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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

m e r m i s i

s t u d e n t T a s a m e c n i e r o S r o m e b i

Tbilisi

2018

ავტორთა სტილი დაცულია

3

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

m a s a l e b i

IX studenturi regionTaSoriso samecniero konferencia

urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis

daregulirebisaTvis

humanitaruli da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

mimarTulebis proeqti

IX studenturi regionTaSorisi samecniero konferencia

masalebi

redkolegia:

Tamar paiWaZe (mTavari redaqtori)

konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli

kaxaber loria (redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori

nino mindiaSvili (koordinatori) profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

profesorebi: revaz jorbenaZe, irma xarSilaZe, nani gelovani, giorgi gogsaZe,

sergi jorbenaZe, dimitri gegenava, eka lekaSvili, qeTevan sixaruliZe, Tamar SarabiZe,

inga sanikiZe, nana gonjilaSvili, nino WalaganiZe, xaTuna kaWarava, mariam bakuraZe, Ta-

mar kviJinaZe, (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti)

avtorTa stili daculia

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2018

s a r C e v i

konfliqtologia, samarTali

Tamar CirinaSvili axalgazrdebis damokidebulebis kvleva qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb ............................. 8

Tamar CxikvaZe, gvanca kutubiZe,

problemis honkonguri mogvareba .................................................................................................................... 12

maia axalkaciSvili

axalgazrdebis roli afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi ................................................... 16

mixeil osiSvili, beqa CogovaZe teritoriuli mTlianobis problema — afxazeTi ........................................................................................ 21

ekonomika

TaTia bregvaZe socialuri mediamarketingis SesaZleblobebi da gamowvevebi Tanamedrove biznesSi

obieqtivSi (Facebook-is magaliTze) ....................................................................................................... 27

xaTuna Tabagari saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali satranzito milsadenebis (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli

proeqtebis) gavlena qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze ........................................................................ 36

humanitaruli mecnierebani: eTnologia, istoria, literaturaTmcodneoba

qeTevan cimintia damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaravebisa da sasjelis formebis Sesaxebmegrul CveulebiT samarTalSi ..... 42

Teona kvanWiani erTi xalxuri dResaswaulis Sesaxeb svaneTidan migirirebul ekomigrantTa Soris ...................... 45

maia kobiaSvili `cisferyanwelebi~ 1936-1937 wlebis qarTul presaSi ............................................................................... 47

mari totikaSvili, nanuli ecadaSvili, ciuri mezvriSvili musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi ........................................................................................................ 54

vaJa sanTelaZe istoriuli cnobebi da legendebi ioane presviteris Sesaxeb ................................................................. 60

klara gelaSvili omis paradigma qarTul mwerlobaSi — omis Tema osur literaturaSi ................................................. 65

skandinavistika

mariam mania runebi-qvaze gacocxlebuli istoria ............................................................................................................. 78

nani metreveli, sofiko qsovreli keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelebi: nordikuli qveynebi .................................................................. 81

7

w i n a s i t y v a o b a

winamdebare krebulSi tradiciisamebr Tavmoyrilia gasul 2017 wels — studentTa IX

regionTaSorisi konferenciis farglebSi warmodgenil moxsenebaTa Soris SerCeuli masa-

lebi. 189 Semosuli ganacxadidan konferenciaze warsadgenad SeirCa 12 sxvadasxva umaRles

saswavlebelSi momzadebuli 62 moxseneba. konferenciaze Semosul da SerCeul masalaTa

mravalferovani da mravalmimarTulebrivi problematikis kvalobaze Camoyalibda 9 sxva-

dasxva Tematikis samuSao seqcia. konferenciis muSaobis dros TiToeul seqcaze moxsenebe-

bis warmodgenis Sedegad seqciis xelmZRvanelebis mier gamoqveynebisaTvis rekomendacia

gaewia naSromTa erT nawils.

Semdgom etapze saredaqcio kolegiam imuSava konferenciaze gamogzavnil da SerCeul

masalebze; warmodgenili moxsenebebis gadarCevis Sedegad, naSromebSi warmoCenili kvle-

visa da analizis komponentebis, individualizmisa da TavisTavadobis, mecnieruli, mora-

luri poziciisa da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT warmodgenil masalaTa Soris SerCeul iqna

moxsenebebi, romlebic momzaddeboda „mermisis“ axal krebulSi dasabeWdad.

swored am SerCevisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegebi aisaxa „mermisis“ winamdebare

krebulSi, SeirCa ra 14 moxseneba sxvadasxva specialobebidan. krebulis specifikisa da

Cveni samuSao gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT amjeradac krebulis prezentacia Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetSi gaimarTeba, es faqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani imiTacaa, rom Cveni

yoveli wlevandeli aqtivoba — krebulidan dawyebuli, konferenciiTa da sxva RonisZie-

bebiT gagrZelebuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 100 wlis uibiles eZRvneba.

am TariRTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Cveni saorganizacio

jgufisaTvis da Cveni proeqtisaTvis — „urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebi-

saTvis“ imTaviTve aRiarebul mTavar samuSao principebis da ideis ganxorcielebas: akade-

miurobas, integrirebas da TanamSromlobas sxvadasxva saswavlo da samecniero institu-

tebis mkvlevrebTan da studentebTan.

am pricipTa da tradiciaTa kvalobaze „mermisis“ winamdebare krebulic am Rirebu-

lebaTa warmomCenia.

Tamar paiWaZe

8

konfliqtologia, samarTali

Tamar CirinaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori malxaz macaberiZe

axalgazrdebis damokidebulebis kvleva qarTul-afxazuri

konfliqtis Sesaxeb

kavkasiis regioni yovelTvis warmoadgenda sxvadasxva eTnikuri da kulturuli

jgufebis dapirispirebis vels. konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani msof-

lio gamowvevaa. arsebuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas aucilebelia vaxsenoT saqarTvelo-af-

xazeTis konfliqti.

afxazeTis omi 1992-1993 wlebSi iyo omi სaqarTvelos samTavrobo jarebsა da se-

paratistulad ganwyobil eTnikur afxazTa erT nawils Soris, romelic 13 Tves gagrZelda.

separatistTa mxares aseve ibrZodnen adgilobrivi somxebi (bagramianis saxelobis ba-

talioni), daqiravebuli mebrZolebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kazakTa SeiaraRebuli mili-

ciis meomrebi, romelTac araoficialurad mxars uWerda ruseTis samxedro bazis gar-

nizoni gudauTaSi.

