgvarad, am xalxis ubedurebasa da asimilirebaSi

aranakleb didi wvlili Turqebsac miuZRviT, rusebTan erTad. istoriam cota magaliTi

rodi icis ubixebze gacilebiT didi erebis gaqrobisa, magram ubixebi didi xani ar aris,

rac aRar arseboben. es ambavi arc erT dReSi momxdara da arc erT weliwadSi. maT maSin ga-

wires Tavi dasaRupad, rodesac samoTxis miwis xilvis imediT TurqeTSi gaemgzavrnen.

amdenad, Zalian mZime aRmoCnda XIX saukuneSi ruseTis kolonialuri politika kavka-

siaSi. muhajirobam didi masStabebi miiRo. mravalma adamianma datova mSobliuri kera. mu-

hajiruli yofis simZime kargad Cans muhajirobis Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi, maT Soris

ikveTeba „ukanaskneli ubixi“, romelSic detalurad cocxldeba ubixebis istoria da maTi

gaqrobis mizezebi. ruseTisa da TurqeTis xelisuflebis sisastike mTielebTan mimarTeba-

Si. carizmis mier im teritoriebis dapyroba, romelic maTTvis aravis uCuqebia da odiTgan

ubixebisa da sxva Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebis sakuTreba iyo. muhajiroba tragikuli fur-

72

celia kavkasieli xalxebis cxovrebaSi. es saerTo tkivili kargad warmoaCines mwerlebma

Tumca „ukanasknel ubixSi,“ es yvelaferi detalurad Cans. TurqeTSi gadasaxleba saTanado

momzadebisa da organizaciis gareSe mimdinareobda. muhajirebi Savi zRvis navsadgurebi-

dan uvargisi gemebiT gadahyavdaT, nawili saxmeleTo gziT - urmebiT midiodnen TurqeTi-

saken. mravali maTgani gzaSi imsxverpla epidemiam, SimSilma, sicivem. TurqeTis xelisuf-

lebam, muhajirebs uvargisi, Seuferebeli adgilebi miuCina. bevri umiwod da ubinaod dar-

Ca. muhajirebi male mixvdnen TavianT Secdomas da ukan dabruneba moindomes, magram, samwu-

xarod, es SeuZlebeli iyo vinaidan ruseTis xelisufleba amas aRar dauSvebda.

mZime pirobebSi Cavardnili muhajirebi iZulebulni iyvnen meomrebad Sesuliyvnen

TurqeTis jarSi. CrdilokavkasielTagan bevri maTgani asimilirda TurqebSi. bevrma maT-

ganma SeinarCuna erovnuli TviTSegneba da sakuTari ena. samwuxarod, es ubixebma ver moa-

xerxes da sruliad aRigavnen pirisagan miwisa.

gamoyenebuli literatura

Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi. tomi II;

73

humanitaruli mecnierebani: literaturaTmcodneoba, enaTmecniereba

gul muqerrem ozTurqi baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori elguja makaraZe

qarTuli literaturis Turqi mTargmnelebi da mkvlevrebi

Cemi naSromis mizans warmoadgens garkveva imisa, Tu ramdenad iyo da aris dainterese-

buli Turqi sazogadoebrioba qarTuli literaturis kvleviTa da TargmniT. monacemebi am

mxriv Zalian mwiria. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirveli nabiji am mxriv gadadga ahmeT me-

laSvilma da Turqul enaze Targmna aleqsandre yazbegis „elguja“, romelsac „elguja da

mzaRo“ uwoda. Targmani daibeWda stambolSi 1973 wels.

qarTul enazea naTargmni ilia WavWavaZis leqsebi (mTargmnelebi fahreTin CiloRlu

da osman nuri merjani, Tahsin saraji, hasan Celiqi, husein uiguni), moTxroba „mgzavris we-

rilebi“ (mTargmnelebi ali alTuni da asmaT jafariZe), poema „gandegili“ (mTargmneli ali

alTuni). leqsebi gamoqveynebulia Jurnal „CveneburSi“. aseve „CveneburSi“ gamoqveynda aka-

ki wereTlis poema „gamzrdeli“ leqsebi (mTargmneli ali alTuni) da statia „ilias mkvle-

lobis Sesaxeb“ (mTargmneli osman nuri merjani). „Cveneburis“ furclebi daeTmo nikoloz

baraTaSvilis leqsebsac, Jurnal „mamulSi“ ki gamoqveynda statia „nikoloz baraTaSvili —

qarTuli romantizmis mwvervali“. statiis avtoria ismail ierguzi. bilkentis universite-

tis profesorma laurenT moignonma Targmna vaJa-fSavelas „arwivi“, romelic gamoaqveyna

Jurnal „Cveneburis“ 35-e nomerSi 2000 wels.

me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi momxdarma politikurma SeTqmulebam (1832

weli) literaturas axali forma da Sinaarsi SesZina. me-18 saukunis bolos dawyebul kri-

ziss daemata aRniSnuli SeTqmuleba da Seiqmna SasaniSnavi pirobebi imisaTvis, rom saqar-

TveloSi mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi warmoSobiliyo da ganviTarebuliyo romantizmi.

Semdeg mokled mimoixilavs qarTveli romantikosebis Semoqmedebas da aRniSnavs „me-19 sau-

kunis pirvel naxevarSi cdilobdnen Zveli qarTuli literaturuli tradiciebis kvlav ga-

cocxlebas. am periodis mwerlebi (es periodi iwodeba gardamaval periodad) qarTuli kla-

sikuri literaturis Tematikas xelaxla amuSaveben, oRond gansxvavebuli stiliT. am peri-

odis qarTul literaturaSi axali Temebi ar gvxvdeba“. unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi av-

toris mier aris saTanadod Sefasebuli qarTvel romantikosTa damsaxureba da maTi mem-

kvidreobis mniSvneloba axali qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZ-

lebelia qarTvel romantikosTa Rvawli Sefasdes, rogorc mxolod Zveli qarTuli lite-

raturis tradiciebis kvlav gacocxleba, Zveli qarTuli literaturis Tematikis xelaxa-

li damuSaveba. rogorc sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbe-

lianis da qarTuli romantizmis udidesi warmomadgenlis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, poezia

axali safexuria qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis grZel gzaze, maTi Semoqmedeba gamo-

irCa axali problematikiT, axali xedviT, rogorc didi ilia WavWavaZe brZanebs, yvelaze

mniSvnelovani am droisTvis is iyo, rom Zveli saqarTvelos literaturis miRwevebis gada-

azrebasTan erTad iwyeba evropeizacia qarTuli mwerlobisa da rom nikoloz baraTaSvili

aris pirveli evropeisti poeti, srulad ganTavisuflebuli aRmosavluri tendenciebisa-

gan. 1850 wlidan qarTul literaturaSi wina planze gamodis kritikuli realizmi. drama-

turgi giorgi erisTavi (1813- 1864), z. antonovi (1821- 1854) arian poetebi, romlebic idgnen

kritikuli realizmis samsaxurSi. erisTavma komediuri epizodebiT gaamdidra Tavisi na-

74

warmoebebi. antonovis kalams ekuTvnis „qoroRlus eposi“, romelic misi yvelaze warmate-

buli nawarmoebia. 1850 wlis Semdeg iqmneba realisturi nawarmoebebi. lavrenti ardazianma

(1815-1870) nawarmoebiT „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“ asparezze Semoiyvana axali socia-

luri Zala. daniel WonqaZe (1830- 1860) „suramis cixeSi“ saubrobs batonymobis problemeb-

ze da sazogadoebaSi axal cnobierebas amkvidrebs. kritikuli realizmi 1950 wlebis qar-

Tul literaturaSi erTaderTi mimdinareoba ar aris. kritikuli realizmis paralelurad

arsebobas ganagrZobs romantizmi giorgi rCeuliSvilis (1821- 1875) saxiT. magram udavo

WeSmaritebaa is, rom romantizmi am periodSi ukve kriziss ganicdis.

1860 wlidan saqarTveloSi iwyeba gamorCeuli epoqa, romelic moicavs ara marto li-

teraturas, aramed kulturis yvela sferos. es aris samocianelTa, anu TergdaleulTa

epoqa. samocianelebma ganaTleba miiRes sankt-peterburgSi. maTze didi gavlena moaxdina

rusulma revoluciur-demokratiulma ideebma da maT ganizraxes fundamentaluri cvli-

lebebi moexdinaT qarTul literaturasa da socialur cxovrebaSi. samocian wlebSi lite-

raturul asparezze gamodian ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907), akaki wereTeli (1840-1915), niko ni-

kolaZe (1843-1928), giorgi wereTeli (1842-1900). eseni iyvnen poetebi, mTargmnelebi, mwer-

lebi, aqtivistebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, politikosebi. es oTxeuli iyo saqarTveloSi

me-20 da 21-e saukuneebSi gaSlili erovnuli moZraobis ideologiuri STamagonebeli. samo-

cianelebis memkvidred miCneuli literaturuli mimdinareoba iyo „mTis skola“. am skolis

warmomadgenlebi arian aleqsandre yazbegi (1848-1893), poeti luka razikaSvili, romelic

fSaveli iyo. igi cnobilia vaJa-fSavelas saxeliT (1860-1915). vaJa fSavela Tavis nawarmoe-

bebSi ilaSqrebda tradiciebis winaaRmdeg baCana (1866- 1927), Tedo razikaSvili (1869-1922).

aRniSnulma skolam didi gavlena moaxdina qarTul literaturaze da erovnuli probleme-

bi Rirseulad asaxa Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. vaJa-fSavelam qarTuli literatura gaamdidra

axali TemebiTa da axali stiliT, SeiZleba iTqvas rom man Seqmna sakuTari skola. misi upir-

velesi msmenelebi iyvnen lirikosi poeti niko (baCana, misi Zma) da misi Svili mwerali Tedo

razikaSvili. 1890 wlidan qarTuli literaturis asparezze Cndeba axali Taoba, romelic

iwyebs realizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebas. me-19 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi qarTul lite-

raturaSi aqtiurad iwyeba marqsizmis propaganda. mxatvrul nawarmoebebsa da sxva saxis

naSromebSi marqsizmi mkiTxvels miewodeboda rogorc sistema, romelsac SeuZlia socia-

luri problemebis mogvareba.

am periodSi qarTul literaturaSi Cndeba marqsistTa jgufi, romelic movlenebs

gansxvavebulad afasebs. am periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mweralia egnate ninoSvili

(1859-1894). egnate ninoSvilma kritikuli realizmi axali epoqis pirobebis Sesabamisad ga-

naviTara da moamzada safuZveli saqarTveloSi socialisturi realizmis gavrcelebisaT-

vis. egnate ninoSvilis nawarmoebebi („gogia uiSvili“, „simona“, „Cveni qveynis raindi“) aR-

gviwers batonymobis gauqmebis Semdegdroindel qarTuli soflis cxovrebas. am mimdinare-

obis warmomadgenlebi arian daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli, lalioni (a. mamulaSvi-

li), romlebic SeiZleba miviCnioT socialisturi realizmis pirvel warmomadgenlebad. aq

unda gavakeToT Semdegi SeniSvna. ra Tqma unda, socialisturi realizmis warmomadgenle-

bad SeuZlebelia miviCnioT daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli, lalioni da a.S. isic

saTqmelia, rom socialistur realizmze, rogorc realizmis pirobiT saxeobaze, axla aRa-

ravin saubrobs.

qarTuli mwerlobis TurqeTisTvis gacnoba amiT ar damTavrebula. saqarTveloSi

sxvadasxva mizniT iyvnen Camosulebi Turqi mwerlebi, romelTac TurqeTSi dabrunebisas

gamoaqveynes statiebi qarTul mwerlobaze, Teatrze, ufro metad ki gamoaqveynda iseTi

statiebi, sadac saubari iyo STabeWdilebebze saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. magaliTad, 1979 wlis

ivlisSi Turqma mweralma omer faruq Tofraqma gazeT “politikaSi„ gamoaqveyna mogonebebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. zeinab oralma Jurnal „xelovnebaSi“, xolo refika erduranma ki ga-

75

zeT „mzeSi„ gamoaqveynes statiebi qarTul Teatrze. nejaTi jumalma (wignSi saxelad „revi-

zionisti“), Tariq dursunma (gazeTSi „ieni orTam“) da haldun Tanerma gamoaqveynes mogone-

bebi aseve saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebis kvleva daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetsa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-

tutSi Seiqmna Turqologiis kaTedra. qarTveli Turqologebi ikvlevdnen rogorc Tur-

qul enas aseve literaturas. maT Seiswavles Turquli gramatikis wesebi, warTul-turqu-

li enobrivi urTierTobebi, qarTulSi Semosuli Turquli sityvebi, Turqul enaSi da dia-

leqtebSi Sesuli qarTuli sityvebi, saqarTveloSo mcxovrebi Turqulenovani mosaxleo-

bis metyvelebis Taviseburebani, mcxovrebi Turqulenovani mosaxleobis sasaubro ena,

Turquli saarqivo masalebi enobrivi urTierTobebi, qarTuli da Turquli enis tipolo-

giuri paralelebi, qarTuli da Turquli frazeologizmebis tipologia, qarTulSi Semo-

suli Turquli sityvebi. qarTvelma Turqologebma Tbilisis saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi

osmaluri dokumentebi Seiswavles enobrivi TvalsazrisiT da gamosces saintereso monog-

rafiebi. Seiswavles arqivSi daculi me-18 saukunis Turquli enis saxelmZRvanelo, qarTu-

li asoebiT Turqul enaze dawerili „biblia“, „qoroRlus“ qarTuli versia da sxva saarqi-

vo masalebi; Seiqmna qarTul-Turquli da Turqul-qarTuli leqsikonebi, sasaubroebi, am

mxriv Zalian sainteresoa 2001 wels gamocemuli Turqul-qarTuli leqsikonis ortomeuli

da Turqul-qarTuli frazeologizmebi.

rac Seexeba Turqul literaturas, Seswavlil iqna „dede qorquTis wigni“, „qoroR-

lus“ eposi, TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis zepirsityviereba jalaledin rumis, ruhi

baRdadis, iunus emres, muhamed fuzulis, nefis, lamis, ahmeT haSimis, mihri haTunis, mehmeT

eminis, iaquf qadris, sabahaTin alis, Tevfiq fiqreTis, hairulah efendis, faqir baiqurTis,

suaT derviSis da sxva. cnobili mwerlebisa Tu poetebis Semoqmedeba; Seiswavles Turquli

poetika. qarTul enaze iTargmna: Turquli zRaprebi, nasredin hojas anegdotebi, „dede

qorquTis“ wigni, nazim hiqmeTis leqsebi, sabahaTin alis, omer seifeTinis, orhan hanCerli-

oRlus, haldun Taneris, aziz nesinis, suaT derviSis, isa nejaTis, reSad nuri giunTeqinis,

iaquf qadri qaraosmanoRlus, ahmeT haSimis, beqir ildizis,fazil husne daRlarjas, ada-

leT aRaoRlus, oqTai rifaTis,orhan famuqisa da sxva cnobili mwerlobisa Tu poetebis

Semoqmedeba. cxadia, zemoT warmodgenili mimoxilva ver amowuravs qarTul-Turquli li-

teraturuli urTierTobis mTel Sinaarss, amitom naSromis bolos davurTavT bibliogra-

fias, romelic ufro srulad warmoaCens aRniSnuli urTierTobis suraTs.


1. miqelaZe, abdul, werilebi aWaridan, Targmna fahreTin CiloRlum; Mikeladze, A. Acara mektuplarÀ

(F. TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.

2. baqraZe, eka, leqsebi, Targmna fahreTin CiloRlum; Bakradze, E. Teviri Jiirleri (F. TiloJlu, Tev.) Gürcü

Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi. 3. ierguzi, ismail, qarTuli romantizmis mwvervali-nikoloz baraTaSvili; arataJvili,

N.(Ekim-AralÀk 1997). Gürcü Romantizmin Rncüsü (h. Yerguz, Tev.) Mamuli Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ 4.

4. jaiani, ivane, werilebi SavSeTidan, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Caiani, h. Borçka mektuplarÀ (F.

TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.

5. javaxiSvili, mixeil, eSmakis qva, mTargmneli ibrahim iavuz goraZe; Cavakhishvili, M.(1988).

peytanÀn TaJÀ, Ryküler (h. Y. Goradze, Tev.) hstanbul: Total MüJavirlik.

6. WavWavaZe, ilia, mgzavris werilebi, mTargmneli ali alTuni; Tavçavadze, h.(1989). Bir Yol-

cunun NotlarÀ (A. Altun, Tev.).

76

7. WavWavaZe, ilia, mgzavris werilebi, mTargmneli asmaT jafariZe; Tavçavadze, h.(2007). Yol-

cunun YazÀlarÀ (A. Caparidze, Tev.) Tiflis: eni öprü ergisi.

8. salia, kalistrate, ilia WavWavaZe, mTargmneli ismail ierguzi; Salia, K. (Ocak 1997).

Tavçavadze, h., Bedi Kartlisakdan (1956, ss: 50-51) (h. Yerguz, Tev.) Mamuli Kültürel D ergisi.

9. WilaZe, oTar, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Tiladze, O.(Temmuz 1997) piirler (F.

TiloJlu, Tev.) (ss. 3).

10. WilaZe, Tamaz, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; Tiladze, T.(2003). Teviri Jiirleri (F.

TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: Gürcü Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi.

11. dumbaZe, nodar, me vxedav mzes, mTargmneli mehCure qaraoreni; umbadze, N.(1969). GüneJi Görü-

yorum ( M. Karaören, Tev.).

12. dumbaZe, nodar, maradisobis kanoni, mTargmneli ali alTuni; umbadze, N. (1990). Sonsuzluk

YasasÀ (A. Altun, Tev.) hstanbul: YÀlmaz.

13. dumbaZe, nodar, kukuraCa, mTargmneli gulizar WeliZe; umbadze, N.(1990). Kukaraça (G. hbrahi-

mova, Telidze, Tev.) Ankara: YazÀt.

14. CiloRlu, fahreTin, Zveli qarTuli literatura; TiloJlu, F. (Ocak-pubat 1993). Eski Gürcü

EdebiyatÀ. Tveneburi Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ: 1(8).

15. qarTuli zRaprebi, mTargmnelebi – fahreTin CiloRlu, irine gociriZe, hasan Celiqi, hu-

lia CiloRlu; TiloJlu, F.(1998). FalcÀ Hoçoknun MasalÀ d Gürcü MasallarÀ (F. TiloJlu, h. Gotsiridze,

H. Telik, H. TiloJlu, Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle.

16. gegeSiZe, guram, zRapari, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu; egeJidze, G.(2004). DüJ (F. TiloJlu,

Tev.) hstanbul: press: Sinatle. 17. gogolaSvili, vaxtang, cisferi mTebis qveyana, mTargmneli mehmeT ozguli; ogolaJvili,

V.(1980) Mavi DaJlar wlkesi (M. Rzgül, Tev.) hstanbul: Cem

18. qarTuli zRaprebi-mzis asuli, mTargmneli hairi hairioRlu; GüneJin KÀzÀ, Gürcü masal-

larÀ,(1986) ( H. HayrioJlu, Tev.)

19. qarTuli literatura: Gürcü EdebiyatÀ, Kaynak: Ana Britannica, Tveneburi Kültürel Dergisi, SayÀ: 1(8),

Ocak- pubat 1993.

20. xalvaSi, fridon, leqsebi, mTargmneli fahreTin CiloRlu: HalvaJi, P. Teviri piirleri (F. TiloJlu,

Tev.) Gürcü Kültür Merkezi DerneJinin Resmi Web Sitesi.

77

ciala oCxikiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, magistratura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nestan sulava

ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi macxovris

simboloTa saxismetyvelebisaTvis

ioane mtbevris himnografiuli memkvidreoba miqael modrekilis saweliwdo iadgarma

(S-425; 978-988 w.w) Semogvinaxa. mis sagaloblebSi asaxuli zogadqristianuli motivebi,

hipodigmur-paradigmuli saxeebi emyareba bibliur da saRvTismetyvelo literaturas.

himnografis sametyvelo ena gamoirCeva amaRlebuli ganwyobiT, ritmulobiT, anaforuli

kompoziciiT.

Cemi statia exeba ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebs, romelTa saxis-

metyveleba iqcevs yuradRebas. himnografi saSobao sagalobelSi macxovars warmoadgens

bibliuri saxe-simboloebiT. Cemi ganxilvis sagania macxovris Sobis, gankacebis saidum-

los, bibliur moZRvrebasTan mis kavSirs, „Zueli igi kacisa da axali igi kacis“ simboluri

saxeobrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT.

uflis Sobas sasuliero mwerloba „saSinel saidumlos“ uwodebs, radgan adamianTa

gonebisTvis miuwvdomelia RvTaebrivi arsis xorciel bunebaSi gadmosvlis srulyofilad

gaazreba. wm. ioane oqropiri maTes saxarebis ganmartebisas aRniSnavs: „gulisÃmisyav da

SesZrwundi, mesmas ra¡, viTarmed RmerTi movida qo¢eynad, rameTu esoden gansakvirvebel

iyo da didebul, romel angelozTa ganwyobilni kacni wyalobisaTvis erTbaSad didebis-

metyvelebas Seswiravdes da winaswarmetyu¢lni gankvirvebulni pirvelive ityodes,

viTarmed „queyanasa zeda gamoCnda da kacTa Soris iqceoda“ (baruq.3:38) (5,35).

ioane mtbevari wminda mamaTa kvalobaze macxovris Sobas „saSinel saidumlosa“ da

saswauls uwodebs: „saido¢mlo sasaSineli, romelica iyo dafaro¢l ZalTagan zecisa o¢-

xorcoTa mravalsaxier sibrZne¡ RmrTisa¡, gancxadna dRes kacTa Soris orcTa Sina RmrTe-

eba¡, romliTa moviReT Co¢en gamoჴsna¡“ (2,57). „saSinelisa Sobisa Senisa saido£mlosa“ (2,77).

„saSineli saidumlos“ ganmartebas agrZelebs ioane oqropiri: „aw ukue ara dausa-

bamo¡sa mis SobisaT¢s ars sityua¡ Cueni, aramed meorisa, romeli iqmna queyanasa zeda,

romlisa mravalni arian mowame, da misTÂsca Zalisaebr Cuenisa miTxra, ravden-igi uZle

moRebad madlsa mas sulisa wmidisasa, romelman momca sityua¡ Tqumad, raoden etevis

bunebasa kacobrivsa, rameTu amas qalwulisagan Sobisa gancxadebulad da ganmartebiT

Txroba¡ SeuZlebel ars, rameTu sakvirvel ars esec da miuwTomel“ (5,35). Znelia warmod-

gena: „rameTu friad uZneles ars kacobrivisanzeda gulissityoÂasa RmrTisa gankaceba¡,

vidreRa kacisa Svil RmrTisa yofa¡ madlisa misiTa“ (5,36).

ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi aRniSnuli faqti mravalgzis aris

gaazrebuli. himnografi acnobierebs, rom RvTisgankacebis saidumlos sityviT axsna,

gadmocema ver moxerxdeba: „o¢zeSTaes arsboÂnebasa kacobrivsa saido¢mlo¡ gamo¢Tqo

¢meli o¢Teslod Sobisa Senisa¡ qriste, sityoÂao mamisao da ver Seo¢Zlebsena¡ metyo¢eli

WeSmaritad miTxrobad misa, romlisT¢s gancofna sibrZne soflisa brZenTa da mecnierTa¡

da mooÂZloÂrda sityva¡ metyoÂelTa¡ SemsgavsebiT qebasa“ (2,89).