konfliqtis mogvarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi iyo samoqalaqo omi e. w. „zvi-

adistebTan“ (eqs-prezident zviad gamsaxurdiaს momxreebTan), romelic miaxloebiT imave

periodSi ganviTarda dasavleT saqarTveloSi — სamegrelosა da afxazeTSi da ქarTul-osu-

ri konfliqtი.

konfliqtis Sedegad daiRupa 20,000-dan 30,000-mde eTnikuri qarTveli, xolo 250,000-

ze meti adamiani ki afxazeTidan ltolvili gaxda. konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi orive mxaris

mier Cadenili iqna uamravi samxedro danaSauli, maT Soris ქarTuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri

wmendა. mokluli iqna 2,500-dan 4,000-mde afxazi, 20,000 afxazi ki ltolvilad iqca.

postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qve-

yanam miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da

omis Semdgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaapartaxa. dRe-

sac afxazeTis regioni, romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeb-

lobs, mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. miuxedavad TviTga-

mocxadebuli damoukideblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia ruseTis

federaciazე. rogorc TviT afxazebi acxadeben, regioni ruseTis federaciis „de faq-

to proteqtoratia“.

arsebuli sakiTxis safuZvlianad Seswavlis mizniT mivmarTe kvlevis Tvisebriv

meTods, dokumentebis analizs (SeTanxmebebs, molaparakebebs saqarTvelosa da afxaze-

Tis mTavrobas Soris, saqarTvelos strategias ruseTisa da afxazeTis mimarT, mTav-

robis warmomadgenlebis gancxadebebs). aseve siRrmiseuli intervius safuZvelze gamo-

vikiTxe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da

politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis politikis mimarTulebis studentebs. kvlevis

9

Sedegebi dagvexmareba, ganvsazRvroT, rogor SeiZleba situaciis orive mxarisaTvis

sasikeTod Semobruneba.

gamovikiTxe sul politikis mecnierebis mimarTulebis 15 studenti — 8 gogo da 7

biWi. kiTxvebis formulireba iyo sakmaod saintereso. gamokiTxvis Sesaval nawilSi davsvi

kiTxvebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas dResdReobiT saqarTve-

lo. dasaxelda ZiriTadad socialuri, ekonomikuri problemebi, rogoricaa umuSev-

roba, valutis gaufasureba, siRaribis maRali done, ganaTleis dabali done. politi-

kuri problemebidan gamoiyo teritoriuli konfliqtebi (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis

konfliqti), studentebma aseve aRniSnes, rom xelisuflebis Stoebi, gansakuTrebiT ki

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar aris CarTuli arsebuli konfliqtebis gadawyvetis

sakiTxSi. sakanonmdeblo organoSic maTi TqmiT, ar midis dialogi aRniSnul sakiTxze

da mis mogvarebis gzebze. ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili Cveni da evropis kavSirze, am

mxriv urTierTobebis daregulirebaze, ar midis msjeloba saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvne-

lovan problemebze. faqtobrivi kiTxvebis dasmis saSualebiT Sevamowme studentebis

codna afxazeTis konfliqtis Sesaxeb. studentebi ase Tu ise iyvnen informirebulni,

Tumca siRrmiseuli codna am sakiTxis Sesaxeb maT ar hqondaT. pirvelive kiTxva, rac

faqtobriv codnas moiTxovda, anu vkiTxeT romel wlebSi mimdinareobda aRniSnuli

omi, mxolod cxram gvipasuxa sworad. ramdenime pasuxSi Zalian didi droiTi gansxva-

veba iyo realur TariRTan SedarebiT, rasac ar movelodi. kiTxvaze, romelic kon-

fliqtis gamomwvev mizezebs exeboda, erTma nawilma studentebisa daasaxela afxazeTis

survili da mizani hqonodaT avtonomia, rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom surdaT umrav-

lesobiT yofiliyvnen wardgenilni parlamentSi, iTxovdnen afxazur televizias, erT-

ma studentma amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom afxazebs realurad hqondaT saeTero

drois ganakveTi, Tumca moiTxovdnen srul damoukideblobas. meore nawilma daasaxela

gare Zalebis Carevis tendencia. kerZod am mxriv daasaxeles ruseTi, romelic sam-

xedro ZaliTa da aRWurvilobiT exmareboda afxazebs, somexi mosaxleobac aRiniSna,

rogorc afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi ise erevnidan gadmosuli moxaliseebi. aseve

iyvnen kazakebi da CeCnebi. konfliqtis Sedegebis Sesaxeb studentebs ase Tu ise hqondaT in-

formacia. miTxres, rom uamravi adamiani daiRupa, ufro meti iqca ltolvilad, cifrebi

rac maT damisaxeles axlos ar iyo realurTan (naklebi daasaxeles realurze). studen-

tebis absoluturma umravlesobam aRniSna, rom miuxedavad TviTgamocxadebuli damouki-

deblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia რuseTis federaciazე.

kiTxvaze, Tu romeli mxare miaCndaT maT ufro metad damnaSaved, absoluturma

umravlesobam brali dasdo ruseTis mTavrobas da zogadad ruseTis politikas saqar-

Tvelos teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT.

saintereso iyo studentebis poziciis mosmena konfliqtis gadaWris gzebTan da-

kavSirebiT. aRniSnul kiTxvaze studentTa konsensusuri gadawyvetileba exeboda dip-

lomatiuri urTierTobebis warmoebas rogorc afxazeTTan, ise ruseTis mTavrobasTan.

zogma daafiqsira sakmaod Tamami mosazreba, rom omiT dakarguli omiTve unda davib-

runoT.

2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTma saqarTvelos ori, mis

mier okupirebuli regioni „damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad“ gamoacxada, saqarTvelos

umTavresi sagareo politikuri amocana am teritoriebis damoukideblobis „araRia-

rebis“ miRweva iyo. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba dadga samarTlianobis mxareze da

10

ruseTis mier aRiarebuli „suverenuli“ saxelmwifoebi, miuxedavad moskovis didi Za-

lisxmevisa, mxolod ramdenime marginalurma qveyanam scno.

„araRiarebis“ politikis warmatebis Semdeg saqarTvelos morigi amocana iyo sa-

erTaSoriso doneze ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi dakavebuli teritoriebis okupaciis

faqtis aRiarebis miRweva.