78

Teologiur moZRvrebaSi qristianuli RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba

RmerTia, absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli, arafrisagan yovelives

Semoqmedi. ioane mtbevris sagalobelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saRvTo arsis Teologiur-

filosofiuri daxasiaTeba, samsaxovani erTarseba RmerTis gaazrebaa misi cxadi magali-

Tia: „samebi sanaTliTa gabrwyinvebulni movediT morwmuneno vaqebdeT samguamovansa Rmer-

Tsa mamasaZiT da suliTwmidiT ganuyofelad erTbuneba saRmrTeebisasa“ (2,53).

samsaxovani RmerTis meore hipostasurma saxem – ieso qristem, gankacebulma RmerTma,

pirvelcodvis gamosyidvada kacTa sulebis gadarCena SeZlo. pirvelqmnili adamiani

Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad. pirvelcodvisagan igi macxovarma ixsna, ris Semdegac

qristianuli religiis umTavres faseulobad gamocxadda. „xati msgavsebisa Co¢enisa

sao¢ko¢neTa RmerTmanda dRes gamoSCndi xorcielad“.

pavle mociquli qristes Sesaxeb ambobs: „mas Sina damkvidrebul ars yovelive savseba¡

RmrTeebisa¡ xorcielad“ (kolas.2.9). kacobriobis xsnisTvis umniSvnelovanes dros, saxi-

erma da kacTmoyvare ufalma qveynad moavlina „mxolodSobili Ze T¢si – ieso qriste“,

radgan mxolod RmerTs SeeZlo sruli gankurneba saqveyno senisa, mxolod mas SeeZlo

aRdgena dacemuli adamianisa. iSva macxovari da ufali Cveni ieso qriste da moxda eniT

gamouTqmeli saswauli: CvenTvis daimdabla RmerTma Tavi, romelmac ganwminda da ganaaxla

buneba dacemulia damianisa. kaci gaaTavisufla codvis monobisagan da Semusra sikvdili.

nikea-konstantinepolis simbolos interpretaciiT, qristes mosvla miwaze aris ara ubra-

lod „xorcSesxma“, aramed maincdamainc „gankaceba“. ioane mtbevris mier RvTis gankaceba

filosofiuradaa gaazrebuli: „sityuo¢man dao¢sabamoman, RmrTeebr o¢xilavman miiRo da-

sabamigan kacebisa¡ ჴsnisaT¢s kacTa naTesavisa, ra¡Jams Seezava agebo¢lebasa nivTiersa mi-

wisa gansamowyalebiTa o¢gebeli arseba¡ RmrTeebisa¡“ (2,84).

„agebo¢lebasa nivTiersa miwisagansa“ ganimarteba Semdegnairad: „xiluli soflis

SeqmnaSi monawileobs oTxi elementi: miwa, wyali, haeri da cecxli. es elementebi Seadgenen

yoveli materialuri sagnis safuZvels, samyaroSi arsTa Soris yvelaze dabal safexurzea

usulo nivTni“ (1,22), xolo vinaidan „yoveli sxeuli oTxTa nivTTagan Seimzadebis“, amitom

adamianis sxeulsa da usulo nivTebs erTmaneTTan swored es oTxi elementi akavSirebs.

„Sesaqmis“ wignSi dasaxulia is idea, rom „cxovrebis xis“ nayofis meSveobiT adamiani

uxrwneloba-ukvdavebas eziareba, „ra¡Ta cxovndes ukunisamde“ (Ses.3.22). ioane damaskeli

„cxovrebis xes“ ase ganmartavs: „mqonebeli moqmedebasa cxorebis mimcemlobisa“. sicocx-

lis momniWebel am „xes“, „SesaqmeSive“ upirispirdeba „xecnobadisa, keTilisa da borotisa“,

romelic gvawvdis xorciel sakvebs. gankacebuli ufali kacobriobas aZlevs Tavdapirvel,

ucodvel mdgomareobasTan mibrunebis SesaZleblobas. sasuliero mwerlobaSi „xecxovre-

bisa“ RvTis metaforaa. „xecxovrebisa“ esaa daxSul samoTxeSi kvlavdabrunebis SesaZleb-

loba. ioane mtbevris sagaloblebSi qriste bevrgan gaazrebulia tradiciulad miRebuli

metaforiT, Tumca, gvxvdeba aseve „xisamiscnobadisa“ ganmartebiT: „movediT, gemo¡ vixi-

loT xis amis cnobadisa¡ romel ars qriste, saRmrTo yuavili, romlisganca sitkboeba¡

iwnixa saidumlo¡ ganmwmedeli sulTa CuenTa¡“ (2,64).

gankacebuli kacTmoyvare RmerTi kvlav gvisaxavs gzas „cxovrebisxesTan“ misabruneb-

lad. esaa gza „sibrZnis“ mopovebisa: „xe cxovrebisa ars yovelTa, romelTa Seiwynaron igi“

(igav. 3,18; zir. 24.12-22). xolo qriste aRuTqvams mis erTgulT „Wamad Zeli samisgan

cxovrebisa, romeli ars Soris samoTxesa RmrTisa Cemisasa“ (gamocx,2.7). ioane mtbevari

79

ambobs: „sasoveba¡ warmarTTa¡ dRes aRmog¢cenda, romlis nayofiTa ganiko¢rna simware xis

mis cnobadisa da macxovnna Co¢en“ (2,73).

„xisa cnobadis“ simbolikiT macxovris saxed mravalgzis aris warmodgenili ioane

mtbevarTan: „aha esera qo¢eyanisa misgan siwmindisa aRmoscenda dao¢Tesvelad sazrdelad

so¢lieri sameo¢fo¡sagan venaჴisa movisTo¢leT tevani.m omwydarTa ganmacxovelebeli,

romelman ganaqarva simware¡ pirveli xisa cnobadisa¡ da momca Co¢en saso¢meli cxov-

rebisa¡“(2,89).

ioane mtbevari „cnobadis xis“ paralelurad qristes warmoaCens, rogorc „cxovrebis

xe“. amitom SeuZlebelia mizanmimarTulad ar yofiliyo qriste moxseniebuli „xecnobadis“

simbolikiT: „nayofisagan simarTlisa aRmoscenda xe cxovrebisa, romelmanca gamoiRo

yoÂavili sulneli, viTarca Tqo¢a pirvel solomoni gavTa sibrZniT gamometyo¢lman,

rameTu aha esera qo¢eyanis amisgan siwmidisa aRmoscenda da o¢Tesvelad sazrdeli sulieri

da sameufosagan venaxisa movisTuleT tevani, momwydarTa ganmacxovebeli, romelman

ganaqarva simware pirvelxisa cnobadisa da momca Cuen sasumeli cxovrebis, romliTa

dahxsna pirveli gansazRvrebuli igi patiJi mokudavebisa ukudavebisa mflobelman

RmerTman“ (2,89).

„RvTaebrivi kacTmoyvareoba imaSi gamomJRavnda, rom Tavisufali nebis gziT suls

sinanulis SesaZlebloba eboZa“ (3,96). modis „axali adamiani“, romlis sapirispiro cnebaa

„Zveli adamiani“ („Zueli igi kaci“). sinanulis gzaze Semdgari Zveli adamiani kvdeba daiba-

deba axali. mtbevari am movlenas Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: „eha, didebuli gansak¢rvebeli

axlisa amis SeerTebisa Co¢enda. rameTu, romel uxilav ars sruliad Seimoss kacebasa

Co¢ensa da hgies uqcevelad RmrTeeba saveTÂssa“(2,55).

griver farulavas SexedulebiT „kacTmoyvare RmerTis madliT xdeba „Zvelikacis“

sisxlxorceuli ganaxleba, modis qriste, „axali adami“, igi aris gamosyidvis, gamoxsnis

aqtiT qristeSi ganaxlebuli kacobrioba. jvarcmiT, rogorc sxeulis, ise sulis ukvdave-

bisaken saxecvalebis realuri gza gaikvala“ (3,98).

gankacebuli ufliTa da axali adamianis dabadebiT gamoisyida adamianTa modgmam

„Zueli igi codva“, „viTarca hnebavs mxolodSobilsa, ra¡Ta ucxoqmnuli ese samoTxisagan

ko¢alad munve Semkribnes damacxovnnes beTlemsSobilman Co¢enT¢s“ (2,67).

ioane mtbevrisTvis „Zveli codvis gamosyidva im gvelis mokvliTaa ganpirobebuli,

romelmac „dabadebis wignSive“ codva Caadenina adamsa da evas. codvis damarcxebiT gaxda

SesaZlebeli „adamis siSiSvlis“ Semosva: „bagasa Sina mwolare, ixilvebis saxo¢eliTa

Sexo¢eo¢lida Sehmoss dRes adamis SiSo¢lobasa“ (2,77).

„saxo¢liTa Sexo¢eo¢liT“ Semosva, rogorc wm.ioane oqropirma ganacxada, esaa: „ara

samoselTa maT gareSeTa ganrcxa¡, aramed samoselTa maT sulierTa ganwmenmeda¡ nivTTa

maTgan codvisaTa ganSoreba¡“ (5,33). Tavmdablobis msgavsi magaliTi mTeli kacobriobis-

Tvis misabaZad isaxeba, razec ioane mtbevari ambobs: „qriste, momavali simdabliT RmerTi

Cueni, quabsa Sina dasaxuevliTa CC¢lad Seixva da miawvina igi bagasa Semoqmedi“ (2,68).

macxovris xat-saxe ioane mtbevris Sobisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi sxvadasxva,

mravalferovani simboloebis safuZvelzea warmosaxuli maTi ganxilva erTi statiis

farglebSi SeuZlebelia. Cven SevecadeT mxolod ramdenime detali Tu faqti qristianuli

saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis fonze warmogveCina da ioane

mtbevris sagalobelTa organuli kavSiri gveCvenebina bibliur wignebsa da qristianul

literaturasTan. ioane mtbevari himnografiaSi SemuSavebul saxismetyvelebiT principebs

80

mihyveba, ris gamoc bevri ram gvecnoba. misi sagaloblis Rirseba ki isaa, rom masSi saRvTo

saidumlos gamosaxvisa da RvTaebrivi sibrZnis warmoCenis safuZvelze macxovris

Sobisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna.


1. grigolaSvili 2005 — grigolaSvili l. daviT aRmaSeneblis „galobani sinanulisani“. Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2005.

2. ingoroyva 1913 – ingoroyva p. „Zvel qarTuli sasuliero poezia“. wigni I. teqstebi VIII-X

saukuneebi. saeklesio muzeumis gamocema #16. 1913.

3. farulava 1991 – farulava g. qristianuli anTropologiis ZiriTadi principebi. „xelov-

neba“, #1-2, 1991.

4. wmida ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema. gamosa-

cemad moamzades r.miminoSvilma da m. rafavam, Tbilisi, 2000.

5. wmida ioane oqropiri. „ganmarteba¡ maTes saxarebisa¡“. I t. Tbilisi, 1996.

81

qeTevan samadaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar paiWaZe

miTologiuri aluziebi lia sturuas SegrZnebebis romanSi

„ram SeWama venaxi?“

„ram SeWama venaxi“ lia sturuas pirveli prozauli nawarmoebia — sainteresoa, rogor

warmoCindeba poetis saTqmeli proziT. avtori asaxavs Tanamedroveobis tyuil-marTals,

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis qarTul mZime yofas, kacobriobis zepirsityvierebiT gadmocemu-

li tyuil-marTlisgan gaumijnavad.

nawarmoebi iwyeba Semdegi sityvebiT: „Zalian mkvrivi ukuneTi dgas garSemo, iseTi, ro-

ca bnel oTaxSi Savi kata unda ipovo, romelic iq ar aris“. miTologiurma personaJebmac

„saukuneebi gamoiares sinaTlis siswrafiT da isev, im uxsovar sibneleSi moxvdnen“. abzac-

abzac ukuneTi kidev ufro mkvrivdeba, metic, misgan Tavis daRwevis gzac ki arsad Cans.

bnelSi Savi katis Zieba ki imedis Zebnas ufro hgavs.

romani gvixatavs rigiTi adamianis aRqmul saqarTvelos uaxles istorias (daiwera

1994—2000 wlebSi) — „quCaSi koconebi anTia. xalxi puris rigSi dgas. oRroCoRro asfalti

myrali gubeebiTaa savse“. igi SegrZnebebisa da cnobierebis nakadis erTgvari nazavia: „qao-

si, gauTavebeli qaosi. dro, sivrce, adamianebi, erTmaneTSi aTqvefili da azelili, amirani,

promeTe, me, amiran darejanis-Ze, dali, yamari“. miuxedavad gamefebuli qaosisa, iseTi

problemebis ganxilvis kvaldakval, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, „filologiis daskdoma da

dabzarva upatrono saxliviT“, nirwamxdari saubrebi, zereloba da pirobiToba, SuSis ga-

elveba nacnob TvalebSi — Secbuneba. romans fonad gasdevs Cais smis mSvidi rituali — sa-

Sualeba, ramdenime wuTiT Tavi daaRwio realobis ukuns da sasurvel samyaroSi gadainac-

vlo. metic, Cais svamen is personaJebic, romlebic irealobidan gadmodian realobaSi. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom es yoveldRiuri sasmeli magiiT aRiWurveba da xels uwyobs warmosaxvebsa

da sasurvelSi bodials. mas „Zveleburi gamWvirvale finjniT“ miirTmeven da „arasodes —

didi da uxeSi Tixis WiqiT, romlis kedlebzec SeiZleba akankalebuli xelebi gaiTbo“.

romanSi pirvelad swored erTi rigiTi limoJis faifuris Wiqis msxvrevis xma amoativ-

tivebs mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi „spilos Zvlis koSkis“ miuwvdomlobis ambebs. personaJi ki

cremlebs ver ereva, radgan rTulia, auxsna adamianebs, rom „ar vargixar cxovrebisaTvis“

im samyaros gareSe, romelsac ubralo nivTi itevs. am SemTxvevaSi Cai da finjani erTi

mTlianobaa, jadosnuri siTxe gamWvirvale finjnidan saamo surnels afrqvevs, saamo siT-

bos asxivebs mzis arekvlis gareSec ki...

„spilos Zvlis koSki“ mizania yvela zRaparsa da ambavSi, romelsac mxolod sityviska-

cebi aRweven; „spilos Zvlis koSki“ yovelTvis inaxavs gansakuTrebul saidumlos, romelTa

gamJRavnebasac aucilebloba ganapirobebs; is ifaravs qalwuls avi Tvalisgan, mzis sxivebis-

gan, misi daqcevac aucileblobaa, radgan zecamde azidul miwiers isev miwa moiTxovs. „spi-

los Zvlis koSki“ yoveldRiurobaSic imsxvreva, rogorc Cais finjani. mas mere, rac romanis

personaJi Sexvdeba Tavis meore meebs, martosulebsa da droisagan moZvelebulebs, namsxvre-

vebTan darbrunebuli aRmoaCens, rom „kidev ufro axlos Tu mixval, adamianebis tanebs gaar-

Cev, erTmaneTSi gadagrexils, xorcebis Sewrymis Tu SurisZiebis vnebian ymuils“.

romanis mTavari personaJis warmosaxvebSi, Cvenebebsa da realobaSic erTmaneTs er-

wymian gamijnurebuli gamWvirvale wiTelTmiani qalebi da radikulitiani cxenkacebi, gabe-

82

duli dedalosi da Tavneba ikarosi, cecxlovani vnebebiT aRvsili zevsi da sxva mravali mi-

Tosuri personaJi;

maT Sorisaa „ambavi qalis, romelic gaaTxoves simdidrisgan giSeriviT elvare kacze,

mas ki TeTri cxenkaci uyvarda“. cxenkaci, kentavriviT tkivilebs rom igrovebda da bolos

„imdeni tkivili daugrovda im adgilas, sadac misi tani cxens uerTdeboda, rom welSi moi-

xara“. uneblieT gvaxsendeba lia sturuas leqsi „Cemianebi“: „ai, am xalxs me Cemianebs veZaxi,

welSi odnav waxrilebs da mxrebawurulebs... isini Ramis mqrqali peplebiviT SeumCneveli

rCebian sakoncerto darbazis siWreleSi~... maTs moxril mxrebs ki yovelTvis arasworad

aRiqvamen isini, visac ZaluZs „talaxi giSrad aqcios“, talaxi, romelic „verasodes ganiwo-

nis mzes“.

awmyos moqalaqea cxenkaci, mas ukve radikulitis diagnozs usvamen. sinamdvileSi ki im

dakarguli siyvarulis dardi awevs mxrebze, Citebis cxovrebas rom hgavs. igi „zogjer si-

zifesaviT ixsnis“ simZimes, Tumca mitovebul tvirTs erTi Tviseba aqvs, kidev ufro mZim-

deba mere, mxrebic kidev ufro ixreba miwisken, anu iqiT, sadac dabruneba ucilebeli WeSma-

ritebaa.

romanis personaJs sakuTari „tyavi-cixe, saxli-cixe, qalaqi-cixe“ aqvs. gamomwvevi da

almaceri, kaci xar da daarRvie, Zala gerCis da daaqcie... Caketili ucxoTaTvis - gauRweve-

li CamwyvdeulisTvis. igi exmianeba suramis cixis ambavs da Segvaxsenebs, rom xorcidan Tav-

daxsnis zedmeti mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi „kedelSi Cagatanen da ufro myari gaxdeba Seni Ca-

ketiloba“.moulodnelad Cndeba kiTxva: „hqonda Tu ara mas, zurabs, arCevanis saSualeba?“

irCeven Tu ara sicocxleSi, anu xorcSi Sesuli adamianebi TavianT gzebs, Tu gzebic iseTi-

ve pirobiTobaa, rogorc „gulsuwadinod sikvdili“. pasuxi ki mxolod erTia, yofil-aryo-

filidan amoZaxili: „vaime, deda, muxlamdi... mkerdamdi... yelamdi...“

romanSi ymuis ara mxolod xorcieli tkivili, aramed ferebi — mkveTri da Tvalismom-

Wreli, aqa-iq rom gakveTs mrumes da amZafrebs Txrobis dinamikurobas: „kaenis saflavs Jan-

gisferi fufxi moedo“, „gargarisferi ZaRli“, „narinjisferi peplebis xvati“... es ferebi,

TiTqos, daTrgunuli mzis sxivebis aTasgvarobas mogvagonebs mxolod bebiebis droindeli

xaliCebis siWreles rom SemorCenia.

nawarmoebSi ZiriTadad mainc „cecxlis, sinaTlisa da mzis“ ambebis mTxrobeli amirani

da mze-qali yamari „qsoven abdaubdas uamravi miTisgan“. isini winareqristianuli xanidan

guSindeli dResaviT gadmodian dRevandelobaSi da organulad erwymian Tanamedroveobas;

iqneb niSnad imisa, rom „Cven yvelas gvikeTia niRbebi da es erTi saxea namdvili,“ rom yvela-

ni nebsiT Tu uneblieT vimeorebT maT, vinc erTxel ukve aaSena, vinc erTxel ukve scoda,

mokla da Soba... ese igi, saSualeba misca uzarmazar burTs ganegrZo wreze triali, rac gu-

lisxmobs sawyisTan dabrunebas, imaves gameorebas, rac iyo.

maSin, rodesac imdenad tkbil Cais svams romanis personaJi, rom tanSi Jruanteli da-

uvlis, Jruantelis bolos karze daakakuneben da mis win „mTis naglejiviT kaci“ aimarTeba.

kacs „mkerdze da mxrebze balaxi ezrdeba.“ Cais saRamos mSvidi saubari yvelaze metad ux-

deba, amiranis ambebSi ki „cecxli, sinaTle da mze aucileblad monawileoben,“ mTakaci yveba

im stiqiis ambebs, romelic eklda personaJis muq dReebs, damTavrebuli samoqalaqo omis

nangrevebs, uimedobas... igi uneburad, winaaRmdegobis gareSe, saxldeba miTosSi, sadac uf-

ro meti sufTa haeria da amiranis naTesavi xeebi Srialeben.

aRmoCnda, rom amirani ubralo meurmis Svilia, „aRzevans marilze wasuls“ ki SemTxve-

viT miugnia marilis Tvaluwvdeneli koSkisTvis, koSkSi ki – qalisTvis, romelic mzeobda,

„garemos ki iseTi feri edo, TiTqos Cai esxa brolis WiqaSi. cxeli, qafqafa da iseTi tkbi-

li, Jruanteli rom dagivlis“.

83

vin iyo yamari — amiranis TvalebSi sakuTari Tavi rom dainaxa, moewona, „es kaci ki Se-

uyvarda usityvod da daufiqreblad.“ mere ki amaod eloda pirmSos sayvareli kacisgan,

mTakacic amaod uxnida, rom „kacs, SeiZleba, Cveulebrivi qalisgan hyavdes Svili da ara -

mzisgan“.

„mSvenieri da ucodveli, Sabiamnisferi“ venaxis ambavi sruldeba iq, sadac „Tvalebi

iRleba amdeni sinaTliT“ miTosuri vaJebi da asulebi rom aSuqeben. mkiTxveli ki adamianTa

yofiT „Rames, sigrilesa da simSvides“ ubrundeba.


1. amirani 1975; qarTuli miTologiuri eposi — amirani; Tbilisi, 1975;

2. sturua 2013; l. sturua: ram SeWama venaxi? Tbilisi, 2013;

3. sturua 1986; l. sturua: leqsebi, poemebi; Tbilisi, 1986;

4. Ciqovani 1975; m. Ciqovani: qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis istoria; Tbilisi, 1975;

5. Ciqovani 1986; m. Ciqovani: xalxuri Semoqmedebis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi; Tbilisi,

1986.

84

mari totikaSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe

siyvaruli realobasa da SemoqmedebaSi (nikoloz baraTaSvili)

qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis mqone literaturis istoriaSi

sapatio da mniSvnelovani adgili miekuTvneba did qarTvel poets, nikoloz baraTaSvils

(1817-1845 w.), romelic, rogorc pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, aris fuZemdebeli axali qar-

Tuli literaturisa.

akaki gawerelia wers, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili didi diapazonis Semoqmedia, ro-

melic lirikul leqsebSi gvevlineba msoflios moqalaqed, filosofiurad moazrovne

poetad, romelsac biografiuli momentebiT nakvebi sulieri ganwyobilebani farTo gan-

zogadoebamde ahyavs da aniWebs maT zogadkacobriuli problemebis xasiaTs. poetis cxov-

rebasa da poeziaSi erT-erTi aseTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia siyvarulis problema.

samwuxarod, CvenTvis naklebad cnobilia poetis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, radgan

poetis pirveli biografebi da memuaristebi ugulisyurod moekidnen poetis pirad

cxovrebas da, Tuki Sehxebian mas, mxolod zogadi frazebiT Semofarglulan. Cveni mizania

baraTaSvilis saarqivo masalebisa da literaturaTmcodneebis naazrevis (k. abaSiZe,

a. gawerelia, p. ingoroyva, i. balaxaSvili) safuZvelze vaCvenoT misi siyvarulis istoriis

peripetiebi da maTi retrospeqcia poetis SemoqmedebaSi.

winamdebare statiaSi vecdebiT mimovixiloT mxolod literaturaTmcodneTa naaz-

revi da maTi Cveneuli Sefaseba. saarqivo masalebze muSaoba ki Semdgomi kvlevis sagania.

sabednierod, poetis piradi msoflio CvenTvis mainc ar aris srulad dafaruli. Cven

n. baraTaSvilis sulier samyaroze da pirad cxovrebaze mets gavigebT, Tu poetis Se-

moqmedebas gulisyuriT gadavxedavT. baraTaSvilis lirikul leqsebSi da, nawilobriv, mis

werilebSi, mocemulia ufro marTali da sruli, mRelvarebiT aRsavse istoria n. bara-

TaSvilis sulieri cxovrebisa, vidre amas misi biografebis uferul, gaupirovnebel

qronikaSi amovikiTxavT.

n. baraTaSvils, tatos, rogorc mas eZaxdnen Sinaurebi da megobrebi, didi daRi da-

asva fizikurma travmam, romelic miiRo gimnaziaSi yofnis dros. sadRac, albaT, mas hqonda

kidec arasrulfasovnebis SegrZnebac, rasac faravda maxvilgonivruli iumoriT, amito-

mac misi qalebTan damokidebuleba orazrovan iers iRebda da sapasuxo grZnobac arcTu

iSviaTad ubrundeboda poets.

baraTaSvilis cxovrebaSi, miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, bevri mSvenierni banovanni aR-

moCenilan, razedac sainteresod mogviTxrobs misi Tanamedroveni Tu gviandeli periodis

mkvlevarni.

poetis cxovrebaSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT mis TanamedroveTa mogonebebs, sul

oTxi qali yofila, romelTa mimarT grZnobebi aisaxa kidec mis Semoqmedebasa Tu pirad

werilebSi.

axla ki qronologiurad mivyveT poetis romanul epizodebs.

akaki gawerelias informaciiT, „n. baraTaSvilis biografiidan cnobilia, rom mas uy-

varda vinme n. o-s (orbeliani?) qali; poetis pirveli gatacebis Sesaxeb moipoveba cnoba

levan meliqiSvilisa, romelic 1846 wels baraTaSvilis gardacvalebis gamo gr. orbelians

swerda: „ar vici, ici Tu ara, rom pirveli siyvaruli sawyalisa iyo nino. arc is vici, ici

85

Tu ara, romeli nino iyo“. TviTon n. baraTaSvilis werilebSi am ninos Sesaxeb pirdapiri

cnoba ar mogvepoveba. fiqroben, rom mas gulisxmobs werilSi gr. orbelianisadmi 1837 w.