2011 wlis 20 ianvars evroparlamentma Savi zRvis qveynebis Sesaxeb axali strategia

daamtkica. mas saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCnda. es aris pirveli

dokumenti, romelSic samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mimarT sityva „okupacia“ oficia-

lurad Caiwera. qarTvel eqspertTa gancxadebiT, amiT kidev ufro myardeba samarTlebrivi

niadagi deokupaciisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom manamde, 2010 wlis 20 maiss, rodesac evroparlamentma samxreT kav-

kasiis Sesaxeb rezolucia miiRo, saboloo teqstSi gaqra rezoluciis proeqtSi naxsenebi

termini „okupirebuli teritoriebi“ saqarTvelos separatistul regionebTan mimarTe-

baSi.

2011 wlis 20 ianvris rezoluciis 32-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom samxreT oseTisa da af-

xazeTis teritoriaze yoveldRiurad xdeba adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi, amitom

is mouwodebs evrokavSirs aqtiuri reagireba moaxdinos Savi zRvis regionSi momxdar

adamianis uflebaTa TiToeul darRvevaze. rezolucia aseve mouwodebs usafrTxoebis

politikisa da sagareo sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgenels ketrin eS-

tons, gaaZlieros Tavisi zewola ruseTze, raTa man srulad Seasrulos 2008 wlis 12

agvistos cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmeba, saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis mogvarebisa da

stabilurobis damyarebis mizniT.

okupirebul teritoriebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos miRebuli aqvs ori mniS-

vnelovani dokumenti – erTia kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb (2008 wlis 23

oqtomberi), meorea strategia okupirebul teritoriebTan mimarTebaSi. es ori doku-

menti garkveulwilad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, pirveli am teritoriebis izolacias

gulisxmobs, meore CarTulobas, Tumca orive maTganis realizeba seriozul probl-

emebs awydeba da xelisuflebas gzadagza uxdeba garkveuli koreqtivebis Setana Tavis

samoqmedo gegmaSi.

kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs gansakuTrebul samar-

Tlebriv reJims, rac gulisxmobs SezRudvebs okupirebul teritoriebze Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis, ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSire-

biT garigebis dadebisa da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. strategia okupirebul te-

ritoriebTan dakavSirebiT ki bevr rames dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rasac pirveli kanoni

krZalavs.

sxvaoba okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb kanonsa da samoqmedo strategias So-

ris gasagebia. okupirebuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosgan izolacias ruseTi aqtiu-

rad cdilobs da saqarTvelos ar SeuZlia ruseTis amgvari politikis SeCereba. saqar-

Tvelos interesebSi Sedis kavSirebis SenarCuneba okupirebul teritoriebze darCe-

nil mosaxleobasTan. swored amazea gaTvlili samoqmedo strategia. magram strategi-

is realizebac faqtobrivad saokupacio Zalis d ruseTis keTil nebazea damokidebu-

li. Sedegad, strategia okupirebul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT faqtobrivad umoq-

medo aRmoCnda.

SemogvTavazebT Cems mosazrebebs aRniSnuli konfliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxSi:

11

upirveles yovlisa, vfiqrob, rom aucilebelia saqarTvelom airCios saxalxo

diplomatiuri kursi ruseTTan mimarTebiT. xazs vusvam, saxalxo diplomatia da ara te-

ritoriuli, politikuri diplomatia. saWiroa, vawarmooT molaparakebebi orive mxaris

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqarTvelo aris patara qveyana, ruseTi ki masze bevrad

Zlieri, Sesabamisad, ar Rirs urTierTobis gamwvaveba;

saqarTvelom konfliqtur regionebTan axlos unda aaSenos didi savaWro zone-

bi. dResdReobiT cxinvalis regionzec da afxazeTzec msoflios embargo aqvs gamocx-

adebuli da maT mxolod ruseTTan aqvT savaWro da kulturuli urTierTobebi. Sesa-

bamisad, am savaWro zonebSi saqarTvelom unda uzrunvelyos msoflios nebismieri

qveynidan produqciis mizidva da ganbaJebis gareSe pirdapir am zonebSi Setana, Sede-

gad Tavisuflad ivaWrebs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. am zonebSi mosaxleobas unda SeeZ-

los sakuTari mosavlis realizacia;

aseve am zonebSi unda moewyos axalgazrdobisaTvis gasarTobi centrebi, kino-

Teatris msgavsi, kafe barebi da sxva. am zonebSi maRaziis mflobelebi unda iyvnen

mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi romelime sxva

qveynis warmomadgenels ar unda hqondes am zonebSi maRazia. maqsimalurad unda mox-

des am zonebis popularizacia, rac Tavidan rTuli iqneba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi

Tavis rols Seasrulebs;

aucileblad mimaCnia, rom afxaz studentebs hqondeT SesaZlebloba sxva regio-

nebSi kvlevebis Catarebis, saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda waaxalisos aRniSnuli kvleve-

bi. aseve saWiroa, qarTvel studentebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT afxazeTis teritoriaze

kvlevis Catareba – es daaaxloebs aRniSnuli regionebis studentebs da ufro met in-

formacias miawvdis erTmaneTis Sesaxeb;

afxaz da afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb qarTvel studentebs unda hqondeT

SesaZlebloba iswavlon sxva regionis universitetebSi;

unda moewyos erToblivi kulturuli RonisZiebebi, sadac moxdeba qarTveli da

afxazi studentebis daaxloeba da kulturuli integracia;

saganmanaTleblo da sxva dawesebulebebSi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb

unda moxdes swori informaciis miwodeba. aseve dadebiTi Sedegis momtani iqneba, Tu

orive mxaris warmomadgeneli sajaro pirebi swor interpretacias gaukeTeben arsebul

situacias da sworad Seafaseben mas.

Rrmad mwams, rom Tu Cveni mxridan ruseTisa da afxazeTis mTavrobis mimarT

swori nabijebi iqneba gadadgmuli, sapasuxo reaqciac iqneba Sesabamisi – es yvelaferi

ki, saboloo jamSi, mogvitans situaciis stabilizacias.