Tebervlis TariRiT. ai saTanado adgilic: „am warsuls zafxulSi (e.i. 1836 wels, a. g.), erTs

mSueniers, mTvarians RameSi, yabaxzed daviarebodi, sadac misman Suenebam, satrfoT

maraqam, maTman uwindelebr kidev dardimandobam sruliad ganatkbes saxedueli, aRmitaces

fiqrni, wamiRes goneba~!.. (a. gawerelia, 1947:92-93). werilSi poeti aseve wers: „erTma sa-

ganma pirvel damaso guls kaeSanio“. rogorc a. gawerelia miiCnevs, radgan poeti yabaxze

naxuli qalis Sesaxeb ambobs — „pirvel damaso guls kaeSanio“, – xolo meliqiSvilis cnobis

mixedviT poetis „pirveli siyvaruli iyo nino“ – erTgvari safuZveli eZleva maTi identi-

fikaciisa. 1836 wels aris dawerili agreTve „Rame yabaxze“, romelic gadmogvcems saubars

poetsa da CvenTvis ucnob TeTrkabian qals Soris:

„da ase vuTxar: „netar me rom meRirsa kvalad

sanatri CemTvis naxva Tqveni aw mxiarulad!“

„gmadlobT, — miTxra man, — rom Tqven mainc gaxsovarT kidev;

axla modaa, vinc vis icnobs iviwyebs isev!“.

„darwmunebuli brZandebodeT, rom verc modebi

ver mamiSlian Tqvensa xsovnas da verc droebi“.

swored es dialogi cxadyofs, rom tatos nacnoboba am qalTan ufro adrindeli unda

yofiliyo. leqsi miZRvnilia uSualod erTi konkretuli qalisadmi, sadac poeti rea-

listurad gvixatavs CvenTvis ucnob qals. xali, budeSuri fexebi, vardisferi Rawvebi,

TeTrkabiani — am sityvebiT aRwers tato satrfos.

pavle ingoroyva werda, rom poetis pirveli siyvaruli ufro ymawviluri gataceba

iyo, vidre gamtani da Rrma grZnoba. marTlac, es siyvaruli didxans ar gagrZelebula da

ukve meored poetis cxovrebaSi Cndeba axali gataceba. iona meunargiasTan daculia

informacia, rom poetis meore siyvaruli iyo frangis qali delfina labiel. amasTan

dakavSirebiT iona meunargia aRniSnavs, rom n. baraTaSvilma delfinas uZRvnao leqsi „Cems

varskvlavs“. imas, rom es gadmocema namdvilad simarTles Seesabameba, Cven amovicnobT,

rodesac dakvirvebulis TvaliT gadavikiTxavT n. baraTaSvilis mimoweras mixeil TumaniS-

vilTan. poetma mas aseve uZRvna leqsi `stre”, romelic rogorc TviTon ganmartavs mTiebs

niSnavs.

leqsSi „Cems varskvlavs“ poeti satrfos malxinebels da naTels uwodebs:

„ra saxiTac ginda Sen me meCveno,

mainc gicnob, mSvenieris cis mTeno:

naTeli xar Sen naTelis sulisa,

malxinebel dabindulis gulisa“!

„vin iyo es varskvlavi – astra-delfina, romelsac hkuTvnebia axalgazrda bara-

TaSvilis siyvaruli da romelsac STaugonebia Cveni poetisaTvis es leqsebi: „Cems var-

skvlavs“ da „astra?“ amis Sesaxeb Cven cota viciT. igi, rogorc movixseneT, frangis qali

yofila. igi ar ekuTvnoda warmoSobiT im aristokratiul wres, saidanac iyo baraTaSvili.

gadmogvcemen, rom delfina iyoo konditeris qali, iseve rogorc rafaelis fornarina“ (p.

ingoroyva, 1963: 302).

86

axla ki SvCerdeT Rrma da tragikul romanze nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da ekaterine

WavWavaZisa, ramac, rogorc irkveva, didi gavlena iqonia poetis Semoqmedebaze.

rogorc cnobilia, n. baraTaSvili da ek. WavWavaZe bavSvobidanve TanaSezrdilni

iyvnen da maT axlo megobroba aerTianebdaT, Tumca poetis es bavSvuri megobrobis grZnoba

ekaterinesadmi Semdeg siyvaruliT Secvlila.

baraTaSvili gatacebuli rom iyo ekaterineTi, amis Sesaxeb Semonaxula cnoba poetis

megobris levan meliqiSvilisa, romelsac uambia iona meunargiasTvis, Tu rogor dawera

baraTaSvilma leqsi „sayure“. am leqsSi baraTaSvilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mokrZalebuli

grZnoba siyvarulisa, intimuri grZnobis elfers iZens da mTeli sisavsiT gadmogvcems, Tu

rogor aRtacebaSi moiyvana tato ekaterines sayuris TamaSma:

„viTa pepela arxevs nelnela spetaks SroSanas, lamazad axrils, ase sayure, ucxo sayure, eTamaSeba Tavissa aCrdils. netavi imas, vinc Taviss sunTqvas Sensa CrdilSia moibrunebdes!“

„Cven danamdvilebiT ar viciT ekaterine seriozulad Tu ucqeroda axalgazrda

poetis gatacebas. magram niSandoblivi garemoebaa, rom 1839 wlis Semdeg n. baraTaSvils

misTvis arc erTi leqsi ar miuZRvnia. erTi ki ueWvelia: arc erT qarTvel qals ar STa-

ugonebia Cveni poetisTvis imdeni SesaniSnavi leqsi, ramdenadac ekaterines. n. baraTaSvili

mas Tavisi muzis wyarod sTvlida da ekaterinec didad afasebda axalgazrda mijnuris

brwyinvale niWs, mudam Tan dahqonda poetis xelnaweri krebulebi“. (a. gawerelia, 1947: 98-

99). 1841 wlis bolos momxdara ganxeTqileba ekaterinesa da baraTaSvils Soris. erT

werilSi, romelic, rogorc irkveva, ekaterines exeba, poeti Semdegs wers ekaterines

Sesaxeb: „vinc maRalis grZnobis mqoni megona, igi vnaxe ugulo... visica cremlni mego-

neboden cremlad sibralulisa, gamometyvelad mSvenieris sulisa, Turme yofilan niSanni

mcbierebisa, wveTni saSinelis sawamlavisa~.... albaT, amis gamoxatuleba unda iyos baraTaS-

vilis cnobili leqsi „rad hyvedri kacsa~..., romelSic poeti pasuxobs banovanTa sayve-

durs:

„rad hyvedri kacsa, banovano, pirumtkicobas?

Tu emduri Sen trfialisa cvalebads grZnobas,

rom ar gemsWvalvis saukuno trfialebiTa?

hgavs, ar pasuxs scem Sen mas suliT mSvenieriTa“.

isini 1842 wels Serigebulan. rogorc pavle ingoroyva wers, 1839 wels ekaterine

gaaTxoves samegrelos mTavar daviTze. „garegnulad brwyinvale qorwineba, sinamdvileSi

ar yofila bednieri. Semonaxula Tanamedroves cnoba, rom qorwinebis dros sevda-Se-

moyril ekaterines guli Seswuxebia, rasac sazogadoebaSi didi miTqma-moTqma gamouwvevia“

(p. ingoroyva, 1975: 69). Seyvarebulma tatom mas uZRvna: „Tavadis WavWavaZis asuls eka[teri]

nas“, „sayure“ da „[ekateri]na, fortepianoze zed momRerali“.

87

poetis cnobil da naklebad cnobil sasiyvarulo urTierTobaTagan, arsebobs kidev

erTi, sazogadoebisTvis naklebad cnobili satrfialo epizodi, romelic ukavSirdeba

poetis naxWevanSi yofnas. rogorc cnobilia, poeti ganjaSi malariiT gardaicvala. Tumca

arsebobs meore daudasturebeli versia, rom poets naxiCevanis begis meuRlesTan hqonda

romani, rasac Seewira kidec – Seuracxyofilma begma poeti moawamvlina. am versias qar-

Tveli mkvlevarebi verc adastureben da verc uaryofen, Tumca is, rom poeti ganjaSi

axalgazrda qaliT iyo gatacebuli dadasturebuli faqtia. cnobilia baraTaSvilis we-

rili maiko orbelianisadmi, sadac wers, rom naxeCevanSi erTi axali leqsia, Tvrameti wlis

qalis naTqvami, romelsac saxelad gonCa-begum hqviao. igi xanis qalia, Zalian lamazi da

mariliania, sawyali damwvaria qmrisgan, axla imasTan aRar aris da cdilobs, rom gauSoso.

„poetma TanaugrZno xanis sulis sulier tkivilebs da yvelanairad cdilobda daecva igi

despoti qmris risxvisgan. daxmarebisTvis levan meliqiSvilisTvis miumarTavs, daxmare-

boda maT ganqorwinebaSi. meliqiSvili amis gamo werda maiko orbelians: „tato dRe da Rame

ixveweba, Tu RmerTi gwams gaaSvebine qmario, me, rogorc damjdari kaci, ara vSvrebi“

(i. balaxaSvili, 1967: 309). maiko dainteresebula am ambiT da gonCa-begumi Tavisi Zmobilis

satrfod Tu ara, gatacebad mainc miuCnevia. amis uaryofas cdilobs baraTaSvili, rode-

sac wers: „sayvarelo dao, maiko! didad vwuxvar, rom ver gamoican Cveni moqmedeba. me kidec

Sevarige col-qmari“. rogorc i. balaxaSvili miuTiTebs, sworeb gonCa-begums eZRvneba ba-

raTaSvilis leqsi „madli Sens gamCens“ :

„madli Sens gamCens lamazo, qalo SavTvalebiano,

dRisiT mzev, Ramem Tovarev, wynaro da amodxmiano!

Senis lodiniT vsuldgmulvar, Tayvans vscem Sensa saxelsa;

dediserTa var, nu mamklav, nu damananeb sofelsa!“

leqsSi aSkarad igrZnoba, rom poeti gamijnurebia ucnob qals. aRwerilia am qalis

garegnul silamazec, romliTac ase gatacebula axalgazrda tato. leqsi Rirebulia ro-

gorc literaturulad, ise Sinaarsobrivad, radgan man Semogvinaxa avtoris erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani sasiyvarulo epizodi misi cxovrebidan.

aseTia biografiuli cnobebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis romanuli istoriis Sesaxeb,

Tumca „TviT siyvarulis filosofiur aspeqtSi axsna poetma mogvca ara im leqsebSi, ro-

melnic misi siyvarulis uSualo „sagnebisadmia“ miZRvnili, aramed sxva rigis leqsebSi“

(a. gawerelia 1947: 99). „Rame yabaxze“ jer kidev realisturad gvixatavs CvenTvis ucnob

qals. ekaterinesadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi aRwerilia „JuJuna Tvalni“, „pawawina tuCni“, „na-

furcvlni Rawvni“ da bolos „sayure“, romelic momavali dedoflis saxeze Tavisive

Crdils eTamaSeba. maSasadame, rogorc a. gawerelia wers n. baraTaSvilis im leqsebSi, ro-

melTa adresatebi cnobilia, Cven saqme gvaqvs ganwyobilebis materializaciasTan, rasak-

virvelia, keTilSobili da amaRlebuli formiT. sxvagvaria ZiriTadi tonusi leqsebisa,

romlebSiac siyvaruli filosofiuri gansjis obieqtad aris gadaqceuli. man es grZnoba

gaahaerovna, raRac ucnaur da uxilav metafizikur, wminda idealur sagnad gadaaqcia. igi

ugalobs siyvarulSi mas, rac ki rama aqvs am grZnobas idealuri, RvTaebrivi, uzenaesi da

ukvdavi. marTalia, barTaSvili xandaxan im siyvarulsac damReris, romelic qarTulma

literaturam aRmosavluri kulturis zegavleniT SeiTvisa da romelic „mgrZnobelobas“

siyvarulisas, mis xorciel mxares Seexeba, magram amasac raRac ucnauri, zeciuri, ara-

miwieri feri misca.

88

nikoloz baraTaSvilis azriT, siyvaruli aris umaRlesi niWi, romelic Cvengan da-

moukidebeli substanciis saxiT arsebobs adamianSi. siyvarulis xangrZlivoba damokide-

bulia ara fizikuri Rirsebebis pativiscemaze, aramed, uwinaresad, ori arsebis sulier

naTesaobaze. adamianSi, rogorc RvTaebis nawilSi, siyvarulis absoluturi da „saukuno

madli“ SeiZleba zogjer droebiT ganxorcieldes, magram es ar uaryofs TviTon siyva-

rulis, rogorc sulis umaRlesi potenciis arsebobas. aseTia siyvarulis gageba bara-

TaSvilis poeziaSi da yvelaze TvalsaCinod igi gamoTqmulia leqsSi: „rad hyvedri~... siyva-

rulis grZnobis winaSe n. baraTaSvili Tavs „ueno msxverplad“ grZnobda da ambobda:

„ar ukiJino satrfoo, Sensa mgosansa gulisTqma

mokvdavsa enas ar ZaluZs ukvdaTa grZnobaT gamoTqma“.

axal qarTul poeziaSi aravis moucia siyvarulis aseTi axsna, gaSlili, Rrma da filo-

sofiuri msjelobis formebSi. n. baraTaSvilis lirikaSi satrfo iqceva im RvTaebriv Cve-

nebad, romlisadmi aRvlenili locvis Tass poetis guli warmoadgens:

„SeviSrob cremlsa, WirT manelebels,

gulsa daviwvav dasanacrebels

da missa ferflsa, viTa sakmevels,

Sevhswirav satrfos, Cemsa salocvels!“

es aris satrfos saxis ayvana umaRles instanciaSi, sadac adgili rCeba mxolod Ra-

Radiss. n. baraTaSvilis es leqsi siyvarulis romantikuli gagebis saukeTeso magaliTs

warmoadgens rogorc qarTul, ise msoflio poeziaSi.

„Znelad Tu visme ugrZvnia Tavis dReSi ase Zlierad, ase saocrad esoden maRali

grZnoba, ubralo momakvdavTaTvis Znelad gasagebi da Znelad misaxvedri; iSviaTad Tu

visme dauRvria aseTi wrfeli cremli siyvarulis taZris winaSe da aravis xom guli ar

dauwvavs da nacrad ar uqcevia siyvarulis sakurTxevelze. es moimoqmeda im kacma, romel-

sac Tavis dReSi ar Rirsebia satrfosgan tkbili sityva“ (abaSiZe, 1962; gv.73). es kaci yve-

lasgan gaTelili, Tvalze cremlebiT da sevdiT aRsavse guliT, gaubedavi xeliT grZno-

baTa ukvdavebis sagalobel fsalmunebs amzadebda da susti majebiT, Seuryevel da mtkice

saZirkvels ugebda qarTveli eris poeziis ukvdavebas da Tavisi ukvdavebis da didebis

samaradiso Zegls sWedda.


1. gawerelia, 1947: gawerelia akaki, „nikoloz baraTaSvili“, „saxelmwifo gamomcemloba“, Tbi-

lisi, 1947.

2. ingoroyva, 1963: ingoroyva pavle, TxzulebaTa krebuli t. k, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbi-

lisi, 1963.

3. ingoroyva, 1975: ingoroyva pavle, axali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebelni, „sabWoTa

saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1975.

4. balaxaSvili, 1967: balaxaSvili iakob, baraTaSvilis cxovreba, „literatura da xelovneba“,

Tbilisi, 1967.

5. abaSiZe, 1962: abaSiZe kita, etiudebi X—X saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, Tsu,

Tbilisi, 1962.

89

nino buWuxiSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti, bakalavriati


danaSauli da sasjeli (giorgi wereTlis „pirveli nabiji“)

XIX saukune saqarTveloSi aRiniSna urTulesi social-politikuri movlenebiT. qve-

yanam dakarga damoukidebloba da daeqvemdebara ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobas, rac Se-

exo sasamarTlo uwyebasac. es movlenebi Taviseburad aisaxa kidevac XIX saukunis meore na-

xevris realisti mwerlis, giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi. Cveni mizania warmovadginoT,

rogor aisaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi da maTi samarTlebrivi sasjeli „pirveli nabijis“

fonze.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva-analizamde vcadeT mimogvexila Cvens xelT arsebuli li-

teraturaTmcodneTa (S. radiani, an. Wilaia, l. minaSvili) naazrevi.

Salva radiani miiCnevs, rom giorgi wereTlis „pirvel nabijs“ mniSvnelovani sazoga-

doebrivi problematika udevs safuZvlad. igi iSveliebs xomlelis Tvalsazriss aRniSnul

nawarmoebze: „es romani literaturulad kargad aris damuSavebuli da g. wereTlis belet-

ristul nawerebs Soris did brwyinvale gvirgvinad unda CaiTvalos. Cveni cxovrebis Tana-

medrove tipebi — baxva fulava da ieremia warba Zlierad, mxatvruli kalmis moqneviT sa-

ucxood daxatuli arian da maTi sulieri moZraobac, cxovrebis kontrastebic mas zedmi-

wevniT aqvs gadmocemuli. Cvenma ukvdavma avtorma aq gamoiCina didi temperamenti da fsi-

qologiuri simarTle. es nawarmoebi Zalian gviadvilebs g. wereTlis Semoqmedebis, talan-

tis gagebas da Sefasebas“ [qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. IV, 1974: 198-199].

mkvlevaris ZiriTadi yuradReba maxvildeba socialuri diferenciaciis fonze ganvi-

Tarebul movlenebze, magram araferia naTqvami im sakiTxze, rasac danaSaulebrivi qmedebi-

saken mihyavs ieremia warba da baxva fulava. aseve naxsenebia meqrTame boqauli jgirikoCa,

soflis gaiZvera advokati wunkala da sivila.

mkvlevari andro Wilaia, ganixilavs ra giorgi wereTlis „pirvel nabijs“, yuradRebas

amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom „pirveli nabijis“ arqiteqtonika siuJeturad sam nawils moi-

cavs: 1. baxva fulavas Tavgadasavali, romliTac gadmocemulia aRmavali qarTveli burJu-

aziis cxovrebis istoria; 2. ieremia warbas cxovreba, riTac naCvenebia Cveni Tavadaznauro-

bis gadagvarebuloba, dacemuloba; 3. garyvnil validas, polkovnik lebovisa da sxva sam-

xedro da samoqalaqo moxeleTa ojaxebis aRviraxsnili cxovrebis Cveneba.

ZiriTadi ambis siuJetur ganviTarebas, mxatvrul Sesisxlxorcebas, baxva fulavas

cxovrebisa da moqmedebis istoriis mxatvrul Cvenebas Tan axlavs qarTveli Tavadaznau-

robis dacemisa da mefis ruseTis moxeleebis gaxrwnis gamomsaxveli suraTebi“ [axali qar-

Tuli literaturis istoria t. II, 2010: 167], magram gamokvlevaSi ratomRac naklebadaa ga-

mokveTili romanSi warmodgenil danaSaulebze, samarTlebrivi reagirebis iuridiuli sa-

fuZvlebi.

mkvlevar lado minaSvilis azriT, baxva fulavas maqinatorul bunebas erTgvar na-

Tels fens misi siyvaruli esmasadmi da, roca esma msxverpli xdeba znedacemuli ieremia

warbasi, „igi cocxlobs erTaderTi mizniT, SurisZiebis mizniT, damnaSavis sakadrisad das-

jis mizniT, magram, roca dainaxa, rom qveynad ar aris samarTali, rom adamians ar icavs arc

kanoni da arc saxelmwifo, rom isini damnaSaves ifaraven da uzneobas amravleben, maSin

TviTon dgeba Surisgebis aRsasruleblad. daqiravebuli mkvlelis daxmarebiT TviTonac

ferdSi xanjlis CacemiT ise klavs ieremias, rogorc man esma mokla da kmayofili bardeba

90

policias“ [qarTuli literatura t. II, 2013:257]. aSkaraa, mkvlevari xazs usvams swored da-

naSaulisa da sasjelis problemas, razedac vapirebT Cvens mokrZalebul msjelobas moce-

muli statiis farglebSi.

„pirveli nabiji“ g. wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi mowifulobis xanaSi, oTxmocdaaTian

wlebSi daiwera da gamoqveynda. is daibeWda literaturul krebul „cdaSi“, romelsac 1989-

91 wlebSi „qarTulis mwerlobis moyvarulTa gamocema“ aqveynebda quTaisSi [axali qarTu-

li literaturis istoria t. II, 2010: 166].

vidre gadavidodeT CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis irgvliv msjelobaze, manamde un-

da gamoikveTos erTi faqti: baxvas formireba da misi gawvrTna mimdinareobs im inJinris

meTvalyureobis qveS, romelic Tavad cdilobs arakanonieri gziT gazardos qoneba. baxva

baZavs inJiners da swrafad iwafeba maqinaciebSi. amitom faqtiurad igi xedavs fulis yov-

lisSemZle Zalas, rasac adasturebs avtoris mier misTvis SerCeuli gvaric — fulava. faq-

tobrivad, baxva iwyebs Tavis saqmianobas „fulis motexviT“, ase grovdeba misi pirveli kapi-

talis nawili, roca man portSi muSaobiT „aTas Tumans gamohkra xeli“.

„pirveli nabiji“ iZleva Temis gaSlisaTvis friad saintereso masalas, rac gamoixate-

ba, rogorc sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulis, ise sasamarTlo aparatis moxeleTa qmedebebSi. da-

naSaulebrivi saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, vcadeT erTgvarad sistemaSi mogveyvana is dana-

Saulebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis personaJebi sCadian:

baxva fulava:

rodesac baxva portis kantorCikad daniSna inJinerma, erTi wlis Semdeg Seamowmes

inJineris porti da mSeneblobaSi daxarjuli fuli sul uqmad aRmoCnda daxarjuli.

fulis „motexva“ muSebisagan da inJinris mier gaweuli samsaxurisTvis dasaCuqreba.

roca dRiurs angariSs werda baxva, muSebis saangariSo wignSi, dRiuri muSebi xan

oci muSiT meti gamohyavda, xan ocdaaTiT, xan ormociT. „sami Tvis manZilze baxvam aTas Tu-

mans gamohkra xeli.“

saxalxo dResaswaulze baxvasa da esmas cekvis dros ieremia mivida iq da atyda Cxu-

bi, romlis drosac baxvam ieremia barZaySi daWra. am danaSaulis gamo mas daWera emuqrebo-

da, magram gadarCa.

baxva ambobs: „batono dro midis, CemTvis axla Tavisufleba ise Zvirfasia, ori mag-

denic rom eTxova, unda meSovna, meti ra gza iyo.

„erT dRes is werda (gamomZiebels) raRac saqmis qaRalds, roca baxva mis samwerlo

oTaxSi Sevida da erTi muWa asmaneTianebi wiTel magidaze daulaga.

baxvas mier qrTamis micema jgirikoCasTvis, Tavis gadasarCenad.

baxva cimbirel yaCaRs fuls aZlevs, rom man ieremia miagnos da dauWiros, Semdeg ki

moklavs. yaCaRic dasTanxmda 300 Tumnad.

baxvam dokumentebze notariuss ganucxada, rom damekargao, Tumca fuli ukve aRe-

buli hqonda. am saqmiT baxvam ganizraxa orjer fulis gadaxdevineba. roca sxdoma dainiSna

da baxvam TviT moiTxova xuTasi maneTis gadaxdevineba, maSin wardga mevale, waradgina kvi-

tanciebi, notariusis sabuTebi, romliTac mtkicdeboda, rom im dokumentiT baxvas fuli

ukve miRebuli hqonda.

ieremias mosamsaxures baxvam 50 Tumani misca, raTa ieremias Sesaxeb Seetyo, rodis

ras akeTebda.

samarTlis aRsrulebis mizniT baxva jer cimbirel yaCaRs aZlevs 300 Tumans iere-

mias mokvlisaTvis da, roca is ver SeZlebs TviTon klavs ieremias.

baxva mkvleli [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:230, 231, 247, 268, 373, 429, 433].

91

ieremia warba:

„Tu romelime vaWars kontrabandis gamotana endomeboda zRviT, maSinve ieremias

mimarTavda.“

„esmas ZaliT moxvia xelebi da miizida mkerdze.“

„– eg is ieremia ar aris, sajavaxoSi rom Rvdlis ojaxs daeca, saxloba gauupatiura,

oc-da-xuTi Tumani waarTva da Rvdlis burseuli jibeSi unaxes?“

„– Tqven eg unda genaxaT foTSi, druJinaSi rom msaxurobda! viTom mekontrabande-

ebs sdevda, magram pirveli mekontrabande is iyo. fuli bJiriviT eyara jibeSi.“

„– Sen foTSi ar iyavi – uTxra meorem — magan rom erT saldaTs qali mostaca? or

Tves hyavda mere isev ukan miubruna.“

„dRes, 21 enkenisTves 188...wels ieremia firaliZem moaxdina Cxubi da uwesoba axal-

senakis duqanSi. ramdenime kaci sul ubralod dalaxa, amis gamo TviT sadgurze moxda xmau-

roba da CoCqoli, romliTac dairRva sazogado wesi.“

„– brazmoreulma, rom Tavis ganzraxvas veRar asrulebda, moisva xanjalze marjve-

na xeli da Cakra gulSi qals.“

gimnaziis bavSvebs aiZulebs ieremia, rom laTinuris maswavlebels fuli moparon.

„erTxel gavarda xma, rom s.zeganas erTi mdidari mRvdeli yofila, imas lamazi qa-

li hyolia, Rvdlis ojaxi gauZarcvavT da qali gauupatiurebiaTo. avazakebis moTave yo-

fila ieremiao“ [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:234, 300, 301, 313, 322, 327].

valida:

rogorc ki ieremia daiWires validam sivila daibara, fuli winaswar misca, oRond

ieremia daexsna am xifaTisagan.

validam stumari daibara TavisTan da ieremias daxsnis sanacvlod Tavis Tavi Ses-

Tavaza [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947:414, 427-428].

jgirkoCa:

„– aba, ici, ras getyvi baxva?... Tumca Zalian Znelia, magram Seni gulisTvis gvelis

xvrelSi unda gavZvre. saWiroa fuli. uimisoT ara iqneba ra“.

„boqaulma eSmakurad gaiRima. ifiqra, kargi mozrdili qaSapia badeSi Sesagdebio da

rogorc gamocdili meTevze Seyva nel-nela. is aparebda bades calkideze, radgan didi

Tevzi eguleboda dasaWerad.“

„jgirkoCam rom baxva gaistumra, mere mivida sarkesTan sanTel-anTebuli, Caixeda

Sig da CamoiZaxa: „ai bismarkis Subli!“ — miidva TiTi Sublze. xelaT ocdaaTi Tumani avswap-

ne“ [giorgi wereTeli t.II 1947:267,269].

sivila (ieremias advokati):

„ieremias Cveni enatartala veqili auyvania. rogorc ki dauWeriaT ieremia, maSinve

sivila daubarebiaT Tbiliss, fuli win-da-win miuciaT da dahpirebian gagaketebTo, oRond

miexmare ieremias da am xifaTisagan gamoixsenio“.

„...me rogorc veqils, rogorc damcvels yovelis gaWirvebulisa da damnaSavisa, ar

mwams danaSauloba. TviT samarTali da kanoni maZlevs uflebas davicva borot-moqmedi, Se-

vumsubuqo sasjelio“ [giorgi wereTeli t. II, 1947: 408,414].

am periodis saqarTveloSi axali mmarTvelobis saTaveSi idga „saqarTvelos mTavar-

sardali“, romelsac agreTve „mTavarmmarTvelsac“ uwodebdnen. am Tanamdebobaze daniSnu-

li samxedro moxele ruseTis saxelmwifos winaSe Tavdapirvelad qarTl-kaxeTis, Semdeg ki

mTeli amierkavkasiis yovelgvar saqmeebze umaRlesi pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. mTavarsar-

dlis TanaSemwed iTvleboda „saqarTvelos mmarTveli“, romelsac umTavresad samoqalaqo

92

mmarTvelobis sakiTxebi exeboda. mmarTveloba samoqalaqo saqmeebis, sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeTa da saxazino qonebaTa [saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t. IV, 1973:827].

XIX saukunis 40‐50 ian wlebSi naTlad gamomJRavnda, rom Zveli, wodebrivi sasamarTlo

CamorCa da aRar Seesabameboda axali drois moTxovnebs.

1861 wlis Semodgomaze aleqsandre meoris davalebiT saxelmwifo kancelariis moxe-

leebma da cnobilma iuristebma daiwyes „axali sasamarTlo wyobisa da samarTlis warmoe-

bis ZiriTadi debulebebis“ Sedgena. igi safuZvlad daedo axali sasamarTlos wesdebis

proeqts, romelic imperatorma daamtkica 1864 wlis 20 noembers.

reformamde sasamarTlo mTlianad mTavrobasa da policiaze iyo damokidebuli. mosa-

marTleebs mTavroba niSnavda da gamoZiebaSi gadamwyvet rols policiis moxeleebi asruleb-

dnen. Zvel sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebas Zalian aWianurebda instanciebis simravle. misi

erT-erTi mTavari nakli is iyo, rom saqmis gamoZieba-garCeva saidumlod mxolod dokumente-

bis safuZvelze warmoebda. sasamarTlo procesi, rogorc wesi, ar imarTeboda. momCivani da

mopasuxe sapyrobilesa Tu sakuTar saxlSi elodebodnen sasamarTlos dadgenilebas.

axali wesdebis safuZvelze mowyobili sasamarTlo dawesebulebani da TviT saqmis

warmoebis xasiaTi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda Zvelisagan. sasamarTlos Tavis moqmedebis

sferoSi damoukidebloba eZleoda. mTavrobis administracias zemoqmedeba ar unda moex-

dina marTlmsajulebaze da policiac mTlianad ganTavisuflda saqmis gamoZieba-garCevis

movaleobisagan [saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.V, 1970:312-313].

aRniSnuli meqrTameobisa da iuridiuli darRvevebis fonze, nawarmoebSi naTel wer-

tilad mosCans gamomZiebeli, romelmac WeSmaritad ZalRone ar daiSura naTeli Seetana

baxvas saqmeSi. igi axalgazrda, umaRles saswavlebelSi kursdamTavrebuli Raribi ojaxis

Svili iyo. mas ise hqonda Tavisi movaleoba gamoxatuli, rom Tu ki sindisianad aasrulebda

Tavis movaleobas saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, bevr daCagrul kacsac daexmareboda.

yovelive amis Semdeg vcadeT gveCvenebina ra sasjeli miiRes personaJebma arsebuli

samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvelze: baxvam sasjeli miiRo mxolod ieremias mkvlelobis-

Tvis. daapatimres. ieremias ki esmas mkvlelobisTvis CamoarTves Rirseba da 12 wliT gag-

zavnes katorRaSi.

dausjeli darCnen: jgirikoCa, sivila, validas mier gadabirebuli mosamarTle, nawi-

lobriv baxva da ieremiac.

amdenad „pirvel nabijSi“ danaSaulisa da sasjelis kvlevam migviyvana im daskvnamde,

rom saqarTveloSi sufevda ucxouri samarTlebrivi sistema romelic xSirad dausjels

tovebda namdvil damnaSaveebs.

giorgi wereTeli aRniSnul nawarmoebSi, erTi mxriv, warmogvidgeba saqarTveloSi sa-

marTlebrivi aparatis moqmedebis Rrma mcodned, xolo, meore mxriv, deteqtiuri Janris

nawarmoebis ostatad.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, 2010.

2. evgeniZe, minaSvili 2013: i.evgeniZe, l.minaSvili qarTuli literatura t.II, „saqarTvelos

macne“, 2013.

3. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.IV, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“ Tbilisi ,1973.

4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevi t.V, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1970.

5. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia: qarTuli literaturis istoria t.IV, sabWoTa

saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1974.

6. wereTeli 1974: g. wereTeli rCeuli nawerebi t.I, Tbilisi, 1947.

93

mindia cecxlaZe baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nana trapaiZe

gamouTqmadobasTan dakavSirebuli konceptebi Salva

bakuraZis poeziaSi

Salva bakuraZis teqstebis jon kaputoseuli radikaluri (dekonstruqciuli) herme-

nevtikis meTodiT wakiTxva nakarnaxevia Tavad avtoris teqstebiT, sadac avtori mianiS-

nebs, rom misi teqstebi mniSvnelobas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mniSvnelobas warmoqmnis

mkiTxvelSi („ena yofnis saxlia“ – ena qmnis mniSvnelobas), Tanac es procesi arasodesaa das-

rulebuli da mudmivad xdeba wina wakiTxvebis dekonstruqciuli „TviTdamxoba“ (ix. „saida-

nac unda daviwyoT“).

teqstebSi eqsplicitur donezea warmodgenili mistikuri (areopageli, vedanta, lao-

Zi) da filosofiuri, religiuri da nicSeanur-imanentisturi konteqstebi, rac qmnis hai-

degerianul „orazrovnebis orazrovnebas“, anu esaa orazrovneba moTavsebuli dapirispi-

rebul mniSvnelobaTa Soris arsebul sivrceSi, rac teqstis da mniSvnelobis destabiliza-

cias axdens.

msgavsi teqstebis funqcia hegemoniuri narativebis dekonstruqciaa, rogorc pol de

mani ambobs, poezia dekonstruqciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. Tumca mistikuri perspeqtivi-

dan maT aqvT azrovnebis provocirebis da sazRvramde miyvanis gziT azrovnebis gadalaxvis

funqciac. mistikur da nicSeanur paradigmebs Soris formalur msgavsebebze („formaluri

miniSnebebi“ – haidegeri) saubari gamyarebulia faqtiT, rom arsebobs sinkretistuli wa-

kiTxvebi, romlebic ara formalur, aramed arsiseul msgavsebebzec miuTiTebs. gamouTqma-

doba formaluri niSania im azriT, rom calsaxad gamokveTili araa misi romelsame konteq-

stze mikuTvnebuloba. amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis teqstebi mianiSnebs haidegeris („ena yof-

nis saxlia“) da aseve sufiuri mistikis (hafizi — „rasac vsaubrobT, xdeba saxli, sadac Cven

vcxovrobT“) koncefcias enasTan dakavSirebiT (ix. daviT andriaZe — xelaxali RENDEZ-

VOUS (kultursemiologiuri kontaminaciebi)), magram arsebobs meore mxarec. poststruq-

turalistebma ferdinand de sosiuris gavleniT, rogorc d.j. murzi aRniSnavs, haidegeris

fraza „ena yofnis saxlia“ gaiges radikaluri azriT, rom ar arsebobs prelingvisturi ga-

mocdileba da ena qmnis gamocdilebas. gadameris azriT, ar arsebobs gamouTqmadi gamocdi-

leba (Moores 2006: 119-120). sinamdvileSi haidegeri ubralod mianiSnebs, rom ar arsebobs

sagnis da gamocdilebis prelingvisturi mentaluri Sesatyvisi, ena qmnis sagans da gamoc-

dilebas Cvens gonebaSi da ara materialur samyaroSi, haidegeri ambobs: „azrovnebaSi yofna

artikulirdeba enis meSveobiT. ena yofnis saxlia“ (Malpas... 2015: 121), rac niSnavs, rom mxo-

lod azrovnebaSi qmnis ena yofnas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miviRebT absurdul debulebas,

rom adamiani fizikur samyarosac qmnis Tavisi eniT.

Sesabamisad, Salva bakuraZesTan xdeba sityvebs miRma gasvlac da musika da intonacia

xdeba pirveladi, rogorc amas aRniSnavs levan bregaZe (ix. „intonaciebis poema (Salva baku-

raZis „vefxistyaosnis“ interpretaciis cda)“). poeti teqstebSi miuTiTebs, rom misi leqse-

bi aris „TiTqmis usityvo simRerebi“, xdeba ara imdenad mniSvnelobaTa, aramed gamocdile-

baTa uSualo gadacema da/an warmoqmna, rogorc es moazrebulia nicSesTan, romlis mixed-

viTac musikis meSveobiT ukeT xdeba im gagebis gadacema, rasac lingvisturi gamoxatuleba

mxolod abundovnebs (Gracyk... 2011: 352). nicSe am subieqturi da gamouTqmadi gamocdilebis

gadacemis gzad miiCnevs intonacias, simReras, diTirambs.

94

axalgazrda nicSes mixedviT, primordialuri fuZe upirvelesad gamoxatulia into-

naciaSi da „intonaciuri qveniadagi universaluri da inteligibeluria enebs Soris gan-

sxvavebebis miuxedavad“, sityvebi warmodgenis meore donea da isini gamoxataven primordi-

alur fuZes, romelic ukve warmodgenilia intonaciis mier, es ukanaskneli ki ZiriTadad

gamoxatavs sixaruls da tkivils, am primordialur gancdebze dafuZnebul gancdebs (Mur-

ray 1999: 114). nicSes mixedviT, „bgera da intonacia, rogorc sixarulis da tkivilis simbo-

luri reprezentacia, axdenen yvelas mier gaziarebuli primordialurobis — pirveladi

dionisuri erTianobis simbolizebas“ (Brown 2006: 95).

amgvarad, nicSes mixedviT, intonacia gadmoscems im sixarulsa da tkivils, an maTze

dafuZnebul sxva gamocdilebebs, romlis gadmocema sityvas ar ZaluZs. Salva bakuraZesTan

sixaruli aseve ukavSirdeba primordialur erTianobas da igi aseve pirveladia sityvis mi-

marT, anu gamouTqmadia. mini-poemaSi „vefxistyaosani“ sixaruli apofatika-katafatikis

diskurss ukavSirdeba, sixaruli miCneulia primordialur fenomenad, „erTaderT SeuZe-

nel Tvisebad“ (bakuraZe 2013: 87), romlis saxeldeba ar SeiZleba: „sixarulia is rac veraso-

des iqneba mibmuli saxelTan, mas saxeli ver eqneba“ (bakuraZe 2013: 89) da amave dros „Tu ra-

mea irgvliv, yvelafers sixaruli hqvia“ (bakuraZe 2013: 83). dasdebelis „{winaswarmetyvel-

man man}“, finalur strofSi vkiTxulobT:

„Tavdapirvelad sityva ar iyo, modiT,

is sixarulze gvian gaCnda, amitom

sityvaSi swavlaa ufro sayvareli

sityvaSi swavlaa ufro sayvareli

sixarulSi ki is, Secvla rom momiwevs“ (bakuraZe 2013: 71).

SesavalSi vaxseneT avtoris teqstebis zogadi eqsplicituri kavSiri areopagelTan,

romlis mixedviTac, RmerTs veraviTari saxeli ver gamoxatavs (Hollywood... 2012: 141), Rmer-

Ti Seicavs yvelafers, swored amitom adideben mas yoveli saxeliT da amave dros uwodeben

mas usaxelos (The Areopagite 2000: I. 5).

Salva bakuraZis poezias aseve eqsplicituri kavSiri aqvs vedantasTan, sadac sixaru-

li aseve transcendenturTan asocirdeba. kerZod, brahmanis pozitiuri gansazRvreba emsa-

xureba pragmatul mizans: mimarTos goneba brahmanisadmi (Deutsch 1973: 10-11) brahmani yo-

velgvari kategoriebis miRmaa, igi mxolod negatiurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, magram Tu

gvsurs misi aRwera pozitiurad, maSin igi aris wminda arseboba, wminda cnobiereba da wmin-

da netareba (Sharma 2003: 284).

siwmindeSi igulisxmeba, rom garegani kavSirebi ar arsebobs (Dasgupta 1997: 75), esaa ma-

radiuli netareba empiriuli siamovnebisa da tkivilis miRma (larmā 1996: 187). anu es unda

iyos igive rac maister eqhartis umizezo sixaruli (Schürmann 2001: xx), marTlac, aradua-

listuri vedantis mistikaSi, brahmani aris sixaruli, igi ganicdeba rogorc „ganusazRvre-

li arsi“ da „sixarulSi arsebobis mdgomareoba“ (Deutsch 1973: 10-11).

Salva bakuraZis poeziis eqsplicituri kavSiri qristianobasTan aseve gamokveTilia.

am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom rogorc aRniSnavs bibliis mkvlevari van der uati, sixarulis

diskursi mniSvnelovani fenomenia qristianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT lukas saxarebaSi (Van der

Watt 2006: 88). vfiqrob, am mxriv yvelaze mniSvnelovania mTaze qadagebis epizodi, rodesac

qriste saubrobs maT netarebaze, romelTac, Cveulebrivi azriT, ar unda hqondeT netare-

bis mizezi da am qadagebas asrulebs mowodebiT: „ixareT da imxiaruleT, vinaidan didia

Tqveni sazRauri caSi“ (maTe 5,12).

95

rac Seexeba zogad mistikur konteqsts, religiis filosofiis oqsfordul cnobarSi

vkiTxulobT: „erTianoba (mistikuri) ganicdeba rogorc wminda obieqturi realoba, „neta-

rebis“ da „sixarulis“ gancdaSi“ (Wainwright 2007: 122). ebraul mistikaSic saubaria swored

sixarulze, rogorc mizansa da saSualebaze erTdroulad (Buxbaum 2002: 5).

nicSe sixarulis pirveladobaze miuTiTebs, roca ambobs, rom „dionisuri swrafva

STanTqavs formaTa mTel samyaros, raTa misi ngrevis meSveobiT, saSualeba mogvces Cven

gvqondes winaswargancda mis miRma arsebuli pirveladi da umaRlesi artistuli sixaruli-

sa primordialuri erTis saSvilosnoSi“ (Nietzsche 2009: 76).

sixarulis pirveladobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa isic, rom nicSes Tanaxmad „tki-

vilic sixarulia“ (Kaufmann 1974: 320), sixarulisTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes tkivili,

romelsac gadavlaxavT, swored tkivilis gadalaxvaa sixaruli, nicSes mixedviT „yoveli

sixaruli moicavs tkivils“, tkivili ar aris sixarulis sapirispiro. „ase ityoda zaratus-

traSi“ weria, rom sixaruli ufro Rrmaa, vidre tkivili, agonia (Kaufmann 1974:273).

amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis poezia aris gamouTqmadi primordialuri sixarulis, tran-

scendenturi realobis, mistikuri gamocdilebis gadmocemis gza, „stumris simReraSi“ av-

tori ambobs, rom „gvaxarebs“ da „mReris“, anu misi teqstebis intonacia gadmoscems sixaru-

lis gamocdilebas upirvelesad.

gamouTqmadoba, arasaxeldebadoba miniSnebulia dasdebelSi „saxeli“:

„samive guliT amas vfeTqav

samive TvaliT amas vtiri

samive Cemi xelisguliT vmalav Sensgan samive saxes

radgan samTagan vercerTi ena maTqmevinebs

Sens erTaderT saxels“

xolo mini-poema „vefxistyaosanSi“ RmerTi ambobs:

„nu gsurdes CemTan mosvla

var SenTvis araferi

saxelic Cemi araferi“ (bakuraZe 2013: 61).

am avtoris teqstebSi vlindeba eqsplicituri kavSiri daosur mistikasTanac swored

arasaxeldebadobis, igive gamouTqmadobis konteqstSi. leqsSi „iosebi“ vkiTxulobT:

„eloi, eloi,

vin varT Cven?

saxeli Cveni vinmem uwyis am samyaroSi

anda saerTod varT ki mflobelni saxelisa?

gvxedaven ki Cven

maSin rodesac gvakraven jvarze

„isini vinca daipyra vnebebma“? (bakuraZe 2013: 29).

amave leqsSi saubaria „WeSmariti saxelis“ arcodnaze. „dao-de-Zinis“ SesavalSive sau-

baria imaze, rom maradiul daos ar aqvs saxeli da gamouTqmadia, xolo rac saxeldebulia,

is warmoSobs mravlobiTobis samyaros, anu aqac, areopagelis msgavsad, orive aspeqtia mo-

azrebuli.

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, gamouTqmadoba dakavSirebulia primordialur sixarulTan,

romelic arasaxeldebadia. dasdebeli {winaswarmetyvelman man}, sadac sixarulis sityvis

mimarT pirveladobazea saubari, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, iwyeba ase:

„gana dadga dro, sakuTar Tavs axali

saxeli davarqva da gamovaCino,

vinc odnavac ki ar mgavs, rom kidev erTxel

96

vazeimo, sabolood davexmaro

gaxdes Cemi saxelis da Cemi Tavis

matarebeli. ra unda davTmo, romel

mdinareebs unda Sevuwyvito sisxli,

ramdeni sevdis dagubeba momiwevs

an arxiT gadasrola sxva kalapotSi,

ra SemrCeba gulisgan, roca daSreba?“ (bakuraZe 2013: 70).

am strofebSi erTgvarad miniSnebulia saxeldebac da saxeldebis SesaZleblobis kiTx-

vis niSnis qveS dayenebac, katafatikac da apofatikac. sakuTari Tavis mimarT msgavsi mimar-

Teba am dasdebelsa da leqsSi „iosebi“, zogad panenTeistur konteqstze mianiSnebs am avto-

ris SemoqmedebaSi, anu adamiani transcendentur realobasTan igivdeba, erTiania masTan.

gamouTqmadobas da primordialurobas mianiSnebsstrofi leqsSi „didi bebos bluzi“:

„ardaviwyebiT viwyebiT,

vxdebiT pirveli xsovnis erTguli,

yvela pirveli xsovniT viwyebiT,

pirveli fiqris vxdebiT erTguli

da arsebobis mtkicebad mogvaqvs

pirveli sityva verTqmuli“ (bakuraZe 2013: 56).

zogadad mistikur diskursSi, mistikuri gamocdileba aris gamouTqmadi (Jones, 1993:

103) iseve rogorc gamouTqmadia absoluti, RmerTi - „Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT masze raRac,

magram Cven ar SegviZlia gamovTqvaT igi“ (Kingsland 1927: 6), Sesabamisad, rogorc uolter

steisi aRniSnavs, ena, romelsac mistikosebi iyeneben TavianTi gamocdilebis gadmosace-

mad, metaforulia (Stace 1960: 293).

gamouTqmadobis, rogorc mistikuri da nicSeanuri konteqstebis saerTo formaluri

niSnis ganxilvisas sainteresoa, rom joan stembogis werilSi „sxva nicSe“ aRmosavleTTan

nicSes kavSiris konteqstSi ganixileba misi kavSiri misticizmTan (Parkes 1991: 20), rac ufro

konkretulad gulisxmobs gamouTqmad gamocdilebasTan kavSirs (Parkes 1991: 21). nicSesaT-

vis simRera ufro maRali gamoxatulebaa, vidre saubari, magram „zaratustraSi“ simReris

miRma gasvlac xdeba: „ar imRero! gaCumdi! samyaro srulyofilia“. zaratustra saubrobs

sulze imgvarad, rom cxadi xdeba misi gamouTqmadoba, iseve rogorc ekharti miuTiTebs su-

lis gauazreblobas da Seucnoblobas Cveulebrivi codniT (Parkes 1991: 25-26). nicSes mixed-

viT, „Cveni namdvili gamocdilebebi gamouTqmadia, romc gvsurdes ver gamovTqvamT. ena ga-

mogonebulia mxolod saSualo, gamoxatvadi sagnebisTvis“ (Nietzsche 2005: 205).

gamouTqmadobasTan kavSirSi liven bovi saubrobs neoplatonizmSi transcendentu-

robis da imanenturobis urTierTmimarTebis post-modernistul gagebaze, romelSic aRar

aris bipolaroba anu isini ar gaigeba rogorc sinamdvilis ori gansxvavebuli fena, aramed

transcendencia ganmartebulia rogorc garRvevis momenti, romlis sityvebiT gamoxatva

SeuZlebelia enis imanentur sinamdvileSi (Boeve 1997: 422).