12

Tamar CxikvaZe, gvanca kutubiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori amiran berZeniSvili

axalgazrdebis roli afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi

Tanamedrove samyaroSi sxva mraval problemasTan erTad, aranaklebi simwvaviT dgas

eTnokonfliqturi omebis sakiTxi, romlebsac arcTu mcired vxvdebiT Tanamedrove

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. am mxriv kavkasia erT-erT yvelaze cxel wertilad iTvleba.

geopolitikuri interesebis gzajvaredinze myofi es regioni 25 welze meti xnis

ganmavlobaSi gadauwyveteli konfliqtebis zonaa. Cven mizania ganvixiloT erT-erTi aseTi

konfliqti, romelic „afxazeTis omis“ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

teritoriuli mTlianobis problema jer kidev 1922 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac

sabWoTa kavSiri samaCablos saxelis qveS moiazrebda osebis avtonomiur olqs. swored am

periodidan iwyeba SuRli afxazebTan da osebTan. 1991 wlis ianvarSi ruseTma moaxdina Sei-

araRebuli konfliqtis inspirireba. 1992wels dawyebuli omi erTwlian omSi gadaizarda.

postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qveyanam

miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da omis

Semdgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaanadgura. dResac,

romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeblobs, mZime socialuri da

ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas.

es sakiTxi aqtualobas arasdros kargavda, Tumca 2015 wlis NDI-is monacemebiT, te-

ritoriuli mTlianobis problemam SedarebiT ukana planze gadaiwia. am sakiTxTan dakav-

SirebiT TiTqmis araa Catarebuli kvlevebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac Cven SegveZleba

gavigoT iq arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli mxarisaTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebelia af-

xazeTidan informaciis miReba da Tu raime gagvaCnia, es iq mcxovrebi qarTvelebis dam-

saxurebaa. amitom gadavwyviteT mogveZebna swored iseTi pirebi, romlebic kompeten-

turebi arian am sakiTxSi. gagacnobT Cven mier gamokiTxuli afxazeTSi mcxovrebi eTniku-

rad afxazi axalgazrdebis damokidebulebebs, agreTve mimovixilavT arasamTavrobo or-

ganizaciebis saqmianobas, saxelmwifos strategiebs, da sxva.

Cveni didi survili, rom davibrunoT afxazeTi, ar aris sakmarisi konfliqtebis

mosagvareblad, saWiroa daviwyoT imaze fiqri Tu ra unda Tavad afxazebs, afxazeTSi

mcxovreb xalxs, gaviTvaliswinoT maTi azrebi, rac vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovani wingadadgmu-

li nabiji iqneba.

samwuxarod, kontaqti afxaz TanatolebTan mxolod socialuri qselis saSualebiT

movaxerxeT. rogorc iciT, afxazeTSi ruseTis kontroli vrceldeba, es kontroli aseve

aRiniSneba socialur qselebzec. Cven gvqonda mcdeloba rac SeiZleba met axalgazrdas

davkavSirebodiT socialuri qseliT, Tumca samwuxarod cota gamogvexmaura da dagvTanx-

mda gamokiTxvaze.

imis gasagebad Tu ra situaciaa dRes afxazeTSi, ras fiqrobs iq mcxovrebi xalxi, ra

damokidebuleba aqvT maT saqarTvelosadmi CavatareT arastruqturirebuli gamokiTxva.

socialuri qselis meSveobiT gamovikiTxeT 16 afxazeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikurad afxazi

axalgazrda. komunikaciis ena iyo rusuli, maTi asaki meryeobda 17-dan 25 wlamde. CvenTvis

mTavar mizans warmoadgenda dagvedgina is ganwyoba, romelic afxaz axalgazrdebs aqvT sa-

qarTvelos mimarT.

13

pasuxebSi, ZiriTadad, sami tipis tendencia gamoikveTa. damokidebuleba iyo erTis

mxriv dadebiTi, romlebic fiqrobdnen rom kargi iqneba am konfliqtis mogvareba, meore

nawili fiqrobda, rom konfliqtis aRmofxvra SeuZlebeli iyo da mesame tipi iyo adamiane-

bisa, romlebic saerTod uars ambobdnen am Temis ganxilvaze.

gamokiTxulTagan yvelam aRniSna, rom afxazeTi aris damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. or-

ma isic ki aRniSna, rom afxazeTi ar aris, arc arasdros yofila da arc iqneba saqarTvelos

nawili. „afxazeTi es Cveni miwaa, Tqveni arasdros yofila da arc arasdros iqneba.“ – ambobs

erT-erTi respondenti.

gamokiTxulTagan 9 adamiani iyo iseTi, romelTaTvisac aRniSnuli konfliqtis mogva-

reba niSnavda mxolod mezobel qveyanasTan urTierTobis dastabilizebas. maTTvis ro-

gorc CvenTvis, mniSvnelovania konfliqtis mogvareba da aRsaniSnavia, Tumca konfliqtis

mogvarebis Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad vxedavT. eTnikurad qarTvel da afxaz moqalaqeebs

erTmaneTTan megobruli damokidebuleba aqvT manam, sanam saubari omis Temas Seexeba.

oTxi adamianis pasuxi, kiTxvaze Tu rogor SeiZleba mogvardes konfliqti, calsaxad

uaryofiTi iyo. maTi TqmiT konfliqtis mogvareba aranairad ar SeiZleba. ver iviwyeben

oms, romelmac axloblebi waarTva, daungria saxlebi da uamravi ziani miayena maT. am yvela-

ferSi qarTvelebs gvadanaSauleben. aRniSnaven, rom maT Cvendami ndoba aqvT dakarguli da

ar ician Tu rogor SeiZleba misi aRdgena.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela respondents Tavidanve mivawodeT informacia imis Sesa-

xeb, rom maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneboda, ramdenime maTganma mainc sifrTxile ga-

moiCina da uari gviTxra gamokiTxvaze. aseTi iyo 3 adamiani, romelmac Tavi Seikava saubris-

gan. maTi gvipasuxes, rom TviTonac iciT ra viTarebaa Cvens Soris da kargis arafris Tqma

ar SegviZliao.

aseve Cven gavesaubreT ilias saxelmwifo universitetis students, romelic wlebis

manZilze afxazeTSi cxovrobs da CvenTan swavlis periodSi Camodis mxolod. man saubarSi

aRniSna, Tu ra mZime socialuri mdgomareobaa Seqmnili iq. misi TqmiT, mis irgvliv myofi

qarTveli axalgazrda biWebis ZiriTadi samuSao mSeneblobaa, radgan sxva dasaqmebis saSua-

leba realurad ar arsebobs. kiTxvaze Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTul-afxazuri kon-

fliqtis mogvareba, respondentma gvipasuxa, rom, misi azriT, es ver moxdeba da piriqiT

yvelaferi uaresobisken midis. magaliTad ki is faqti mohyavs, rom misi skola erTaderTi

qarTulenovani skola iyo raionSi da wels isic rusulenovani gaxades. quCaSi Tuki qar-

Tul laparaks gaigeben iqauri rusebi, agresiul mopyrobaze gadadian da zizRis TvaliT

iwyeben yurebas, xolo, am faqtze afxazebi verafers amboben, radgan rusebis SiSi aqvT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxalxo diplomatiasa da ganaTlebuli axalgazrdebis roli kon-

fliqtis daregulirebis sakiTxSi udidesia, radganac es is Taobaa, romelsac piradad ar

gamouvlia dapirispirebisa da omis periodi, ar darCenia aranairi wyena moZme afxazebisa

da osebis mxridan, ar icnobs sabWoTa kavSirs da Tavisufal qveyanaSi gaizarda. Tu axal-

gazrdebis mxridan iqneba daintereseba da Sesabamisi codna am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, mig-

vaCnia, rom axali Taoba TviTon gaacnobierebs sakuTar adgilsa da SesaZleblobebs aRniS-

nul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. axalgazrdebs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT dasxdnen da

sufTa furclidan daiwyon axali istoriis wera, yovelgvari warsulis wamoZaxebis gareSe.

unda daigegmos axalgazrduli Sexvedrebi, sadac moxdeba erTmaneTis gacnoba saqmian da

araformalur garemoSi, unda daigegmos sxvadasxva aqtivobebi da ganxorcieldes ufro me-

ti erToblivi proeqti. am sakiTxze saubrisas, erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT „aRniSnuli

urTierToba Zalian safrTxilo Temaa, magram axalgazrdebSi SesaZlebelia garkveul

doneze saubris dawyeba da erTmaneTTan Sexvedra, ubralod es yvelaferi umetesad xdeba

14

piradi kontaqtebis xarjze. maT Zalian eSiniaT qarTuli mxaris da es namdvilad rTuli

Temaa. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom sainformacio vakuumia da xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva

informaciis arasworad miwodeba, yvelaferi mimarTulia iqeiTken rom uaryofiTi gavlena

hqondes enguris aqeTa cxovrebas maTTvis.“

aRsaniSnavia evrokavSirisa da gaeros ganviTarebis programis erToblivi iniciativa

COBERM adreuli reagirebis meqanizmi, romelic konfliqtebiT dazaralebul Temebs So-

ris ndobis aRdgenas emsaxureba. COBERM mxars uWers swrafad ganxorcielebad da kon-

kretul samoqalaqo iniciativebs, romelTac wvlili SeaqvT konfliqtebis mSvidobiani

gziT mogvarebaSi.

sagranto programis meSveobiT COBERM mxars uWers adgilobrivi samoqalaqo or-

ganizaciebis iniciativebsa da saqmianobas sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris, konfliqtiT da-

zaralebuli adamianebis cxovrebisa da konfliqtiT dazaralebuli Temebis sacxovrebeli

pirobebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT.

aseve arasamTavrobo organizacia „samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi ur-

TierTobebis centrs“ aqvs 2 proeqti qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Temaze.

proeqti #1: „doneebad dayofili afxazur enovani riderebis Seqmna wignierebis

ganviTarebisTvis afxazeTSi“ proeqtis mizani: afxaz da qarTvel xalxs Soris ndobis

aRdgena da skolis moswavleebSi afxazur enaze kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

proeqti #2: „afxazuri enis dacvisa da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba afxazebisa da qar-

Tvelebis mier.“ mizani: afxaz da qarTvel xalxs Soris kohabitacia, urTierT pativisce-

misa da ndobis aRdgena afxazuri enis dacvis, afxazur enaze wignierebis ganviTarebis

gziT, aseve d afxaz da qarTvel axalgazrdebSi saerTo Rirebulebebis ganviTarebiTa da

urTierT TanamSromlobiT qarTvel da afxaz mwerlebs, lingvistebs, maswavleblebsa da

moswavleebs Soris, rac Tanabrad mniSvnelovania konfliqtSi myofi orive mxarisTvis.

2017 wlis, 24-30 marts saqarTvelos strategiulma kvlevebis institutma (GISS) aSS-is

saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID)-is mxardaWeriT proeqtis „axalgzarda qa-

lebi mSvidobisTvis“ farglebSi ganaxorciela saswavlo programa tartus universitetSi.

programaSi monawileoba miiRo 10 qarTvelma da 10 afxazma axalgazrda qalbatonma.

programis farglebSi gaimarTa vorqSofebi da diskusiebi sxvadasxva socialur sakiT-

xebze.

rogorc erT-erTma arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenelma dagvidastura me-

same qveyanaSi amgvari Sexvedrebi ZiriTadad daxurul sivrceSi tardeba, radgan monawi-

leebi ufro Tavisufalni arian azris dafiqsirebasa da erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi.

amgvari proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebs didi wvlili

miuZRviT. swored maTi uSualo monawileobiT xdeba im RonisZiebebis Catareba, romlebic

xels uwyobs afxazebisa da qarTvelebis pirispir Sexvedrasa da erTmaneTTan daaxloebas.

kidev erTi aseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciaa „amra“, romelic awyobs sxvadasxva sa-

xis proeqtebsa da RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi proeqtia „saubrebi afxazeT-

ze“, romlis farglebSic gaimarTa diskusia afxazeTze. es RonisZieba moewyo Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetSi, sadac garda mowveuli stumrebisa mravali studenti Rebu-

lobda monawileobas. amgvari aqtivobebi xels uwyobs imas, rom axalgazrdebSi afxazeTis

Tema ar mieces daviwyebas. swored axalgazrdebi arian is Zala romelsac realuri Sansi

aqvs arsebuli konfliqtis mogvarebaSi.

15

erT-erTi aqtiuri arakomerciuli arasamTavrobo organizaciaa „mSvidobisa da in-

tegraciis saerTaSoriso centri“ (ICPI). igi Seiqmna axalgazrdebis iniciativiT. organi-

zaciis mTavari misiaa mxari dauWiros aqtiur axalgazrdebs, integraciasa da mSvidobis

damyarebis procesebs, xeli Seuwyos ufro ganviTarebuli, ganaTlebuli da Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis Seqmnas. mxari dauWiros aqtiuri moqalaqeobis ideisa da moxaliseobis

ganviTarebas adgilobriv da evropis doneze, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gaRrmavebasa

da TanamSromlobis damyarebas saqarTvelosa da sxva evropul qveynebs Soris. „mSvidobisa

da integraciis saerTaSoriso centri“ TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva evropul organizaci-

ebTan.

arasamTavrobo seqtori aris Zala, romelic xels uwyobs mosaxleobis cnobierebis

amaRlebas da qmnis saxalxo diplomatias. aqedan gamomdinare, misi roli konfliqtebis

mogvarebis saqmeSi Zalian didia. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mogvardeba maTi dafinansebis sakiTxi

da organizaciebic ufro metad gaaqtiurdebian, arasamTavrobo seqtors SeuZlia xelSi ai-

Ros iniciativa afxazebTan da osebTan urTierTobaSi da ufro masStaburad ganaxorcie-

los sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi.