Jak derida, Jan luk marioni da jon kaputo saubroben apofatikis diskursis mniSvne-

lobaze dekonstruqciisa da diferansis gaazrebisas. deridas azriT, „Cven yvela vocne-

bobT „sruliad sxvaze“, romelzec ar viciT, rogor ar vilaparakoT uamravi saxeliT, ase

rom, Cven yvelam unda viswavloT negatiuri Teologia, Tu „dedanSi“ ara, Tu aseTi ram ar-

sebobs, TargmanSi, ganzogadebuli apofatika mainc (Goodchild 2002: 213-214)“.

97

amgvarad, Salva bakuraZis poeziis intonaciebi gadmoscems primordialuri sixaru-

lis gamouTqmad gamocdilebas. zogadad, am avtoris poeziaSi gamouTqmadoba mniSvnelova-

ni formaluri niSania da igi ukavSirdeba ramdenime konteqsts, rac qmnis deridanuli gada-

uwyvetadobis vels.


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15. Murray 1999; Murray, P. D.„Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality; A Revaluation Based in the Dionysian World-View“, Walter De Grutyer, Berlin. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=4hHhHVav8Z8C& printsec=frontcover# v= onepage&q&f=false

16. Nietzsche 2005; Nietzsche, F.„The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols & Other Writings“, Cambridge University Press, New York. http;//krishnamurti.abundanthope.org/index_htm_files/The-Anti-Christ-Ecce-Homo-

Twilight-Of-The-Idols-And-Other-Writings-by-Nietzsche.pdf.

17. Nietzsche 2009; Nietzsche, F.„The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music“, Richer Resources Publications, Arlington. http;//www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Nietzsche-The-Birth-of-Tragedy.pdf

18. Parkes 1991; Parkes, G.„Nietzsche and Asian Thought“, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https;// bo-

oks.google.ge/books?id=hpnXFLQ6QIAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

98

19. Schürmann 2001; Schürmann, R.„Wandering Joy - Meister Eckhart's Mystical Philosophy“, Lindisfarne Books, Great Barrington. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=PPpo1-pxlI8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

20. Sharma 2003; Sharma, Ch.„A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy“, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Dehli. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 21. Stace 1960; Stace W.T. „Mysticism and Philosophy“, Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London. http;//www. cruzetech.info/ wudhi/

mysticism/ws/wts-mp%20-%206.htm#one.

22. The Areopagite 2000; Rolt, C.E.,„Dionysius the Areopagite; On the Divine Names and the MysticalTheology“. http;//www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0450-

0525,_Dionysius_Areopagita,_On_The_Divine_Names_And_The_Mystical_Theology,_EN.pdf.

23. Van der Watt 2006; Van der Watt, J. G.„Identity, Ethics, and Ethos in the New Testament“, Volume 141, Walter De Grutyer, Berlin. https;//books.google.ge/books?id=AugB2jMYCQcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

24. Wainwright 2007; Wainwright, W. J. „The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion“, Oxford University Press, New York. http;//www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Philo sophy% 20

of%20Religion.pdf.

99

mariam gobianiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori inga sanikiZe

Savi feris paradigma galaktion tabiZis poetur enaSi

leqsikur erTeulTa kvleva, maTi semantikuri SigTavsis marTebuli gaazreba enob-

rivi analizis erT-erTi saintereso ubania, metadre Tu saqme mxatvrul qsovils exeba. ga-

laktionis, rogorc udidesi simbolisti poetis, warmosaxvis masStabi mravalmxriv iqcevs

yuradRebas, am TvalsazrisiT arc misi ferTametyvelebaa gamonaklisi. Cveni Zieba Savi fe-

ris Sinaarsis, misi simboluri Tu paradigmuli xasiaTis amoxsnisakenaa mimarTuli.

sazogadod, Savi feris paradigmuli saxe sibnelis, borotebis, wyvdiadis (Sdr. vaJas

„SaveTi“ – saiqio), mistikis, avbediTobisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, sevdis, glovis Sinaarss

Seicavs. es enobrivi formula faqtobrivi uwyvetobiT arsebobs qarTul poeziaSi („vefxis-

tyaosnis“ personaJs — asmaTsac swored glovis niSnad mosavs „Savi juba“). iSviaT SemTxve-

vebSi, galaktionis poeziaSi igi dadebiT Tvisebebsac iZens.

Tu galaktionis poetur enas gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom Savi feris zemoT naTqvami

mxatvruli saxe-xasiaTi mTel sigrZeze gasdevs mis Semoqmedebas da leqsemis Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTva poetis moRvaweobis yvela periodSi faqtobriv ucvleli rCeba; Tumca am Tval-

sazrisiT e.w. poetur SesityvebaTa originaloba individualur xelweras qmnis, sityvaTa

erTian qsovilSi galaktioniseulad ikiTxeba da ubralo aRqmas moklebuli simbolur dat-

virTvas iZens. leqsebis erT nawilSi is cdilobs optimistur momavalze ifiqros da Camoi-

Soros bneli Zala, romelic TavisTavad Sav ferTan asocirdeba: magaliTad, lirikul na-

warmoebSi „fantazia“ ocnebobs, rom „gahqres dRe Savi da sivaglaxe“. msgavsi poeturi gan-

cdiT esityveba Savi feri qarTul poeziaSi ukve kargad cnobil avbediTobis aseve paradig-

mul saxes – „yorans“ („Savi yorani“); orive erTad ki gaumarTleblobis, bediswerisgan gan-

wirulobis is niSania, romelsac n. baraTaSvilis „sulo borotokdan“ vicnobT da romelic

xelmeored fokusirdeba galaktionis lirikul gancdaTa siRrmeSi. is amqveyniuri dabrko-

lebis saxea da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad aluziuric:

„gzaze mivdivar... msurs gavarkvio

gasavleli gzis sivrce ucvleli;

Savi yorani isev momCxavis:

„Sors nu gascqeri.. Sors nurvis eli“!~

(„Savi yorani“)

SesaZloa aqve vaxsenoT misi leqsi „stansebi Sellisa“, romelSic avtori cdilobs

uaryofiTi ganwyobis mozRvaveba daZlios: „ar daginaxo Tvalebze cremli da arc saxeze

Rrubeli Savi“. Savi feri galaktionTan mxolod feris aRmniSvneli rom ar aris da mas

Rrmad simboluri datvirTva aqvs kargad moCans Semdeg striqonSic: „daiZine, daiZine, fiq-

rTa Soris, Savo mTao! nanas getyvis neli sio da mdumare sasaflao...“ („daiZine“) vfiqrobT,

rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi semantikuri Strixi Semodis — es fiqris iduma-

lebaa, gaumxeloba, misi siRrme da erTgvari sibnele; amitom „fiqrTa Soris daZinebul

100

mTas“ Savi feri gasdevs, Ramis zmanebis muqi CrdiliT dafaruli. zemoT mocemuli xasiaTis

gagrZelebas SesaZloa warmoadgendes erT-erT leqsSi gamoyenebuli Savi feri, Tumca aqac

metis SegrZneba Cndeba da es upirvelesad tanjvaa, vneba da urva, patiosan Sromas Tan rom

axlavs xolme:

„vxedav, aq nabijs moaSurebs glexi maSvrali,

rom mesaubros da imedi Tan waiyolos,

masze, rom Savi misi Sroma, Sroma marTali,

ar dainTqmeba unugeSod bolos da bolos“.

(„pirveli enkenisTve“)

galaktionTan iSvaTad, magram mainc Savi feri zogjer sruliad dadebiT konteqstSi

mogvewodeba da simSvidis da siCumis gancdas aZlierebs:

„siCumea.

aremares mosavs Savi sixalise,

mxolod sio Tu irxeva, Torem ise... Torem ise

siCumea,

siCumea...“

(„siCumea“)

unda iTqvas, rom umeteswilad Savi negatiuri grZnobebis Semcveli feria, romelic

kargad ikiTxeba galaktionis leqsTa wyebaSi: „me ki kaeSnis mxareSi miwvevs sevdiT moculi

ocneba Savi“ (`mTvare mTvares amoefara“) imave semantikur datvirTvas vxvdebiT lirikul

nawarmoebSi „rogor ebrZodnen zarebi zarebs“. „iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi

guguni“ – ityvis poeti da adamianuri cxovrebis jojoxeTur arss miseulad daxatavs,

mxatvrul tilos gaSlis, bibliur siuJetebs fragmentulad gadmoalagebs, Tumca kompo-

ziciurad Sekravs; kvanZis funqcias ki Savs, borotebis simbolos, mianiWebs.

warmavlobis Tema, amqveyniuri daudgromloba qceula galaktionis erTi leqsis

mTavar saTqmelad da mas ewodeba „simRera sasowarkveTilisa“. tragikul SegrZnebas upir-

velesad „Savi“ qmnis, mas aseve uaryofiTi xasiaTis matarebeli „sikvdili“ esityveba da

vkiTxulobT: „Savo samarev, Sensken movdivar...“; an: „Savo samarev, arvin mimiRo, aba, gamiRe

Cqara karebi...“ sasowarkveTilebis mTavari mizezi leqsikuri aqcentebiT ixsneba, isini

enobrivi maxvilebia, romelTa gareSe azris ganviTareba mxatvrul warmosaxvasa da poetur

siRrmes mniSvnelovnad gaafermkrTalebda, amitom leqsikuri qsovili poetis mier gazomi-

li azriTaa SerCeul-modelirebuli.

leqsSi „alazanTan“ Savi feris simbolika kulminacias aRwevs. am leqsSi sikvdils Se-

esatyviseba ara marto Savi feri, aramed sityva „Savis“ wminda musikaluri JReradoba, am

sityvaSi aqcentirebuli musikaluri bgera-Tanxmovani „S“ qmnis siSavis, uimedobis, sikvdi-

lis ganwyobilebas:

„mTvareSi Savi Srialebs Cala,

Savi leCaqi daeca Sarebs

damSviddi, sZinavs alaznis karebs,

mTvareSi Savi Srialebs Cala“.

galaktionis poeziaSi damoukideblad SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxatvruli Sesityveba

„Savi gedi“. „gedi“ Tavad poetia, esTetikuri simbolo mSvenieri arsebobisa, xolo masTan

gansazRvrebad mdgomi „Savi“ gamorCeulobis, erTeulobis simbolo, romelsac tragikuli

101

yofnis beWedi azis: „gadaviqaneb sikvdils maRla amarTul yeliT me, Savi gedi!“ gedisebri

silamaze gasdevs galaktionis poetur arsebobas, es mis mier kargadaa Semecnebuli, Tumca

Sinagani keTilSobileba daufaravs Savs, rogorc tkivilian arsebobas. „Savi gedi“ rom

amaRlebulis xasiaTis Seqmnas emsaxureba, es sxva striqonebSic kargad ikiTxeba: „Savi gedi-

viT maRla idga kubo pirquSi!“.

leqsSi „mitovebuli koSki ras stiris?“ galaktioni Savisa da misi sapirispiro TeT-

ris ideur Sedarebas SemogvTavazebs, xolo am kontrasts simbolurad Savi yornisa da TeT-

ri mtredis saxiT gadmogvcems. sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispireba materialur sagneb-

Tan („mtredebTan“ da „yornebTan“) erTad maTive gansazRvrebebiT, sxvagvarad epiTetebiT,

iqmneba. leqsSi vkiTxulobT: „yorani, Savi Suamavali, mtredebi — TeTri Suamavlebi“.

„mitovebuli koSki ras stiris?

masSi landebi risTvis ara sCans?

miyuCebula tye tbisa piris

da siCumeSi mTvare Suqsa hbans...

yorani, Savi Suamavali

cisa da miwis, gadifarfatebs,

vinc mzes isrebi styorcna mravali,

is simwarisas iRebs baraTebs.

mtredebi – TeTri Suamavlebi

ismenen quxils...“

zemoT aRniSnuli magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom galaktioniseul ferTa gamaSic

gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs „Savs“, erTi mxriv, rogorc fers, xasiaTs, xolo, meore

mxriv, rogorc enobriv simbolos. masalis analizma cxadyo, rom poeti „Savis“ gamoyenebas

Sedarebis mxatvruli xerxis SemTxvevaSi xSirad mimarTavs; magaliTad: „daswolia aCrdil-

Tan — Savi, rogorc sikvdili“; an: „mounaTlavi, kupriviT Savi Rame“. poeti zogjer cdi-

lobs, rom „Savisgan“ TeTris“ antiTeza Seqmnas da pozitiuri movlenebi „Savi“ feradovne-

biT gadmogvces: „meki kaeSnis mxareSi miwvevs sevdiT moculs ocnebaS avi“ („mTvare mTas

amoefara“); „aremares mosavs Savi sixalise“ („siCumea“).

SevniSnavT, rom „galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikonSi“ „Savis“ statistika 396-s aRwevs

da am magaliTTa Soris yvelaze saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom misi mniSvneloba arcTu iSvia-

Tad gafarToebul-gazrdilia, paradigmul saxes dayrdnobili, Tumca mainc individualu-

rad gaazrebuli; magaliTad: „dasdevs ganwirulTa Savi poezia“ („saubare edgarze“).

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Savi feris simbolur gaazrebas galaktionis Se-

moqmedebiT enaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. mas, rogorc sibnelis paradigmas, ara mar-

to uaryofiTi da mkveTrad negatiuri konteqsti axlavs, aramed zogierT SemTxvevaSi da-

debiTi emociis Seqmnac ZaluZs da es yvelaferi ki, Tavis mxriv, galaktionis poeziis enis

Rirebulebis siRrmes kidev ufro naTels xdis.


1. sanikiZe 1994; T. sanikiZe; c. sanikiZe „galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikoni“, Tbilisi, 1994.

2. tabiZe 1966; g. tabiZe Txzulebani t. 1 Tbilisi, 1966.



5. tabiZe 1982; g. tabiZe rCeuli Tbilisi, 1982.

6. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi, 1994.

102

ciuri mezvriSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti


funqcionaluri datvirTva da misi transformacia mxatvrul

teqstSi

(i. gogebaSvili „iavnanam ra hqmna“?)

qarTulma erovnulma sityvierebam Semogvinaxa araerTi leqs-simRera, romelic da-

kavSirebuli iyo warmarTobis droindel RmerTebTan Tu ritualebTan. mogvianebiT, qar-

TvelTa mier qristianobis miRebasTan erTad, maT ganicades Janrobrivi Tu funqcionalu-

ri trasformacia. erTi aseTi leqs-simReraTagania warmarTobis epoqaSi nayofierebis qal-

RmerT „didi dedo nanasadmi“ miZRvnili „iavnana“. masve sakurTxevelze miarTmevdnen ias,

vardebs.

ufliscixis kompleqsSi aRmoCenilia uZvelesi qarTuli warmarTuli samlocvelo

„didi deda nanas“ samlocvelod wodebuli. d. xaxutaiSvili saintereso masalebs gvawvdis

am qalRmerTze Tavis wignSi „kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi“: pirvelyofili Temuri sazogadoebis

rRvevis umaRles safexurze, qarTul warmarTul religias naTlad gamosaxuli astraluri

xasiaTi hqonda: astralur panTeonSi gamoyofili Cans, rogorc es prof. v. bardaveliZem

Seiswavla, ufrosi da umcrosi, anu adgilobrivi RvTaebani. pirvel adgilze, „RmerTi“ id-

ga, meoreze „mzeqali“, anu „didi dedo nana“, xolo mesameze — „kviria“, anu „pirquSi“.

„didi deda nanas“ (mzeqalis) ciuri samefos Sesaxeb arsebul miTologiur Txrobebsa

da simRerebSi, romelzedac qarTuli astraluri panTeonis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli

dResaswaulia asaxuli, miwa samzeod, anu didi deda nanas sabrZanebladaa miCnuli, xolo na-

nasadmi miZRvnil zRaprebSi batonebis qveyanaa gaazrebuli, rogorc „mzis qveyana“, romlis

erT umiSvnelovanes komponentad marani da Canaxia warmodgenili (T.gogolaZe 2003:12-13).

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, „iavnana“ RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil sa-

galoblidan iqca akvnis simRerad.

warmogidgenT xalxuri „iavnanas“ erT-erT variants folklorist Teimuraz qurdo-

vaniZis wignidan:

„iavnana, vardo nana, iavnaninao,

daiZine, genacvale, iavnaninao,

jer ar gaTenebulao, iavnaninao,

varskvlavebi amosula, iavnaninao,

mTvare SeSinebulao, iavnaninao

mananoebi modian, iavnaninao,

Zili moaqvT gudiTao, iavnaninao.

amas Cems ymawvils mivutan iavnaninao,

Tvalebs gavuvseb ZiliTao, iavnaninao,

daiZine genacvale, iavnaninao,

mTvare SeSinebulao, iavnaninao“.

is sagangebo daniSnulebis simReraa da mas mxolod bavSvis daZinebisas asruleben.

„iavnanas“ umTavresi daniSnulebaa daawynaros da dasaZineblad ganawyos patara. akvnis sim-

Rerebs mravalmxrivi praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. SvilisaTvis simRera akmayofilebs qa-

lis dedobriv instiqts. deda-Svils Soris magiuri Zalis gamoxatulebaa (T. qurdovaniZe

2001: 94-95).

103

qarTuli pedagogikis didma mewinamZRvrem da mweralma iakob gogebaSvilma (1840-1912)

1890 wels gamocemul Txzulebas uwoda „iavnanam ra hqmna?“. rogorc mweralma da kargma

fsiqologma, SeZlo eCvenebina qarTvelis cnobierebaSi kodirebuli leqs-simReris „iavna-

nas“ magiuri Zala, lekebis mier motacebuli da naibTan aRzrdili, Tavis TvistomTan ga-

ucxoebuli patara qeTos qarTvel qalad qcevis saqmeSi.

sabavSvo literaturaSi moTxrobas „iavnanam ra hqmna?“ gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.

moTxrobis Tavisebureba mis wminda fsiqologizmSia. imaSi rac, „iavnanაs“ mosmenam gamoiwvia.

moTxrobis ganxilvis dros davemyareT g. TavziSvilis, n. saRiraSvilis, z. xojavasa da

l. minaSvilis mosazrebebs.

rogorc g. TavziSvili aRniSnavs, moTxroba „iavnanam ra hqmna?“ Seicavs bavSvis fsiqo-

logiuri arsis kanonzomierebis Rrma esTetikur analizs. misi mTavari personaJi qeTo rea-

luri saxea, romelic aseve realuri urTierTobisa da situaciis fonzea naCvenebi, rogorc

fsiqologiurad, ise mxatvrulad. am moTxrobiT avtoris ganzraxvaa gviCvenos bavSvis bu-

nebis cvalebadoba garemosa da garemos cvlilebebis mixedviT da musikaluri emociebis

mniSvneloba adamianis fsiqologiuri gardaqmnis saqmeSi.

qeTos adamianuri Camoyalibeba daiwyo erT socialur garemoSi. kaxeTis buneba da

xalxi zrdida mas qarTuli nacionaluri ieriTa da suliskveTebiT, magram Secvlil socia-

lursa da nacionalur pirobebSi igi sxva xalxis zne-Cveulebis qveS moeqca.

Secvlilma socialurma yofam da garemom „qarTveli qali gadaaqcia lek qalad, kaxe-

Tis Svili – daRestnis Svilad“. qeTos Camoyalibeba, rogorc adamianisa, daRestanSi ar dam-

Tavrebula, misi ganviTareba ar Sewyvetila, amitom sruliad dasaSvebia misi xelaxali gar-

daqmna rogorc socialurad, ise fsiqologiurad. asec xdeba.

qeTo TandaTan iyris naRvels da iwyebs dakvirvebas axal cxovrebaze. mas cvlileba

daetyo. qeTos TandaTan agondeboda samSoblos aremare, garemocva, gadamwyveti roli

„iavnanas“ mSobliurma hangma iTamaSa.

dedis saamurma „iavnanam“ moxibla qeTo. mas „aSkarad etyoboda saxeze aRelveba. cxadi

iyo, raRacas igonebda da verc ki moegonebina garkveviT. misi bunebis siRrmeSi didi xnis

damaluli xsovna iRviZebda, magram ver ki gamoeRviZna. gonebis Ziridan raRac sanatreli

mogoneba apirebda amoxeTqasa, magram zevidan kec-kecad awvnen sxva warmodgenani da uS-

lidnen maRla amosvlasa“ (i. gogebaSvili 1986: 425-426).

ase zusti dakvirvebiTa da simarTliT aqvs gadmocemuli iakob gogebaSvils is didi

fsiqologiuri kolizia, romelsac ganicdida qeTo awmyosa da Zvel mogonebaTa WidilSi.

TavziSvilis azriT, Tu gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas bunebis garemocvasa da im socia-

lur pirobebze, romlebmac Seamzada qeTos cnobiereba pirveli gadamwyveti mogonebisaT-

vis, marTalia gogebaSvili, roca igi fiqrobs, rom „iavnanas“ saocari musika am Semzade-

bulniadagze gadaiqca im damatebiT stimulad, romelmac gamoiwvia gadamwyveti mogonebad

deda.

pirveli mogoneba iwvevs meores, meore — mesames da ase, asociaciis kanonis mixedviT,

qeTom aRadgina Tavisi adreuli bavSvobis periodi, aRadgina igi sruliad axal fsiqologi-

ur safuZvelze.

mSobliuri garemocva, iakobis azriT, did efeqts iwvevs adamianis (bavSvis) ara marto

socialur-fsiqologiur, aramed fizikur gardaqmnaSic (g. TavziSvili 1974 : 320-322).

naTela saRiraSvili aRniSnavs, rom mTavari azri nawarmoebisa bavSobidanve Sewovili

erovnuli dvritis SegrZnebaa, rac uSualod xalxuri „iavnanas“ motivebis cxovelmyofe-

lobiTac gadmoicema. am ZiriTadi motivebis garda, sxva mraval problemebsac vxvdebiT:

patriotizms, megobrobas, sikeTis Zalas.