Sejamebis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom saxalxo axalgazrduli diplomatiis gziT unda mom-

zaddes niadagi, raTa Semdgom konfliqtis politikuri mxare martivad mogvarebadi gax-

des. iseve rogorc, erT-erTma eqspertma aRniSna, Cvenc vfiqrobT rom pirvel rigSi saWi-

roa ndobis aRdgena. afxaz xalxs unda davanaxoT, rom marTla Serigeba da megobroba gvin-

da. jer adamianebma unda davibrunoT erTmaneTi da Semdgom unda davilaparakoT politi-

kur sakiTxebze. saqarTvelom jer unda daibrunos is kultura, ena, mosaxleoba, ara marto

afxazi, aramed yvela isini, romlebic okupirebul teritoriaze cxovroben da mxolod

amis Semdeg miwa da teritoria. jer politikuri mowyobis sakiTxebze ar unda iyos saubari.

ukve maTi ndobis mopovebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli yvelaferi dalaparakebis sagani gaxdes

da Tu es nabiji ar iqna gadadgmuli Cven ver gadavdgamT Semdgom nabijs, romelic politi-

kur Temebis ganxilvas Seexeba. unda gamoswordes ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli xarveze-

bi, raTa meti axalgazrda Camovides saswavleblad okupirebuli teritoriebidan CvenTan.

aseve mniSvnelovania, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori gaxdes prioriteti, radgan rogorc aR-

vniSneT pirvel rigSi swored mas eniWeba udidesi roli ndobis aRdgenasa da saqarTvelosa

da afxazeTSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebs Soris urTierTobebis CamoyalibebaSi. vfiqrobT,

rom yvela problemidan arsebobs gamosavali da saqarTvelos konfliqtebis mogvarebis sa-

kiTxi ar warmoadgens gadauWrel problemas. misi mogvareba SesaZlebelia swori politi-

kis pirobebSi, radganac qarTvel, afxaz da os xalxs uamravi saerTo gvaqvs; gvaqvs ziari

warsuli da saerTo istoriuli bedi, Camoyalibebuli kavkasiuri cnobiereba da genetiku-

rad SemorCenili solidarobisa da tolerantobis grZnoba. cxadia, es konfliqti axlo mo-

mavalSi ar gadaiWreba da saWiroa didi Sroma Cados qarTulma mxarem mis mogvarebaSi.

16

maia axalkaciSvili iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori aleqsandre mosiaSvili

afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba

ssrk-is samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis saxelmwifo yvela saSualebiT cdilobs gavle-

nis sferoebis SenarCunebas, aRniSnuli procesi ara mxolod ruseTisTvis, aramed yvela im-

periuli saxelmwifosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli gansxvaveba mxolod politikur meTodebSia.

ruseTi aqtiurad iyenebda da iyenebs mosaxleobis asimilaciasa da kolonizacias ama Tu im

qveyanaSi poziciebis SesanarCuneblad. (maT Soris saqarTveloSic).

ruseTis xelisufleba aqtiurad cdilobda da cdilobs, rom saqarTvelo misi rada-

rebidan ar gaqres, amisaTvis man afxazeTSi, romelic saqarTvelos „aqilevsis qusls“ warmo-

adgens, jer kidev carizmis da ssrk-is periodSi gaatara iseTi politika, rac qarTvelebsa

da afxazebs Soris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda, xels Seuwyobda rusul propagandas da anti-

qarTuli ganwyobilebis Camoyalibebas, brZola gamoucxada qarTul enas da Secvala de-

mografiuli mdgomareoba, uSualo provocirebiT moaxdina qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti,

raTa mieRwia mTavari miznisTvis, Seeqmna „rusuli afxazeTi“. misi aseTi miswrafeba ki sa-

qarTvelos geostrategiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinareobda, romlis dakargvis SemTxve-

vaSi ruseTis poziciebic amierkavkasiaSi dasustdeboda, rogorc Cans, ruseTi amasac uS-

vebda da swored aqedan gamomdinareobda, mis mier gatarebuli politika afxazeTSi, raTa

Semdeg am TemiT moexdina manipulireba saqarTveloze.

ruseTis mxridan aRniSnuli politika dResac grZeldeba, miTumetes maSin, rodesac

qarTulma mxarem prodasavluri orientacia airCia da aqtiurad miiswrafvis evroatlan-

tikur struqturebSi gawevrianebisaken, struqturebSi, romlebic ruseTis mier aRiqmeba

mTavar mowinaaRmdegeebad da, rodesac Riad aris saubari samxreT kavkasiaSi kontrolis

damyarebaze, aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom rusuli mxare afxazeTis saqar-

Tvelosgan gamoyofiT cdilobs samxreT kavkasiaSi garkveuli placdarmis SenarCunebas

(vinaidan saqarTvelo kavkasiis e.w. gasaRebs warmoadgens).

ruseTis mier afxazeTSi gatarebuli politikis Sedegad wamoWrili problemebi da

maTi daregulirebis gzebis Zieba yovelTvis warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens saqar-

Tvelos umTvres amocanas, vinaidan saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas nawilobriv

gansazRvravs afxazeTis sakiTxi.

am kuTxiT ara erTi ideis Tu proeqtis SemuSaveba xdeba. maT Soris erT-erTia afxa-

zuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba, Cveni mTavari mizania ganvixiloT ramdenadaa Se-

saZlebeli Cvens TanamedroveobaSi afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba...

afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba

afxazeTi iseTive istoriuli sakuTrebaa saqarTvelosi, rogorc honkongi CineTisa,

romlis okupacia didma britaneTma me-19 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi moaxdina. britaneli (mar-

garet tetCeri) da Cineli mxareebi (den siaopini) da nawilobriv honkongis mxarec (donal

Cangi – miliardeli) mxolod 1984 wels mividnen garkveul kompromisebamde da honkongTan

dakavSirebiT SemuSavebul deklaracias 1997 wels moawers xeli, romlis Tanaxmad CineTma

17

honkongze Tavisi teritoriuli uflebebi aRidgina.1 aRniSnul sakiTxSi didi britaneTis

roli, romelic okupantidan Suamaval qveynad iqca, sakmaod didia, 90%-ze meti, albaT

aravis aqvs imis eWvi, rom didi britaneTis keTili politikuri nebis gareSe CineTi hon-

kongs mSvidobiani gziT ver daibrunebda.

calke sakiTxia Tu ra statusiT Sevida honkongi CineTis SemadgenlobaSi? ra

samarTlebrivi da politikuri uflebebi gaaCnia CineTs honkongze? da uRirda Tu ara

CineTs honkongis amgvari dabruneba?

1. honkongi CineTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, rogorc specialuri administraciuli

regioni, romelic sxva regionebisgan gansxvavebiT marTvis mTel rig sakiTxebSi (po-

litikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi) maRali damoukideblobiT sargeblobs. magali-

TisTvis, honkongSi Sesasvlelad ucxoeTis moqalaqem unda aiRos calke viza, miuxedavad

imisa rom aqvs CineTis viza. centraluri xelisufleba honkongTan mimarTebaSi pasuxis-

mgebelia mxolod Tavdacvasa da sagareo politikaze.2 garda amisa honkongs hyavs sakuTari

warmomadgenloba saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi.3

2. honkongsa da CineTSi arsebobs ori urTierTsapirispiro sistema: kapitalizmi da

socializmi, CineTs konstituciis Tanaxmad 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekrZaleba honkongis

aRniSnul sistemaSi raime saxis cvlilebis Setana.4

3. gaaCnia sakuTari sagadasaxado sistema, Semosuli gadasaxadebi ar Sedis CineTis

biujetSi da igi rCeba honkongSi. rac Seexeba britaneTis interesebs mas Tavisi poziciebi

SenarCunebuli aqvs honkongSi. kerZod, mis gankargulebaSia Tavisufali saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis porti da aeroporti. SenarCunebulia misi ekonomikuri interesebi honkon-

gSi, amasTan dRemde honkongis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel uwyebebSi Cveulebriv mu-

Saoben britanelebi. Tavis mxriv, unda aRiniSnos rom am procesebis Semdeg honkongis eko-

nomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda.

4. aqvs sakuTari fuladi erTeuli honkonguri dolari.

Tu Cven aTvlis wertils 1997 wlidan daviwyebT, maSin gamodis, rom 2047 wlamde

honkongis kapitalizmi „xelSeuxebelia“.

rac Seexeba CineTs, mas namdvilad uRirda aRniSnul kompromisebze wasvla, msof-

lioSi igi iqca precedent qveynad, romelmac Zaladobas da srul morCilebas, mSvidoba da

honkongisadmi naklebi damokidebuleba arCia. albaT, aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom CineTs

savsebiT SeeZlo honkongis samxedro gziT dabrunebac. rogorc zurab daviTaSvilis

„nacionalizacia da globaliazacia“-Si vkiTxulobT: „CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze didi ar-

miis mflobelia, romlis samxedro SeiaraRebis xarisxi da moculoba izrdeba, flobs bir-

Tvul iaraRsac“.

rac Seexeba aRniSnuli magaliTis gamoyenebas afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi, Cven vfiq-

robT, rom pirvel rigSi ruseTis keTil politikur nebaze, ufro sworad politikur mo-

tivebzea damokidebuli da meore mxriv im kompromisebze romelzec samive mxare da-

Tanxmdeba da maT interesebze, romlebic ar dazaraldeba, rogorc es honkongis SemTxve-

vaSi moxda. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, samive mxare aqtiurad iyos CarTuli molapara-

1 j. gaxokiZe da s. midelaSvili, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. ,1 (14)2014 „ra gziT

viaroT afxazeTisken“. gv.106. 2 iqve, gv.108-109. 3 av. sonRulaSvili, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1 (16) 2015 „honkongis is-

toriidan”. gv. 152. 4 iqve, gv.153-154.

18

kebebSi, radgan mxolod molaparakebebis gziT aris SesaZlebeli afxazeTis problemis

mSvidobiani mogvareba, magram calke sakiTxia Tu ra moTxovnebs wamoayenebs TiToeuli

mxare da ramdenad awyobs es meore mxares.

sxva mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom (honkongis SemTxvevaSi) didi britaneTi da

CineTi, orive maTgani, msoflioSi mniSvnelovan politikur figurebs warmoadgenen, rasac

ver vityviT igives saqarTvelosa da ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. radgan am mxriv ruseTs ufro

didi politikuri wona gaaCnia msofliosa da regionSi, vidre saqarTvelos, Sesabamisad,

unda vifiqroT, rom honkongis tipis molaparakebebis dros rusuli mxare Tavisi „wonis“

proporciulad moiTxovs garkveuli saxis upiratesobebs afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi.

romelic mas dRes isedac gaaCnia, da am etapze mimaCnia, rom igi qarTuli mxaris mier

mniSvnelovani (misi interesebisTvis) politikuri safasuris gadaxdis gareSe arc daTmobs,

rac Seexeba politikur safasurs igi gamoTvlilia da ase gamoiyureba: naxvamdis amerika,

naxvamdis evropa da gamarjoba ruseTo!

amrigad ruseTis interesebSi jerjerobiT sulac ar Sedis aRniSnuli problemis

mogvareba. amas naTlad adasturebs afxazeTSi arsebuli demografiuli mdgomareoba. de

faqto afxazeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis statistikuri monacemebis Sesaxeb, informacia

2011 wels ruseTis statistikis samsaxuris finansuri mxardaWeriT, de faqto afxazeTma

gamoaqveyna, Sedegebi ase gamoiyureba:

qarTveli eqspertebi de faqto afxazeTis gamoqveynebul monacemebs gaberils uwo-

deben da saubroben, rom Tavad afsuebi/afxazebi demografiis TvalsazrisiT rTul mdgo-

mareobaSi imyofebian.