„bavSvi awmdgomiT cxovrobs“ – aRniSnavs mwerali — is Seuwyvetliv izrdeba. bavSvi ar

fiqrobs arc warsulze da arc momavalze, amis gamo warsulis naSTi, xsovna, mogoneba mis

104

gulsa da gonebaSi male sustdeba, mkrTaldeba da TiTqos sruliad iSleba. awmdgomi ki

sruli ZaliT moqmedebs masze da iWers warsulis adgils mTlad ganuyoflad“.

kritikul literaturaSi am adgilma yuradReba miiqcia. aq fsiqologiurad aris gax-

snili sami wlis bavSvis xasiaTi. am nawarmoebis pirveli kritikosi Teofile xuskivaZe Tavis

bibliografiul SeniSvnebSi afasebs ymawvilis am Taviseburebas da moTxrobas dadebiTad

afasebs (n. saRiraSvili 1998: 28-29).

zosime xojavas TvalsazrisiT, moTxrobis siuJeti da mTeli misi kompozicia avtors

mofiqrebuli aqvs pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, magram ZiriTadi masala,

romelsac igi am mizniT amuSavebs da mis ConCxze mTel siuJets agebs, wminda fsiqologiu-

ria, e.i adamianis gancdebi, misi fsiqikuri cxovreba da sagulisxmoa, rom moTxrobis saxel-

wodebac swored am fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT aris SerCeuli.

„fsiqologiuri sisworis“ saubrisas xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom siuJeti

SeTxzulia da ara istoriuli. saqme is ki ar aris, rom swored „iavnanas“ mosmenam SesZlo

bavSvisaTvis dakarguli mogonebebi gaeRviZebina, aramed imaSi, Tu ramdenad sworad aris

daWerili am SeTxzul ambavSi adamianis sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomiereba (z. xojava 1990:

205-206).

avtori qeTos mogonebebis dakargvas bavSvis fsiqologiiT asabuTebs. yvela asakis

bavSvs aseTi sruli „Tavdaviwyeba“ ar daemarTeboda. avtoris mier sami wlis asakis SerCeva,

saidanac qeTos lekad qceva iwyeba, fsiqologiurad damajerebeli da sworia.

ase msjelobs avtori da amis mixedviT siuJetis Sinagan fsiqologiur kanonzomiere-

bas iSviaTi damajereblobiT aviTarebs (z. xojava 1990 : 208-210).

moTxrobis mTeli Zafebi isea gabmuli, rom sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan momavali yve-

la is finalSi erT wertilSi magrdeba. es finali adamianis arsebis mTliani cvlilebaa,

kerZod qeToSi adriani bavSvobis mTliani mdgomareobis gacocxleba, rac mxolod iavnanam

SesZlo da ris xazgasmasac emsaxureba mTeli siuJetis ganviTareba (z. xojava 1990: 219).

zosime xojavas TvalsazrisiT, is, rac avtorma qeTos sulieri gardatexis mizezad

gaiTvaliswina, Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi yvelaze ufro metad ganwyobis cneba asaxavs.

ganwyoba warmoadgens mTliani pirovnebis cvlilebas, mis fsiqo-fizikur modifikaci-

as, romelsac garemos zegavlena hqmnis da romelic Tavs iCens subieqtis garkveulis mimar-

TulebiT amoqmedebis mzaobaSi.

„iavnanas“ Sorsmwvdomi gavlenis daxasiaTebiT, iakob gogebaSvilma miagno ganwyobis

did rols adamianis SemoqmedebaSi.

13 wlis qeTo imitom ki ar igonebs adrindel bavSvobas, rom mis nerviul centrebSi sa-

Tanado calkeuli kvalis aqtualizacia xdeba, aramed imitom, rom mSobliuri hangebis mos-

mena aRviZebs, xelaxla iwvevs masSi pirvandel mTlian mdgomareobas, rogorc sakuTar Zal-

Ta garkveuli mimarTulebiT amoqmedebis ganwyobas, ris safuZvelzec Semdeg mogonebis

konkretuli gancdebic Cndebian.

pirovneba aris calkeul gancdaTa jami. yovel momentSi Tavisi cxovrebisa igi gan-

wyobis matarebelia, ganwyobis, romelic misi arsebis moduss niSnavs da romelic Sesaferi-

sad gansazRvravs TviT am gancdaTa warmoSoba-mimdinareobas.

aseT daxasiaTebas iRebs iakob gogebaSvilis fsiqologiuri koncefcia misi moTxro-

bis mixedviT fsiqologiur mimarTulebebs Soris. es koncefcia arcerT maTgans ise ar uax-

lovdeba, rogorc ganwyobis fsiqologiur Teorias da Tu es maRali etapia fsiqologiuri

azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, maSin Cveni avtoric gacilebiT maRla dgas Tavisi kon-

cefciiT misi drois im pedagogebze, romlebic Tavian pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi mxolod

elementuri fsiqologiis principebze idgnen (z. xojava 1990: 221-224).

rogorc lado minaSvili aRniSnavs, moTxroba yvela TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia.

mkiTxvels xiblavs avtoriseuli uCveulo grZnoba siuJetisa, ambis Txrobis ostatoba, ara

105

marto dramatizmi, aramed moTxrobaSi Seqmnili viTarebis tragizmi. iakob gogebaSvilma

SesaniSnavad icis adamianis sazogadod, kerZod, bavSvis samyaro, sulis yoveli moZraoba,

romlis Semoqmedebis mTavari niSani simarTle da gulwrfelobaa.

mwerali gviCvenebs misi gmirebis gancdebs garegamotanili qcevebiT, moqmedebebiT,

personaJebis saxeze aRbeWdili grZnobebis aRweriT, xSirad mwerali grZnobaTa dasaxasia-

Teblad mimarTavs gaSlil Sedarebebs.

„ymawvili qali ded-mamas xelidan ecleboda, uavadmyofod, dneboda da sikvdilamde

patara nawili edo“. am momentSi mwerali erT saintereso fsiqologiur detals imarjvebs,

riTac TvalnaTliv gamokveTs calk-calke mamisa da dedis xasiaTebs, maTi dramis niuan-

sebs: mama, Svilis tanjvis Semxedvare, ambobs: „ara me veRar vucqeri am bavSvis amden tanjvas

da wvalebas, Tu ramdensame dRis ganmavlobaSi piri Cvensken ar ibruna, Sevsvam cxenze da Ce-

mis xeliT avuyvan naibsa da imis colsa. etyoba Rirseuli adamianebi yofilan, rom agre Se-

uyvarebiaT Tavi Cemi RviZli SvilisaTvis, – uTxra zurabma Tavis cols, magdansa, xolo mag-

dani ese advilad ar dasTmobda qeTosa da mzad iyo isev Tavis axlo daemarxa Tavisi erTa-

derTi Svili, vidre gaegzavna xelmeored da samudamod daRestanSi“ (i. gogebaSvili 1986:

424-425).

utyuari fsiqologiuri detalia.

mweralma xelSesaxebad, TvalsaCinod warmoudgina mkiTxvels sulSi mimdinare proce-

sebi Tavis yvelaze mZafr, dramatul momentSi da isic garkveviT gviTxra, rom adamianis su-

lis siRrmeSi yvelaze mZafrad, Rrmad musika, simRera iWreba da misi xsovnac yvelaze Rrmaa

da mZlavri (l. minaSvili: 315-318).

amdenad, iakob gogebaSvilis mier literaturaTmcodneobaSi gaweuli Rvawlis erT-

erTi nimuSTagania „iavnanam ra hqmna?“, romelSic avtorma aCvena eris genetikuri kodis ga-

movlinebaTaganis simRera, roli mozardSi erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZebis gzaze.


1. gogolaZe 2003: T. gogolaZe: „qarTuli satrfialo lirikis istoriisaTvis“, Tsu, Tbilisi,

2003.

2. qurdovaniZe 2001: T.qurdovaniZe, „qarTuli folklori“, „merani“, Tbilisi, 2001.

3. TavziSvili 1974: g. TavziSvili, „qarTuli literaturis istoria“, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“,

Tbilisi, 1974.

4. saRiraSvili 1998: n. saRiraSvili, „qarTuli sabavSvo mwerloba“, XIX s, 1998.

5. xojava 1989: z. xojava, „iakobis samreklo“, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1989.

6. gogebaSvili 1986: i. gogebaSvili, „saganZuri“, „ganaTleba“, Tbilisi, 1986.

7. minaSvili: 2013: l. minaSvili, i. evgeniZe, „qarTuli literatura“, „saqarTvelos macne“.

Tbilisi, 2013.

106

humanitaruli mecnierebani: skandinavistika

cotne cicxvaia, sofiko qsovreli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria

antimonarqisti jariskacis gza SvedeTis mefobamde – karl XIV iuhani

SvedeTSi monarqiul mmarTvelobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. pirveli Svedi mefis xse-

nebis wyarod tacitiusis naSromi „germania“ miiCneva, rac ax.w. 100 w. ganekuTvneba. Tumca,

imis gamo, rom arsebuli wyaroebi naklebad sarwmuno da xSirad urTierTgamomricxavia, Sve-

di mefeebis CamonaTvali me-10 saukuneSi mcxovrebi mefe olaf skentonugiTa da eriki gamar-

jvebuliT, misi mamiT iwyeba. iTvleba, rom isini pirveli mefeebi iyvnen, romelTac qristia-

noba miiRes. am periodidan dRemde moyolebuli SvedeTs mravali mefe hyavda, magram Cven

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas bernadotebis samefo dinastiis pirvel mefeze SevaCerebT.

bernadotebi 1818 wlidan marTaven SvedeTs, 1818-1905 ww-Si norvegiis samefosac amav-

droulad, dRes ki evropis sxva monarqTa msgavsad simboluri funqcia aqvT da qveynis mar-

TvaSi naklebad monawileoben. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am samefo xazi arseboba saf-

rangeTis 1789-1799 wlebis revoluciis damsaxurebaa.

bernadotebis samefo dinastiis pirveli mefe karl XIV iuhani arc samefo ojaxis war-

momadgeneli yofila da arc Svedi gaxldaT erovnebiT. metic, Tavisi cxovrebis didi nawi-

li swored mefeebTan da monarqistuli ideologiis winaaRmdeg brZolas miuZRvna. Jan ba-

tist bernadoti daibada safrangeTSi, ubralo iuristis ojaxSi. ojaxis mZime materialuri

mdgomareobis gamo 1780 wels 17 wlisa Cairicxa armiaSi da erT welze meti gaatara kunZul

korsikaze, napoleon bonapartis mSobliur qalaqSi. man, rogorc mamacma jariskacma da

kargma mofarikavem, yvelas keTilganwyobis moipoveba SeZlo. 1785 wlisTvis ukve serJanti

gaxda, magram am periodis safrangeTSi ufro maRal wodebas ver miaRwevda, vinaidan aris-

tokratiuli warmoSobis ar iyo. safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi ki Tavisi mxedar-

TmTavruli niWisa da gonierebis wyalobiT dawinaurda da 1799 wels safrangeTis samxedro

ministri gaxda, 1804 wels safrangeTis marSali, 1806-1810 wlebSi ki napoleonma mas centra-

lur italiaSi mis mierve daarsebuli pontekovos mmarTvelis tituli uboZa.

napoleonis Zalaufleba da gavlenis sferoebi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda da impera-

tori xSirad Tavis naTesavebs amefebda rig maSindel evropul saxelmwifoebSi. am period-

Si ki, 1809 wlisTvis SvedeTSi mefe daamxes, vinaidan misiT ukmayofilo iyvnen1808-1809 ww-e-

bis ruseT-SvedeTis omSi ruseTis mier fineTis misakuTrebis faqtiT. mefed uZeo da moxu-

ci — 61 wlis karl XIII airCies, romelmac SvedeTis sagareo kursi mTlianad Secvala. axali

mefis politikis mizani iyo evropis uZlieres imperiasTan, safrangeTTan megobruli ur-

TierTobis qona, nacvlad masTan qiSpobisa. amitomac, karlma safrangeTis mokavSire qvey-

nis, daniis princi — qristian avgusti gamoacxada Tavis memkvidred. magram princi SvedeTSi

Casvlidan mokle droSi gardaicvala. qristianis gardacvalebam rTul situaciaSi Caagdo

SvedeTi da didgvarovnebma mefesTan TanxmobiT gadawyvites taxti gardacvlili ZmisTvis

SeeTavazebinaT da raTa napoleonis Tanxmobac mieRoT, elCebi gagzavnes safrangeTSi. erT-

erTi elCTagani, grafi oto meroneri fiqrobda, rom potenciur princs, romelsac safran-

geTis mimarT didi simpaTiebi gaaCnda, SesaZloa axali omi wamoewyo ruseTTan, amitomac,

Tavisi mefisgan farulad sxva kandidaturis Zebna daiwyo. sabolood man bernadotze SeaCe-

107

ra arCevani, adamianze, romelic napoleonis marSlebs Soris napoleonTan urCobiT, moxer-

xebulobiTa da niWierebiT gamoirCeoda, aseve gaaCnda garkveuli gavlena da Zalaufleba

da misi pirovneba yvelasTvis iyo cnobili. marTalia amis gamo mogvianebiT samSobloSi

dabrunebuli grafi daapatimres kidevac, Tumca karl XIII mier mowveulma saxelmwifo sab-

Wom, erTsulovnad gadawyvita gvirgvini napoleonis marSalisTvis SeeTavazebina, im piro-

biT, Tuki bernadoti luTeranobas miiRebda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bernadoti mefed airCi-

es erTis mxriv, imitom, rom Svedebis didi nawili, xedavda ra evropaSi Seqmnil daZabul sa-

omar viTarebas, aseve SvedeTis ruseTTan garTulebul urTierTobas da misgan momaval

safrTxes, surdaT mefed yholodaT samxedro gamocdilebis mqone Wkviani politikosi da

diplomati adamiani da meores mxriv ki, Svedebs bernadoti moswondaT, misi gulmowyalebis

gamo, vinaidan is kargad eqceoda tyveebs, rac Tavis Tavze gamocdili hqondaT Sved jaris-

kacebs lubekSi tyveobisas. aseve bernadotis erT-erTi upiratesoba is iyo, rom mas ukve

hyavda vaJi, rac gamoricxavda taxtis pretendentis gareSe darCenas, im SemTxvevaSi Tu

bernadotis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqreboda.

Znelia vimsjeloT napoleonis damokidebulebaze bernadotis mefis kandidaturad

wamoyenebis Sesaxeb. rogorc viciT, pirvelad napoleonma amis Sesaxeb Tavad bernadotisgan

Seityo. faqtia, rom igi gaocebuli darCa, vinaidan Svedi elCebi oficialur kandidatad

frederik qristian II-s, holStain-avgustburgis hercogs asaxlebdnen. napoleons oficia-

lurad Tanxmoba ar miucia bernadotisTvis, magram arc winaaRmdegi yofila. savaraudod,

igi bernadots mokavSired Tvlida da verasodes warmoidgenda rom frangi erovnebis mefe

Tavisi qveynis winaaRmdeg wavidoda.

1810 wels napoleonma igi gaaTavisufla samxedro samsaxuridan da bernadoti, ukve ki

karl XIV iuhan regenti gaxda, faqtobrivad ki — SvedeTis mmarTveli. napoleonma misi re-

gentad gaxdomidan mokle droSi, mosTxova SvedeTs monawileoba mieRo inglisis winaaR-

mdeg omsa da misi kontinentur blokadaSi moqcevisTvis. Tavdapirvelad SvedeTi daTan-

xmda am moTxovnas, Tumca realurad arasodes gaulaSqria inglisis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan

msgavsi pirobis Sesruleba SvedeTis ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda da maleve, 1812

wlisTvis daarRvia blokada, rac safrangeTis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas niSnavda. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom am gadawyvetilebiT karl XIV iuhanma wina mefis msgavsad SvedeTis sagareo po-

litika kidev erTxel Secvala. am gadawyvetilebasTan erTad, SvedeTma aseve uari Tqva ru-

seTTan saukunovan dapirispirebaze, sabolood aRiara rom fineTi dakarguli iyo, vinai-

dan, erTi mxriv, qveyanas ar gaaCnda sakmarisi saxsrebi axali omis wamosawyebad da, meore

mxriv, imitomac, rom Tavad finelebi ar iyvnen SvedeTTan mierTebis mosurne. axalma mefem

am danakargis nacvlad gadawyvita norvegiis samefo mieerTebina, romelsac im droisTvis

dania marTavda da is cdilobda daerwmunebina Tavisi Tanamemamuleebi norvegiis dapyro-

bis upiratesobaSi fineTTan SedarebiT. karl XIV iuhanis qmedebebidan aseve aRsaniSnavia

saidumlo policiis daarseba, romelsac unda daecva samefo xelisufleba taxtidan Camog-

debisgan da aseve qveynis ekonomikis stabilizaciisTvis sabanko sistemis gaumjobeseba, ra-

mac daawesa SezRudvebi importze, daicva qveyana inflaciisgan da daabalansa sagareo va-

lebi. qveynis ekonomikur sistemaSi gadadgmulma nabijebma Sedegic maleve gamoiRo, maga-

liTad sagareo valebi 11 milioni riksdaleridan Camovida 4 milionamde da moagvara qveya-

naSi arsebuli finansuri krizisi. aseve, evropaSi arsebuli imperiuli saxelmwifoebisgan

momavali safrTxisa da saomari moqmedebebisgan Seqmnili garTulebuli mdgomareobis ga-

mo, SvedeTis armiis brZolisunarianobis asamaRleblad gatarda garkveuli qmedebebi. ma-

galiTad, gaizarda erovnuli armiis dasafinanseblad gamoyofili Tanxebi da Seiqmna wve-

vamdelTa armia. aseve moxda kontrolis daweseba presis TavisuflebisTvis, raTa ar gamo-

cemuliyo iseTi Jurnal-gazeTebi, romlebic qveynis oficialur politikas gaakritikeb-

108

dnen an maTi saWiroebasa Tu avkargianobaSi eWvs Seitandnen. karl XIV iuhanis am nabijebs

„1812 wlis politikis“ saxeliT icnoben.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad karl XIV iuhanma scada napoleonisgan mieRo daxma-

reba norvegiis misaerTeblad, magram safrangeTi sulac ar apirebda SvedeTis SemoTavaze-

baze daTanxmebas da daniis saxiT mokavSiris dakargvas. mas Semdeg rac safrangeTma Svede-

Tis kuTvnili pomerania daipyro pasuxis sanacvlod da kidev ufro miaxlovda ruseTis

sazRvrebs, karl XIV iuhanisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom napoleoni oms amzadebda ruseTis wina-

aRmdeg da gadawyvita axali molaparakebebi wamoewyo, amjerad ruseTTan. amboben ruseTis

mefe aleqsandre pirveli imdenad SeZrwunebuli iyo napoleonis warmatebebiTa da misi ru-

seTis teritoriebTan miaxloebiT rom, karl XIV iuhanTan Sexvedrisas, smenoda ra misi mar-

Slobis periodSi miRweuli warmatebebisa, gadawyvita napoleonis yofili marSlisgan rCe-

vebi da daxmareba sasargeblo iqneboda da bolos, karl iuhans ruseTis armiis meTaurobac

SesTavazao. aseve ruseTi iRebda valdebulebas bernadotis samefo dinastiis dacvisa da

legitimizaciis Sesruleba uzrunveleyo momavalSi. karl XIV iuhanma, mas Semdeg rac ruse-

Tis imperatorisgan miiRo piroba, daxmareboda norvegiis dapyrobaSi, daTanxmda gamxdari-

yo ruseTisa da inglisis mokavSire da 1813 wlisTvis SeuerTda koalicias napolonis wina-

aRmdeg.

unda aRiniSnos, rom inglisisa da ruseTis meTaurebi mainc yoymanobdnen SvedeTis-

Tvis daeTmoT norvegia, vinaidan isini daniasTan awarmoebdnen molaparakebebs, magram es

molaparakebebi CaiSala, erTi mxriv karl XIV iuhanis qmedebebis gamo, radgan man moaxerxa

daniasTan SedarebiT SvedeTis upiratesobebi warmoeCina antinapoleonuri koaliciisTvis

da meore mxriv ki imitom, rom Tavad dania ambobda uars maTTan mokavSireobaze.

karl XIV iuhanma 1813—1814 ww-Si SvedeTis armiiT Tanamemamuleebis winaaRmdeg gaib-

rZola meeqvse antinapoleonur koaliciaSi da didi wvlili Seitana imperatoris damarcxe-

baSi. marTalia SvedeTis armias bolos, laifcigTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi aqtiuri monawi-

leoba ar miuRia, brZolis velze dagvianebiT misvlis gamo, magram, miuxedavad amisa, karl

XIV iuhans mainc mouxda mis ramdenime TanamebrZols, kerZod ki napoleonis marSlebs — mi-

Sel neisa da Sarl-nikola udinos SebrZoleboda da daamarcxa kidec isini. aseve man daar-

wmuna saqsoniis samefo, koaliciis mxare daeWira. laifcigTan brZolis Semdeg karl XIV iu-

hanma daniis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra, aiZula igi norvegia daeTmo SvedeTisTvis da es qmedeba

sabolood kilis samSvidobo xelSekrulebebisas daadastura. aseve, amave xelSekrulebiT

ganisazRvra, rom danias pomeraniis teritoria mieRo norvegiis sanacvlod.

Tumca norvegielebi sulac ar apirebdnen kilis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis Sesrule-

bas, da damoukidebel saxelmwifod arseboba surdaT. maT ukve hqondaT konstitucia da sa-

parlamento mmarTvelobis SemoRebac surdaT, amitomac gadawyvites SvedeTisgan Tavi

omiT daecvaT. marTalia omma mxolod or kviras gastana, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

igi didi politikuri mniSvnelobis gamodga, vinaidan aman aCvena, rom mxareebs molaparake-

ba ukeT gamosdiodaT, vidre sisxlismRvreli omi. orkvirian brZolebSi norvegia damar-

cxda, Tumca SvedeTs mainc mouxda garkveul daTmobebze wasvla mis misaerTeblad. kerZod,

marTalia, mefe unda gadamdgariyo, magram norvegia SeinarCunebda avtonomias — mas eqnebo-

da sakuTari konstitucia da parlamenti. amgvarad, es gaerTianeba formaluri iyo. Svede-

Tis msgavs daTmobaze wasvla, savaraudod, ganpirobebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom axali brZola

da konfliqti gamoiwvevda uTanxmoebebsa da daZabulobas da am or qveyanas Soris samomav-

lo urTierTobebze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda, da aseve, is faqtic, rom omis warmoeba orive

qveynis ekonomikas mZimed daawveboda. sabolood, es yvelaferi maT winaaRmdegobis unarze

uaryofiTad imoqmedebda da isini SesaZloa advili sakbilo gamxdariyvnen romelime evro-

puli imperiuli saxelmwifos Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, karl XIV iuhani venis samSvido-

bo kongresze unda warmdgariyo axlo momavalSi, sadac didi evropuli qveynebi evropaSi

109

mSvidobis dacvasa da usafrTxoebaze isaubrebdnen, amgvarad mas surda civilur da mSvi-

dobian mefed warmdgariyo maT winaSe. unda aRiniSnos, rom am omTan dakavSirebiT uTanxmo-

eba iyo Tavad norvegielebs Soris. trondelagsa da dasavleT norvegiaSi surdaT bolomde

gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba, xolo aRmosavleTis mcxovreblebi sulac ar iyvnen omis momxre da

zogma norvegielma uaric ki Tqva masSi monawileobaze. zogi istorikosis azriT, norvegiis

mier am omis gamocxadeba erTgvari xriki iyo, raTa Semdgom SvedeTisgan kargi pirobebi da

ufro farTo avtonomia mieRo. Tumca, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo sinamdvileSi, erTi ram

cxadia — 1818 wlisTvis SvedeTis moxuci mefe karl XIII gardaicvala da bernadoti sabolo-

od gaxda mefe SvedeTisa, rogorc karl XIV iuhani da mefe norvegiisa, rogorc karl III.

dasasruls, aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom bernadotis, aw ukve ki karl XIV iuhanis

cxovrebaze aranakleb saintereso misi gardacvalebis erTi momenti gamodga. rogorc cno-

bilia, igi 1844 wels gardaicvala. rsebobs Tqmuleba rom rom karl XIV iuhans gardacvale-

bisas xelze upoves tatu frangul enaze. erTi versiiT es iyo Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsti —

„sikvdili mefes“ xolo meores Tanaxmad ki — „gaumarjos respublikas“. rac imiT aixsneba

rom Jan bernadoti axalgazrdobis periodSi safrangeTis revoluciis aqtiuri monawile

iyo da kariera ubralo jariskacobiT daiwyo. amgvarad, misTvis monarqiuli xelisufleba

miuRebeli iyo, magram bedi bernadotis sapirispiro rames umzadebda da wlebis Semdeg er-

Ti rigiTi jariskaci, romelic monarqiis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda jer safrangeTis sagareo mi-

nistri gaxda, Semdeg, im droindeli evropis uZlieresi imperatoris erT-erTi marSali, bo-

los ki Tavad gaxda monarqi da dasabami daudo samefo dinastias, romelic taxts dRemde

inarCunebs.


1. http://www.swedishchamber.ee/efocus/read/31

2. www.behindthename.com/namesakes/list/swedish-rulers/chrono

3. http://www.norgeshistorie.no

4. http://www.thelocal.se/20100423/26250

5. http://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/bernadotte/

6. http://www.faktoider.nu/bernadotte.html

7. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XIV-John

110

mariam mania ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria

fritiof nanseni da tur heirdali – maTi saqarTveloSi

mogzaurobis Sesaxeb

norvegia mravalmxriv gamorCeuli qveyanaa. misi istoria uamravi mniSvnelovani, sain-

tereso da sxvadasxva dargSi moRvawe gansakuTrebuli adamianebiTa Tu movlenebiTaa dat-

virTuli. Sesabamisad, msoflio istoria am Soreul skandinaviur qveyanas kargad icnobs.

Tumca, rac Seexeba saqarTvelo-norvegiis istoriul urTierTobas, es Tema naklebad aris

Seswavlili miuxedavad araerTi dadasturebuli saintereso faqtisa, romelTaganac erT-

erTi am statiis mTavar Temas warmoadgens. yvelasTvis cnobilia gamoCenili norvegieli

mogzaurebis, fritiof nansenisa da tur heirdalis, damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe. sa-

qarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mixedviT, geografia skolebSi savaldebulo sagania. geog-

rafiis araerTi wigni arsebobs da yvela maTganis erT-erT mTavar Temas swored norvegie-

li mogzaurebi warmoadgenen. bavSvebi ecnobian fritiof nansenisa da tur heirdalis aR-

moCenebs, Tumca informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom es orive didi moRvawe saqarTveloSi imyofe-

boda, maTTvis absoluturad ucnob faqtad rCeba, radgan gakveTilis danarTSic ki ar aris

miTiTeba amis Sesaxeb. gamomdinare aqedan, miCqmaluli istoriuli warsuli miCqmaluladve

rCeba da misi gamokvleviT aravin interesdeba.

meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamosuli iseTi gazeTebis, rogorebicaa „komunis-

ti“da „axalgazrda komunisti“, araerTi rubrika norvegiasa da norvegielebs eZRvneba. am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Cemi interesis sferos konkretulad fritiof nansenisa da tur

heirdalis saqarTveloSi viziti warmoadgens. sanam uSualod maT saqarTveloSi stumrobas

da mis mniSvnelobas SevexebodeT, mimovixiloT am didi mogzaurebis biografia.

gamoCenili mogzauri, zoologi, politikuri moRvawe, filantropi, mSvidobis dargSi

nobelis premiis laureati, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben xolme da axali mecnierebis

dfizikuri okeanografiis damaarsebeli fritiof nanseni daibada 1861 wlis 10 oqtombers,

maSindel qristianiasTan axlos mdebare sture-frionis mamulSi, romelic mamamiss - sa-

xelganTqmul advokat valdur nansens ekuTvnoda. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg man muSoba

bergenis sabunebismetyvelo muzeumSi daiwyo zoologiis ganxriT. 1888 wels ki moawyo eq-

spedicia grelandiaSi, ris Semdegac gamoaqveyna Sromebi „eskimosTa cxovreba“ da „Txila-

murebiT grelandiaze gavliT“. grelandiis eqspediciis Sedegebi imdenad mniSvnelovani

iyo, rom londonis geografiulma sazogadoebam oqros medliT daajildova, xolo safran-

geTis mecnierebaTa akademiam sapatio wevrad airCia. eqspediciidan ramdenime welSi nansen-

ma wamoayena gemiT CrdiloeT polusamde miRwevis proeqti da man amisTvis sakmaod aqtiuri

muSaoba daiwyo. Tumca, es idea cota ar iyo paradoqsulad da „TviTmklelobis SesaniSnav

gegmad“ Seracxes rogorc norvegiis, ise britaneTis akademiurma sazogadoebebma. Tumca,

nansenma far-xmali ar dayara da daaxloebiT naxevari milioni kroni Seagrova eqspediciis-

Tvis. 1893 wels, misma specialurad aRWurvilma gemma „fram“ (rac niSnavs „win“) norvegia

datova. cxadia, mogzauroba Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda. faqtobrivad, gemiT gzis gagrZeleba

SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom, 1895 wels fritiof nansenma da hialmar iohanesenma Txilamurebi-

Ta da marxilebiT gadawyvites eqspediciis gagrZeleba. erTi Tvis Semdeg, maT Crdilo gane-

dis 85 gradussa da 39 wuTs miaRwies, aRniSnuli koordinatisTvis manamde aravis miuRwevia.

Tumca, nansenma polusamde darCenili 370 kilometris gadalaxva ver SeZlo da eqspedicia

111

ukan, norvegiaSi dabrunda. nansenis am eqspedicias mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi mohyva aramar-

to geografiaSi, aramed zoologiaSi, astronomiaSi, biologiaSi, okeanologiaSi da sxva

disciplinebSi. 1917-1918 wlebSi fritio nanseni politikur asparezze gvevlineba. is iniS-

neba norvegiis sagangebo sruluflebian elCad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am etapidan

ki is saqarTvelos istoriisTvisac umniSvnelovanes figuras warmoadgens. is adamiani, ro-

melic 1920 wlis erTa ligis sxdomaze mxars saqarTvelos uWerda da ufro metic, Zalian

cdilobda Cveni samSoblo erTa ligaSi mieRoT, swored fritiof nanseni gaxldaT. gazeT

„komunistis“ cnobiT, is 1925 wels qalaq baTums estumra. man moinaxula botanikuri baRi da

Semdeg TbilisSi gaemgzavra. is gansakuTrebiT moixibla jvris monastriT da lermontovis

„mwirSi“ aRweril monasters Seadara. garda amisa, didad dainteresebula da saintereso

rCevebi miucia saqarTvelos sairigacio sistemebis Sesaxeb. cxadia yvela es faqti sabWoTa

realobasaa morgebuli, magaliTad aviRoT gazeT „komunistis“ mixedviT warmoTqmuli misi

citata „morwyva yvelaze metad saWiroa, radgan is ganamtkicebs socializmze gardasvlas“,

Tumca es istoriuli sinamdvilis aRdgenas xels ar uSlis, miTumetes, rom wyaro ZiriTa-

dad faqtobrivi mniSvnelobisaa. fritiof nanseni xuTi dRe imyofeboda saqarTveloSi. un-

da aRiniSnos, rom oslos universitets mis mier saqarTveloSi Segrovili masala calke

saqmed hqonda gamoyofili. masze ekuTvnis wigni „kavkasiidan volgisken“.

rac Seexeba tur heirdals, kidev erT didebul norvegiels, is gaxldaT rogorc ge-

ografi, ise mwerali, mogzauri, eTnografi da zoologi. is daibada 1914 wlis 6 oqtombers,

qalaq larvikSi ludis mewarmis ojaxSi. igi intensiurad swavlobda kulturuli memkvid-

reobisa da transokeanuri migraciebis SesaZleblobas axal da Zvel samyaros Soris. igi

gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg, rac tiviT „kon-tiki“ gadacura wynari okeane pe-

rudan arqipelag tuamotumde. mogzaurobis mTavar mizans imis dadastureba warmoadgenda,

rom SeiZleboda polineziis kunZulebze Tavdapirvelad amerikidan mosulebi dasaxlebu-

liyvnen. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia ki 1955-1956 wlebSi moawyo aRdgomis kunZu-

lebze. dRemde, am kunZulze aRmoCenili qandakebebi aqtualobas ar kargaven, xolo eqspe-

diciis Semdgom gamoqveynebuli misi wigni „aku-aku“ bestselerad iqca. 1979-1980 wlebSi ki

heirdalma kidev erTi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia moawyo navebiT „ra“ da „ra 2“. rogorc Cans,

„komunistisTvis“ da „axalgazrda komunistisTvis“ es eqspedicia friad mniSvnelovani iyo.

kerZod, eqspediciaSi monawile rus eqims, iuri senkeviCs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, heirdali Cven

mxolod ruseTis gavliT ar gvikavSirdeba, es didi mecnieri uSualod ewvia saqarTvelos

da ufro metic, Cvens saxelmwifo universitets. man universitetSi waikiTxa leqcia gala-

pagosisa da aRdgomis kunZulebis eqspediciebis Sesaxeb. rogorc aRniSna, saqarTveloze

manamde bevri ram hqonda wakiTxuli, magram uSualod nanaxma da gancdilma, hamsunisa ar

iyos, misTvisac molodins gadaaWarba. nansenis msgavsad, gansakuTrebiT moixibla qalaq

mcxeTiT da, zogadad, saqarTvelos eTnografiul masalaTa simdidriT.

rac Seexeba tur heirdals, kidev erT didebul norvegiels, is gaxldaT rogorc ge-

ografi, ise mwerali, mogzauri, eTnografi da zoologi. is daibada 1914 wlis 6 oqtombers,

qalaq larvikSi ludis mewarmis ojaxSi. igi intensiurad swavlobda kulturuli memkvid-

reobisa da transokeanuri migraciebis SesaZleblobas axal da Zvel samyaros Soris. igi

gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg, rac tiviT „kon-tiki“ gadacura wynari okeane pe-

rudan arqipelag tuamotumde. mogzaurobis mTavar mizans imis dadastureba warmoadgenda,

rom SeiZleboda polineziis kunZulebze Tavdapirvelad amerikidan mosulebi dasaxlebu-

liyvnen. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia ki 1955-1956 wlebSi moawyo aRdgomis kunZu-

lebze. dRemde, am kunZulze aRmoCenili qandakebebi aqtualobas ar kargaven, xolo eqspe-

diciis Semdgom gamoqveynebuli misi wigni „aku-aku“ bestselerad iqca.

1979-1980 wlebSi ki heirdalma kidev erTi mniSvnelovani eqspedicia moawyo navebiT

~ra~ da ~ra 2~. ~pirveli navi dafuZnebuli iyo Zvel egviptur naxatebsa da maketebze da ewo-

112

deboda „ra“, romelic papirusis lerwamisagan iyo aSenebuli, Cadis tbis navTa mSeneblebis

mier, romlebsac masala eTiopiidan, kerZod ki tanis tbidan hqondaT wamoRebuli. movlene-

bis mixedviT, ramdenime kviraSi „ra“ konstruqciuli naklebobis gamo moiRuna, wyalSi Cai-

Zira da sabolood nawilebad gadatyda. ekipaJis gundi iZulebuli gaxda navi daetovebina,

momdevno wels navi „ra“ Seicvala „ra II“-iT, romelic Tavis mxriv, titikakas tbis mSeneble-

bis mier iyo aSenebuli. „ra“-sgan gansxvavebiT „ra II“ bevrad warmatebuli navi aRmoCnda,

ekipaJma svla marokodan daiwyo da warmatebiT miaRwia barbadoss. am geziT „ra II“-is ekipaJ-

ma moaxdina demonstrireba imisa, rom Zveli zRvaosnebi SesaZloa axorcielebdnen kanaris

dinebis gavliT transatlantikur reisebs. eqspediciam moaxerxa da aiRo zRvis dabinZure-

bis nimuSebi da gaeros winaSe moxsenebiT gamovida“. rogorc Cans, „komunistisTvis“ da

„axalgazrda komunistisTvis“ es eqspedicia friad mniSvnelovani iyo, rac konkretulad

eqspediciaSi monawile rus eqims, iuri senkeviCs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, heirdali saqarTve-

los mxolod mis gamo ar ukavSirdeba. es didi mecnieri uSualod ewvia saqarTvelos da uf-

ro metic, Cvens saxelmwifo universitets. man universitetSi waikiTxa leqcia galapagosi-

sa da aRdgomis kunZulebis eqspediciebis Sesaxeb. rogorc man aRniSna, saqarTveloze bevri

ram hqonda manamde wakiTxuli, magrad uSualod nanaxma da gancdilma, hamsunisa ar iyos,

misTvisac molodins gadaaWarba. nansenis msgavsad, gansakuTrebiT moixibla qalaq mcxeTiT

da zogadad saqarTvelos eTnografiul masalaTa simdidriT.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fritiof nansenica da tur heirdalic mniSvnelo-

vani istoriuli figurebi arian TavianT mecnieruli Tu aramecnieruli warsuliT. vfiq-

rob, saamayoc aris is faqti, rom aseTi rangis sazogado moRvaweebi saqarTvelos estum-

rnen da amiT saerTaSoriso asparezze saqarTvelos dawinaurebas Seuwyves xeli, es ki gansa-

kuTrebiT fritiof nansens exeba.

113

nino soselia, mari xoWolava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvanelebi: profesori kaxaber loria, Tamar kviJinaZe

„norvegiis mosaxleobis struqtura da Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“

qveynis zogadi daxasiaTeba

norvegia, oficialurad norvegiis samefo (ongeriket orge — buqmolze, ongeriket o-

reg – ninorSkze), suverenuli, unitaruli saxelmwifoa, sadac saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

forma aris konstituciuri monarqia. norvegia mdebareobs CrdiloeT evropaSi da moicavs

skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT nawils, kunZul ian maiensa da svalbardis (Spic-

bergenis) arqipelags.

qveynis dedaqalaqi 1299 wlidan aris oslo ( 1624-1925 wlebSi wlebSi ewodeboda kris-

tiania), romelic, amavdroulad, qveynis udides qalaqsac warmoadgens.

oficialuri saxelmwifo enebia norvegiuli (buqmoli da ninorSki ) da sami (9 munici-

palitetSi).qvenis saerTo farTobia 323,802 km2, aqedan xmeleTze modis 304,282 km2, xolo

wyalze 19,520 km2. mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgens 5,207,689 mln kacs (2015 wlis Sefase-

biT). mSp erT sul mosaxleze aris $68,400 (2015 wlis monacemebiT).

norvegia aris ramdenime saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia

gaero (UN), nato (NATO) (natos TanadamfuZnebeli saxelmwifo) da evropis ekonomikuri

zona (EEA), (qveyanam uari ganacxada evrokavSiris wevrobaze, Tumca is aris evropis ekono-

mikuri zonis (EEA) wevri). qveyana Sedis Sengenis wevr qveyanaTa ricxvSi.

norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis Sefaseba

norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis Sefasebisas araerTi istoriuli Tu

socialuri faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli, maT Sorisaa: sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, Sobado-

ba, SromiTi migraciebi, konfliqturi situaciebi, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri procesebi

da mravali sxva. norvegiaSi bunebriv moZraobaze didi zegavlena iqonia industrializaci-

is procesebis dawyebam, am periodSi aSenda fabrika-qarxnebi da gaCnda meti samuSao adgili

qalaqSi da soflis Raribi mosaxleoba, romelTac arc samuSao hqondaT da arc sakuTari

miwa-wyali, miawyda qalaqs. dRes, norvegias aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze maRali Sobadobis maC-

venebeli evropaSi. me-19 saukuneSi norvegieli qalebi saSualod aCendnen 4,6 bavSvs. am pe-

riodSi ar iyos gasakviri 10 bavSvis yolac. mogvianebiT es maCvenebeli mkveTrad Semcirda

da 1960 wlisTvis iyo 2,7, xolo 1980 wlisTvis ki, 1,6, Tumca dRes es maCvenebeli gazrdilia

1,9-mde.

Cemi azriT, aRniSnuli procesebi gamowveuli unda iyos industrializaciis proces-

Si qalaqSi mosaxleobis raodenobis mkveTri zrdiT. mogexsenebaT, rom XX saukunis pirve-

li naxevridan norvegiis qalaqebSi daiwyo axali sawarmoebis gaxsna, rasac mohyva soflad

mcxovrebi Raribi mosaxleobis gadasvla qalaqad, swored urbanizaciuli procesebi unda

gamxdariyo mizezi 1960 wlisTvis Sobadobis maCveneblis mkveTri Semcirebisa. Semdgomi

Semcireba unda ukavSirdebodes 1990-ian wlebs, perods, roca mTeli ganviTarebuli samya-

ro moicva „demografiulma krizisma“ da Sobadobis donis maCvenebelma 10%-ze naklebi Se-

adgina, xolo, rac Seexeba dRevandel monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac SeiniSneba Sobadobis

maCveneblis mcire zrda, norvegiis statistikis biuros monacemebze dayrdnobiT, vvarau-

dobT, rom es zrda xdeba ara adgilobrivi, norvegieli mosaxleobis Sobadobis zrdis ga-

mo, aramed imigrantebisTvis ase damaxasiaTebeli maRali Sobadobis xarjze.

114

dRevandeli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT norvegia Tavdapirvelad ar iyo cnobili, ro-

gorc imigraciis qveyana, masSi SeiniSneboda emigraciuli nakadebis siWarbe. 1825-1945

wlebSi daaxloebiT 850 aTasi norvegieli wavida emigraciaSi. mosaxleobis emigraciis maC-

venebliT norvegia evropaSi ikavebda meore adgils irlandiis Semdeg. 1980-ian wlebSi emig-

rantTa umetesoba miemgzavreboda aSS-saken, Tumca, mogvianebiT ekonomikuri situaciis

gaumjobesebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 150 aTasi adamiani kvlav dabrunda norvegiaSi. meore

msoflio omis periodSi norvegia aqtiurad iyo CarTuli humanitaruli sakiTxebis gadawy-

vetaSi da aZlevda TavSesafars omis Sedegad dazaralebul mosaxleobas. mogvianebiT,

1950-iani wlebidan norvegiaSi gamkacrda sapasporto kontroli, ris Sedegadac Semcirda

qveyanaSi SemomsvlelTa raodenoba. 1960 wels, norvegiaSi imigrantebis yvelaze didi rao-

denoba modioda mezobeli nordikuli qveynebidan (SvedeTi, dania, fineTi, islandia), rac

ganpirobebuli iyo, am qveynebs Soris, saerTo Sromis bazris SeqmniT 1950 wels (islandia

SeuerTda 1982 wlidan). 1960-iani wlebidan norvegiaSi ekonomikuri bumis (aRmoaCines nav-

Tobi, gaixsna axali sawarmoebi da, Sesabamisad, gaCnda axali samuSao adgilebi) dawyebasTan

erTad Tavi iCina mosaxleobis deficitma. qveyanas ar aRmoaCnda sakmarisi adamianuri re-

sursi axlad Seqmnili samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad, Sesabamisad mouwia didi raodenobiT

SromiTi migrantebis mowveva marokodan, iugoslaviidan, TurqeTidan da pakistanidan (yve-

laze meti SromiTi migranti iyo pakistanidan). amas mohyva imigrantTa ricxvis ganuxrelad

zrda, ris gamoc xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda,1975 wels gamoecaT brZaneba norvegiaSi

imigraciis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT. kanonis amoqmedebis miuxedavad norvegia kvlav ga-

nagrZobda TavSesafris micemas ltolvilTaTvis ( 1978-1979 wlebi 1,680) da aseve gaicemo-

da samuSao nebarTvebi maTTvis visac surda am qveyanaSi muSaoba.)

2014 wlis oficialurma kvlevam aCvena, rom norvegiaSi 759,000 adamiani iyo imigranti

an imigrantebis STamomavali, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 14,9%-s Seadgenda. 2012 wels 710 465

emigrantidan 407 262-s hqonda norvegiis moqalaqeoba (mTeli imigrantebis 60,2%-s). moqa-

laqeobis mqone imigrantebis 51%-s hqonda evropuli fesvebi (poloneTi, germania, Svede-

Ti), xolo 49%-s aziuri da afrikuli (TurqeTi, maroko, erayi, somali, pakistani, irani).

imigrantebi warmodgenilia norvegiis TiTqmis yvela municipalitetSi. qalaqebsa da muni-

cipalitetebs Soris, 2012 wels imigrantebis yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wili iyo osloSi

(30,4%), dramenSi (25%), lorenskugSi (23%) da SienSi (19,6%). monacemebis mixedviT, imigra-

ciis zrdis Sedegad, oslo aris evropaSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi qalaqi. bolo wlebSi

norvegiis mosaxleobis zrda, ZiriTadad, xdeba imigrantebis xarjze.

norvegiis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva regionebs Soris mobilurobis maRali maCvenebliT.

Sida migracia 2012 wels gaizarda 4 500-ze meti adamianiT, xolo momdevno wels (2013-Si)

dafiqsirda Sida migrantebis zrdis rekorduli maCvenebeli. ris Sedegadac Sida migrante-

bis ricxvma Seadgina 432 100 adamiani. Sida migraciebma Tavisi wvlili Seitana mosaxleobis

centralizaciaSi dasaxlebebis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac 2014 wlis pirveli ianvris monace-

mebiT mosaxleobis 68%-s Tavmoyra moxda 150 mTavar, centralur municipalitetSi. norve-

giaSi Sida migraciebis Semdeg mimarTulebebs vxvdebiT: sofeli-qalaqi, qalaqi-qalaqi. yve-

laze didi Sida migraciuli cvlilebebi mimdinareobs oslosa da akerSusSi.

norvegia, msgavsad dasavleT evropuli maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisa, xasiaTdeba

sakmaod didmasStabiani sagareo migraciebiT. qveyanaSi mosaxleoba Camodis daaxloebiT

223 qveynidan. norvegiidan mosaxleoba miemarTeba mezobeli skandinaviuri qveynebis, evro-

pis maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisaken. migraciis

saldo norvegiis istoriis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel Seicvala, rac gamowveuli iyo sxva-

dasxva periodSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri foniT.

1950-dan 1965 wlamde qveyanas axasiaTebda migraciis uaryofiTi saldo (mizezi: rTuli

ekonomikuri situacia. mosaxleobis gaedineboda xva qveynebSi, umeteswilad ki, amerikaSi).

115

1965 wlidan moyolebuli migraciis saldo gaxda dadebiTi, rac imas niSnavs, rom norvegia

emigraciis qveynidan gadaiqca imigraciis qveynad. 1980-85 wlebSi migraciis saldom Sead-

gina 1,2h, am periodidan moyolebuli, norvegiaSi migraciis saldo swrafi tempiT izrdeba.

2000-2005 wlebSi Seadgina 3,0h, 2005-2010 wlebSi – 7,3h, xolo 2010-2015 wlebSi aRniSnuli

maCvenebeli gaizarda 9,3h-mde.

procentulad norvegiis teritoriaze SemomsvlelTa raodenoba, kontinentebis mi-

xedviT Semdegnairad nawildeba: 55% evropa, 28% azia, 12% afrika, 3% sm. amerika da 1% Cr.

amerika, rac Seexeba qveynebs, 2015 wlis statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, yvelaze meti

imigranti norvegiaSi modis poloneTidan (8 182 imigranti), meore da mesame adgilebs inawi-

leben litva da SvedeTi (Sesabamisad, 3 309 – 3603 ) meoTxe adgilzea somali (1884 imigran-

ti). norvegiaSi didia imigrantTa raodenoba iseTi maRalganviTarebuli qveynebidanac,

rogorebicaa dania da germania, Tumca aranakleb maRalia imigrantTa ricxvi aziis musli-

muri qveynebidan, romelTa Sorisacaa filipinebi, tailandi, pakistani, erayi, vietnami da

irani saerTaSoriso migraciebSi centraluri adgili SromiT migraciebs ukavia. amJamad

msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni mSromeli migranti imyofeba. Tana-

medrove SromiTi migraciebis masStaburi xasiaTi ganapiroba meore msoflio omis Semdeg

dasaqmebis axali bazrebis gaCenam an arsebuli Sromis bazrebis gafarToebam. Tu me-20 sau-

kunis pirvel naxevarSi saerTaSoriso migraciuli nakadebi, ZiriTadad, amerikisken miemar-

Teboda, 1950-iani wlebidan situacia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. evropaSi „saerTo bazris“

(mogvianebiT isev rokavSirad gardaiqmna) Seqmnam dasaqmebis didi SesaZleblobebi misca

ganviTarebadi samyaros warmomadgenlebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1950-60-ian wlebSi centralu-

ri da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi didi raodenobiT Cadiodnen mSromeli migrantebi Seda-

rebiT CamorCenili samxreT evropis qveynebidan, kerZod espaneTidan, italiidan, saberZne-

Tidan da portugaliidan (g. gogsaZe, mosaxleobis geografia gv.100).

norvegias SromiTi migrantebis Semodinebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi pirveli adgili

ukavia msoflioSi. imigrantebis 33% aq swored dasaqmebis mizniT miemgzavreba. qveyanaSi

imigrantebis Casvlis umTavresi mizesi aris dasaqmeba da socialur-ekonomikuri pirobe-

bis gaumjobeseba. 2015 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 380 000 imigranti iyo dasaqmebuli, rac nor-

vegiaSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 14,7%-s udris. gansxvavebulia imigrantTa da-

saqmebis done maTi warmomavlobis mixedviT. dasaqmebulTa yvelaze didi wili modis evro-

puli warmomavlobis imigrantebze (daaxloebiT, 114 000 adamiani), Semdeg Crd.amerikeleb-

ze, samx. amerikelebze, aziisa da okeaneTis warmomadgenlebsa da sul bolos afrikuli

fesvebis mqone mosaxleobaze.

norvegias, rogorc evropuli qveynebis umetesobas, axasiaTebs e.w. „tvinTa gadineba“.

es aris maRalkvalificiuri, ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis gasvla qveynidan, ZiriTadad saku-

Tari SesaZleblobebis, unarebis ukeT realizebisa da maRali anazRaurebis miRebis miz-

niT. es procesebi yvelaze metad norvegias axasiaTebda 1890-ian wlebSi, roca qveyanaSi iyo

rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri foni. ra Tqma unda, dResac mimdinareobs norvegiis mosax-

leobis emigracia sxvadasxva maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, Tumca amJamad, es procesi mim-

dinareobs mcire masStabiT, radgan norvegia gadaiqca socialuri keTildReobis saxelmwi-

fod, romelic gamoirCeva dasaqmebis xelsayreli pirobebiTa da maRali anazRaurebiT.

norvegiis statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, 2016 wlis 1 ianvris situaciiT,

norvegiis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobidan (5,2 mln) 13,4%-s Seadgens imigrantebi (rac

udris 698 500 adamians), xolo 2,9% ki imigrantTa Svilebs, romlebic daibadnen norvegiaSi

(sul 149 600 adamiani). eTnikurad norvegielTa procentuli wili mosaxleobaSi Seadgens

83,7%-s (4 352 400 adamiani).

116

urbanizacia, gansaxleba da mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba 2015 wlis 1 ianvris

monacemebiT, norvegiis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 81% (4 172 800 mosaxle) cxovrobs urba-

nul dasaxlebebSi, romelTa saerTo raodenoba 981-s udris. 2014 wels urbanuli dasaxle-

bebis mosaxleoba gaizarda 58 400 adamianiT, 1,4%-iT. Sesabamisi zrdis maCvenebeli mTeli

qveynisTvis mTlianobaSi iyo 1,1%. 5 yvelaze did qalaqis tipis dasaxlebis oslos, berge-

nis, stavangeris, trondheinisa da dramenis mTliani mosaxleoba 1 708 000 Seadgenda, rac

Seesabameba norvegiis mosaxleobis 33%-s da urbanuli dasaxlebebis saerTo mosaxleobis

41%. qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebis mier dakavebuli teritoriis zrda Semcirda, xolo sim-

Widrove gaizarda. saboloo jamSi, urbanul dasaxlebebs norvegiis teritoriis 2 158 km2

ukavia, 2015 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT. 2014 wels, urbanuli dasaxlebebis mier dakavebu-

li teritoria gaizarda 11 km-iT, 2013 wels ki 20 km²-iT. norvegiis urbanul dasaxlebebSi,

2014 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, mosaxleobis raodenobam erT kvadratul kilometrze

1916 adamiani Seadgina, xolo zustad erTi wlis Semdeg ki 1 933 adamiani. oslos sagrafos

TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba cxovrobs qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi, maSin roca analogiuri

maCvenebeli hedmarkis, oplanis, sogn-og-fiuranes da nur-trendelagis sagrafoebis Sem-

TxvevaSi 57%-dan 60%-s Soris meryeobs. qalaqis tipis mosaxleTa raodenobis zrda 2014

wels SeiniSneboda akerhusis, vest-agderis, rugalanis da nur-trondelagis sagrafoebSi

daaxloebiT 2%-iT, xolo oslos, akerhusis, rugalandis da hordalanis sagrafoebs hqon-

daT urbanuli mosaxleobis 58%-iani zrda da ukve 2015 wlisTvis qveynis mTlani urbanuli

mosaxleobis 48% am sagrafoebSi cxovrobda (efolkning og areal i tettsteder, 1. januar

2015, 2015).

demografiuli politika da mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba

skandinaviur saxelmwifoebs, ojaxebze mimarTuli vrceli socialuri programebis

ganxorcielebis didi xnis tradicia aqvT. norvegiaSi 1960 wlidan arsebobs aqti universa-

luri anazRaurebadi Svebulebis Taobaze. 1956 wels imisTvis, rom dedebs erovnuli dazR-

veviT sargeblobis ufleba mieRoT dasaqmebuli unda yofiliyvnen bavSvis dabadebamde ar-

sebuli 10-Tviani periodidan sul mcire 6 Tve. is qalebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT Sesabamisi

kvalifikacia da ar iyvnen dasaqmebulni miiRebdnen subsidiis saxiT erTian Tanxas 32138

norvegiuli kronis odenobiT (daaxloebiT 3900 evro). sawyis etapze, daxmarebis miRebis

xangrZlivoba mimRebi mSoblisTvis iyo mxolod 12 kvira da miRebuli anazRaureba iyo iyo

dabali. 1977 wels daxmarebis miRebis xangrZlivoba gaizarda 18 kviramde da amavdroulad,

mamebsac miecaT ufleba esargeblaT SvebulebiT da anazRaurebadi Svebulebis vadis amo-

wurvidan erTi wlis vadaSi esargeblad uxelfaso SvebulebiT, Tanac am dros SeunarCun-

debodaT samuSao adgili da ukan dabrunebisac kvlav miiRebdnen 100% ian anazRaurebas.

mogvianebiT, 1993 wlidan bavSvianma ojaxebma ufro didi mxardaWera miiRes saxelmwifos

mxridan, Svebulebis periodi mSoblebisTvis gaizarda 52 kviramde 80%-iani anazRaurebiT,

xolo 42 kviramde sruli anazRaurebiT.

mSoblebisTvis gamoyofili kvireebis raodenobidan oTxi kvira gadadebulia mamebis-

Tvis, cxra dedebisTvis, xolo darCenili nawili maT SeuZliaT TavianTi survilisamebr ga-

daanawilon. aRniSnuli wesebi moqmedebs dResac. amasTanave, mSoblebi, romlebsac bavSvi

ar dahyavT sabavSvo baRSi, iReben daxmarebas adgilobrivi municipalitetebidan, manam sa-

nam bavSvi ar miaRwevs 3 wlis asaks. dRes norvegiis mosaxleobis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom

saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili dekretuli Svebulebis raodenoba unda nawildebodes Ta-

nabrad orive mSobelze, an kidev gaizardos mamebisTvis gamoyofili Svebulebis dro, raTa

orive mSobels Tanabrad mieces SesaZlebloba maqsimalurad didi dro gaataron bavSvTan,

raTa man igrZnos orive mSoblis siaxlove Tavisi cxovrebis pirvelive etapidan.

117

rogorc zemoT moyvanili teqstidan Cans, norvegiis demografiuli politika mimar-

Tulia mosaxleobis raodenobis stimulizaciisaken (mastimulirebeli demografiuli po-

litika).

rac Seexeba norvegiis mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis samomavlo prognozebs, im

SemTxvevaSi Tu mosaxleobis zrdis amJamad arsebuli tempi SenarCunda, SegviZlia vivarau-

doT, rom norvegiis mosaxleoba kvlav ganagrZobs matebas (Tumca neli tempiT). statisti-

kuri prognozebis mixedviT 2025 wlisTvis, savaraudod, mosaxleobis raodenoba miaRwevs

5 725 000 adamians, xolo 2035 wels mosaxleobis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs 6 milionian niS-

nuls. saboloo jamSi, 2050 wlisTvis norvegiis mosaxleoba moimatebs TiTqmis 1,5 mln ada-

mianiT da gaxdeba 6 658 000.

mosaxleobis eTnikuri, lingvisturi da religiuri daxasiaTeba

norvegiis mosaxleobas umetesad eTnikuri norvegielebi Seadgenen, romelnic, Tavis

mxriv, Crdilo germanikuli, nordikuli warmoSobis arian. Tumca maT gverdiT yovelTvis

cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi.,norvegiis xelisufleba eTnikuri jgufebis

gansazRvrisas gamoyofs maT sam kategorias:

erovnuli umciresobebi, romelSic Sedian: saamebi, romanifolket — boSebi, ebraele-

bi, kvenebi da skogfinner. isini ganisazRvreba rogorc, eTnikuri, religiuri da/an enobri-

vi umciresobebi, romelTac aqvT xangrZlivi kavSiri im qveynisadmi romelSic isini cxov-

roben.

imigrantebi — jgufebi, romelTac aqvT xanmokle kavSiri saxelmwifosTan. statisti-

kis centraluri biuros gansazRvrebiT, imigranti aris ucxoeTSi dabadebuli adamiani,

romlis mSoblebic aseve ucxoelebi arian.

norvegiis mkvidri mosaxleoba — romlebic ganixileba rogorc ZirZveli mosaxleoba,

romlebic dasaxldnen im qveynis teritoriaze an geografiul regionSi romelic qveyanas

ekuTvnoda radgan daipyro SemdgomSi, moaxdina kolonizeba an sazRvrebis dadgenisas mii-

Ro da miuxedavad maTi samarTlebrivi statusisa SeinarCunes sakuTari socialuri, ekono-

mikuri, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi. amgvari jgufia saamebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli umciresobebi ukve didi xania asocirdebian norvegi-

asTan, mainc unda aRiniSnos rom isini sxvadasxva qveynis Tems warmoadgenen da sanam norve-

giaSi Camovidodnen cxovrobdnen da ekuTvnodnen sxvadasxva qveynis regionebs. maTi isto-

riuli fesvebi norvegiis garda am teritoriebTanacaa dakavSirebuli. kavSiri norvegiis

farglebs miRma, xSirad gamxdara mizezi imisa, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi gamxdariyvnen

diskriminaciisa Tu devnis msxverpli, sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi.

1999 wels norvegiam aiRo gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba mxari dauWiros, xeli Se-

uwyos da ganaviTaros enobrivi umciresobebis kultura da maTi ena, daicvas isini diskri-

minaciisa da devnisagan. rac gamoixata imaSi, rom qveyanam ratificireba moaxdina evropis

sabWos qartiisa regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb.

kvenebi ukve ramdenime aseuli welia dakavSirebulni arian norvegiasTan. kvenebis

udidesi talRa, romelic norvegiisken daiZra, saTaves iRebs 1700–1800-ian wlebSi fineTi-

dan da Crdilo-SvedeTidan. dRes, finuri enisa da kulturis fonis mqoneni, maTi memkvid-

reebi, vinc Camosula CrdiloeT norvegiaSi 1945 wlamde, yvela ganixileba rogorc kvenebi.

kvenuri miekuTvneba finur-ugruli ojaxis baltiur-finur enaTa jgufs. mas bevri

aqvs saerTo finurTan, magram, amavdroulad, misgan gansxvavdeba. 2005 wels kvenuri ofi-

cialurad aRiares rogorc calke ena. es ena klasificirdeba rogorc safrTxis qveS myo-

fi, vinaidan dReisaTvis funqcionirebs rogorc salaparako ena moxucebs Soris. dReisaT-

vis kvenebis raodenoba norvegiaSi daaxloebiT 10 000-15 000-mde adamians iTvlis da maTi

umetesoba finmarkisa da tromsos sagrafoebSi cxovrobs. romelTaganac, kvenurze mosa-

118

ubreTa ricxvi meryeobs 2000-dan 8000-mde es ricxvic damokidebulia Sefasebis kriteriu-

mebze.

Skogsfinnene – mcire finuri Temia da maTi istoria saTaves iRebs 1575—1660-iani wlebi-

dan, roca fineli glexebi savoniidan da CrdiloeT tavastiidan (finTis istoriuli mxare-

ebi) dasaxldnen norvegiisa da SvedeTis sasazRvro tyian raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im

teritoriaze, romelTac uwodeben innskogen. maTi migraciis erT-erT mTavari mizezi iyo -

axali miwebis aTvisebis saWiroeba gazrdili mosaxleobis fonze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi ena gaqra 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kvlav iyeneben sasa-

ubrod norvegiuls finuri sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT, aseve ramdenime geografiul topo-

nimSia SemorCenili maTi Zveli sityvebi. isini sruliad asimilirdnen norvegiul sazoga-

doebasTan da dRes ukve ramdenime aseuli adamiania norvegiaSi romelic sakuTari Tavis

maTTan identificirebas axdens. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom bolo aTwleulSi mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda finskugebis kulturisa da tradiciebisadmi interesi.

skandinavieli boSebi, romelTac aseve moixsenieben, rogorc „tatere“ (boSebi) da „de

reisende“ („mogzaurebi“) [Romanifolket an tatere/de reisende aris erT-erTi Sto im

boSebisa, romlebic cxovroben norvegiasa da SvedeTSi da eTnikurad da istoriulad da-

kavSirebulni arian boSebTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, indoeTidan iReben saTaves. arsebobs

uTanxmoeba Tu am sami terminidan romeli gamoiyenon mocemul jgufze saubrisas. xSird

maT aseve ganixilaven rogorc uZveles eTnikur jgufs, romelic norvegiaSi emgigrirda.

isini norvegiaSi imyofebian sul cota 1500-iani wlebidan. maT aqvT gamorCeuli istoria

da kulturuli foni, romelic dafuZnebulia mogzaurobasa da sxvadasxva teritoriaze

gadaadgilebaze, gansakuTrebiT zafxulis periodSi. maTi aseTi cxovrebis wesi iqca prob-

lemuri norvegiis mTavrobisTvis da 1900 wlebSi eqvemdebarebodnen mkacr asimilacias,

romlis mizanic iyo SeecvalaT maTi cxovrebis wesi kultura da ena. magaliTad, erT-erTi

meTodi am miznis misaRwevad iyo iZulebiTi sterilizacia. dRes ucnobia amgvari warmoSo-

bis mqone adamianebis zusti raodenoba, magram miaxloebiT varaudoben 10 000 adamians. ase-

ve daudgenelia am enaze mosaubreTa zusti raodenoba. amgvar sirTules warmoSobs is, rom

norvegias ar aqvs monacemebi maTi eTnikuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb, maTi cxovrebis wesi cva-

lebadia, vinaidan maT erTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili ar aqvT. cnobilia, rom isini sa-

ubroben enaze, romelsac uwodeben skandinaviur-boSurs da romelic Tavis mxriv ganekuT-

vneba Crdilo-germanikul enaTa jgufs.

Rom - boSaTa jgufi iyo romlebic evropaSi 1000-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen. norvegiaSi ki

ase moixsenieben adamianTa jgufs, romlebic 1800-iani wlebis Sua periodSi Camovidnen ru-

mineTidan. isini aseve iwodebian rogorc boSebi, Tumca kamaTis sagania is, Tu rogor moix-

senion. maTi ena iwodeba rogorc romanuli da enaTesaveba indoevropul enaTa erT-erT

jgufs, romelic indoeTSi gamoiyeneba. dRes 300-500 adamiania amgvari warmoSobis mqone da

yvela maTgani cxovrobs oslos erT-erT gareubanSi.

ebraelebi gansxvavdebian sxva erovnuli umciresobebisgan, vinaidan isini erTgvari

religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi arian. mas Semdeg rac qristianoba saxelmwifo

religia gaxda, araqristianul da warmarTul jgufebs norvegiaSi cxovreba ekrZalebo-

daT, msgavsi wesi moqmedebda ebraelTa mimarT sanam qveynis konstituciaSi 1851 wels

cvlilebebi Sevida, ramac ebraelebs qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba misca. Sedegad, 800-iani

wlebis dasasruls Seiqmna ebrauli Temi oslosa da trondhaimSi, aseve mcire dasaxlebebi

bergenSi, dramensa da kristiansundSi. meore msoflio omis periodSi maTi raodenoba Sem-

cirda, vinaidan qveyanas nacistebi daepatronen da, Sesabamisad, ebraelebi aqtiurad idev-

nebodnen. dRes mcxovreb ebraelTa umetesoba norvegiulad saubrobs, Tumca ramdenime

aseuli adamiani mainc iyenebs ebraulsa da idiSs.

119

saamebi oficialurad erTaderTi mkvidri mosaxleobaa norvegiaSi. maT aqvT sakuTari

kultura, istoria da odiTganve saxloben arealSi romelsac TviTon uwodeben „sampi“-s.

es areali oTx saxelmwifos teritoriaze vrceldeba, norvegiis, SvedeTis, fineTisa da ru-

seTis. norvegiaSi umetesad cxovroben finmarkis, norlandis, tromsosa da nur-trendela-

gis sagrafoebSi. warsulSi isini misdevdnen nadirobas, Tevzaobas , irmebis moSenebasa da

miwis damuSavebas, magram dReisTvis Tanamedrove cxovrebis wesiT ufro arian dakavebul-

ni. qveyana ar awarmoebda oficialur Canawerebs maT raodenobis Sesaxeb, amitom ucnobia

zustad ramdeni adamiania saamuri warmoSobis. dReisaTvis ki saamebis saerTo raodenoba

daaxloebiT 85 aTasidan 130 aTasamde meryeobs.

saamuri ena fino-ugruli enebis uralur enaTa ojaxis gansakuTrebul qvejgufs

ekuTvnis. magram, jgufSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs, radgan substratuli leqsikis

erTi mesamedi fino-ugruli enebis leqsikasTan siaxloves ver poulobs. ganasxvaveben 9

sxvadasxva saamur enas. norvegiaSi mcxovrebi saamebi saubroben mxolod sam maTganze:

Crdilo-, lule- da samxreTsamuri. am enebze mosaubreTa miaxloebiTi raodenoba ki norve-

giaSi 26000 adamians aRwevs.

religia

norvegiis konstitucia evangelistur-luTeranul aRmsareblobas gansazRvravs, ro-

gorc saxelmwifo religias. 2013 wlis monacemebiT, norvegielebis daaxloebiT 76.1% swo-

red saxelmwifo religiis mimdevari iyo. Tumca isini am eklesiis nominalur wevrebs warmo-

adgenen, radgan ohaios saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis profesoris kevin boilis kvle-

vis mixedviT, eklesiis wevrTa umetesoba ar gamoirCeva aqtiuri religiuri cxovrebiT. isini

eklesias mxolod naTlobis, jvriswerisa da panaSvidis ritualebisTvis stumroben.

miuxedavad mimdinare aqtiuri politikuri debatebisa saxelmwifosa da religiis

gancalkevebis Sesaxeb, evangelistur-luTeranul eklesias mainc gansakuTrebuli adgili

uWiravs konstituciis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis formirebisTvis, amave kon-

stituciiT, norvegiis mefe da ministrTa kabinetis naxevari mainc unda iyos luTeranuli

eklesiis warmomadgeneli.

qristianobam, kerZod ki kaTolicizmma norvegiaSi aqtiurad moikida fexi me-11 sau-

kunidan, Tumca me-16 saukuneSi roca norvegia daniis mmarTvelobis qveS gadavida, qveyana

iZulebuli gaxda 1536 wlisTvis Seecvala kaTolicizmi dampyroblis religiiT da luTe-

ranuli gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva religiebis, maT Soris kaTolicizmisa da isla-

mis mimdevarTa zrda ganapiroba qveyanaSi emigrantTa didi nakadis Semodinebam.

2013 wlis monacemebiT, kaTolicizmi aris meore yvelaze didi qristianuli aRmsareb-

loba, romlis mimdevaria mosaxleobis 2,4%. am religiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 2009 wli-

dan 2013 wlamde gaizarda 111.22%. aseve norvegiis sxvadasxva sagrafoebSi teritoriuli

ganawilebis mixedviT, yvelaze meti mimdevari mTlianad qristianuli aRmsareblobebisa

nur-trondelagis sagrafoSi cxovrobs, sagrafos mTliani mosaxleobis 91,57%. yvelaze

cota mimdevari ki qristianul religiebs osloSi hyavda – 67,03%.

islami yvelaze didi araqristianuli religiaa norvegiaSi, mTliani mosaxleobis

2,4% mimdevriT. 2006 wels, muslimTa 56% oslosa da akerhusus sagrafoSi cxovrobda. 2009

wlidan 2013 wlamde maTi raodenoba 30.34% gaizarda. rac Seexeba sagrafoebis mixedviT ga-

nawilebas, yvelaze meti, mTliani sagrafos — 7,38% cxovrobda osloSi, xolo yvelaze co-

ta — 0,25% ki finmarkSi

rac Seexeba im adamianebs, romlebic arc erTi religiis mimdevari ar arian, unda aRi-

niSnos rom yvelaze meti arareligiuri mcxovrebi oslos hyavda, mTliani sagrafos -

24,32%, yvelaze cota ki sogn-og-fiuranes sagrafos – 7,71%.

120

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innvandrere/nokkeltall/immigration-and-immigrants 15. Fertility and family policy in Norway - A reflection on trends and possible connections / Marit Rønsen / © 2004

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. gv. 278-280 16. http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol10/10/10-10.pdf 17. https://www.etikkom.no/fbib/temaer/forskning-pa-bestemte-grupper/etniske-grupper/ 18. Stein pÄ stein Tekstbok Norsk og samfannskunnskap for voksne innvandrer Elisabeth 19. ellingsen, Kirsti Mac Donald 2000 gv. 120 Barn og foreldre. 20. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ 21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway 22. https://www.etikkom.no/fbib/temaer/forskning-pa-bestemte-grupper/etniske-grupper/ 23. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer/ 24. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer 25. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norske_kirke 26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Norway#cite_note-usstatedept 27. http://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/nasjonale-minoriterer/

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