SeiZleba dRes es sagangaSo mdgomareobas ar warmoadgens, magram sagangaSo gzisken

namdvilad aris mimarTuli. 10 wlis Semdeg, afxazeTSi mosalodnelia qarTvelebis da afxa-

zebis mkveTri Semcireba, da maSin rodesac Cven vsaubrobT, afxazebTan urTierTobebis mo-

wesrigeba-dalagebaze, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, maTi procentuli raodenobis Semcireba,

visTanac garkveuli kulturuli da istoriuli erToba gagvaCnia, radgan savsebiT SesaZ-

19

lebelia 10 wlis Semdeg Cven urTierTobebs varkvevdeT sul sxva erovnebis warmomad-

genlebTan.

kidev erTi magaliTi, romelic aseve gviCvenebs, rom ruseTSi ar arsebobs politiku-

ri mzaoba aRniSnul sakiTxis normalizebisTvis aris qarTuli enis afxazeTidan srulad

gamodevnis procesi, romelsac aqtiurad axorcielebs. vgulisxmobT galis qveda zonis 11

skolaSi qarTuli enis rusuliT Canacvlebas.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cveni azriT, saganmanaTleblo kuTxiT aucilebelia mox-

des da ar SeizRudos rusuli enis (rogorc erT-erTi ucxo enis) swavla saqarTvelos sko-

lebSi, ra mniSvneloba aqvs visi an risi enaa. mTavaria, igi gamoviyenoT afxazebTan (afxaze-

Tis teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobasaTan) momaval urTierTobebSi (radgan afxazeTis

skolebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs rusuli enis swavleba), gavakeToT es Tundac imis-

Tvis, rom enobrivad ar davSordeT a f x a z e b s. raTa SevZloT, maTTan „Tarjimanebis“ ga-

reSe saubari. miT ufro rom ena mniSvnelovani barieria adamianebs Soris urTierTobebi-

sas. yvelaze ufro metad, ena aSorebs adamianebs, roca maT pirdapiri gagebiT ar esmiT er-

TmaneTis, am dros advili SesaZlebelia informaciis araswori gadacemac, rasac savsebiT

SeuZlia daaaxlovos an daaSoros xalxebi, adamianebi erTmaneTs.

sainteresoa, rogoria mosaxleobis damokidebuleba dRes afxazeTis dabrunebasTan

dakavSirebiT? amis Taobaze CavatareT erTgvari gamokiTxva, romelic asaxavs kaxeTis rai-

onebsa da soflebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis damokidebulebas afxazeTis dabruneba ar dab-

runebasTan dakavSirebiT (gamokiTxulia 216 adamiani) Sedegebi ase gadanawilda:

davbrundebiT d161 xma, ver davbrundebiT d 47 xma, arvici d 8 xma.

am etapze ki, imeds gamovTqvamT, axlo momavalSi mixvdebian rom isini saqarTvelos

ganuyofelni nawilni arian da sxvasTan Tavs ise realurad, Tavisuflad, damoukideblad

da daculad ver igrZnoben, rogorc saqarTvelosTan. manamde ki kargi iqneba saerTaSori-

so organizaciebma meti proeqti SeimuSaon, raTa eTnikurad afxazma da qarTvelma axal-

gazrdebma SeZlon erTmaneTTan urTierTobebi, radgan momavalSi swored am Taobas mou-

wevs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli nabijebis gadadgma.

amasTan, vfiqrobT aucilebelia, saqarTvelo iyos Zlieri, Semdgari, demokratiuli

saxelmwifo Zlieri politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri ganviTarebiT da Zlieri da mya-

ri mokavSireebiT, raTa afxazeTSi mcxovrebma adamianebma saqarTvelosTan erTad Tavi ig-

rZnon daculad da hqondeT ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.

yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes afxazeTi, rogorc saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili,

radgan, Cven vfiqrobT, rom sanam jer kidev vsaubrobT afxazeTze, sanam jer kidev veZebT

gzebs da saSualebebs (mSvidobians) mis dasabruneblad igi dakarguli araa, afxazeTs dav-

kargavT maSin, roca masze aRar visaubrebT.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. aleqsaia sulxan 201); aleqsaia s. „afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis konfliqtebi da maTi

daregulirebis problemebi“, baTumi, pdf.

2. gaxokiZe jemal, midelaSvili sofo 2014; gaxokiZe j. da midelaSvili s. axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1 (14)2014; „ra gziT viaroT afxazeTisken“. Tbilisi, 2014.

3. gegeSiZe arCil 1999; gegeSiZe a. „geopolitika“ 1999.

4. daviTaSvili zurab 2003; daviTaSvili z. „nacionalizmi da globalizacia“ Tbilisi, 2003.

20

5. sonRulaSvili avTandil 2015; sonRulaSvili av. axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi.

Tb.,1 (16) 2015 „honkongis istoriidan“.

6. CitaZe nika 2011; CitaZe n, „kaspiis zRvis geopolitikuri gaazreba“ 2011. pdf.

1. WumburiZe dodo, kiknaZe vaJa, qoqraSvili xaTuna da saraliZe lela 2016; WumburiZe d.,

kiknaZe v., qoqraSvili x. da saraliZe l. „saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XVIII-XXI

saukuneebSi wigni II“ Tb., 2016.

21

mixeil osiSvili, beqa CogovaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori amiran berZeniSvili

teritoriuli mTlianobis problema — afxazeTi

teritoriuli mTlianobis problema jer kidev 1922 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac

sabWoTa kavSiri samaCablos saxelis qveS moiazrebda osebis avtonomiur olqs. swored am

periodidan iwyeba SuRli afxazebTan da osebTan. 1991 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis federaciam

moaxdina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis inspirireba. SemdgomSi ki 1992 wels Seteva ganaxorci-

ela soxumze, rac gadaizarda erTwlian omSi, ris Sedegadac afxazeTi okupirebul iqna.

postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qveyanam

miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da omis Sem-

dgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaapartaxa. dResac afxaze-

Tis regioni, romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeblobs, mZime so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. miuxedavad TviTgamocxadebuli damou-

kideblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia ruseTis federaciaze. rogorc

TviT afxazebi acxadeben, regioni ruseTis federaciis „de faqto proteqtoratia“

2008 wels 7 agvistos ruseTis federaciam wamoiwyo Ria, srulmasStabiani agresia sa-

qarTvelos winaaRmdeg da moaxdina misi teritoriis 20 procentis okupacia. es iyo ruse-

Tis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli mravalwliani agresiuli po-

litikis Zalismieri dagvirgvinebis mcdeloba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT. aRsaniSnavia,

rom 2002 wlidan ruseTma daiwyo afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi rusuli pasportebis ma-

sobrivi darigebis ukanono procesi, romelic iyo winaswar ganzraxuli da dagegmili poli-

tikis nawili da miznad isaxavda e.w. „moqalaqeTa dacvis uflebis“ sababiT ruseTis samxed-

ro intervencias saqarTvelos suverenul teritoriaze. ruseTma aRiara misive efeqturi

kontrolis qveS arsebuli regionebis e.w. „damoukidebloba“ da saokupacio reJimebTan e.w.

„saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebis“ gaformebis gziT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori sam-

xedro baza Seqmna da aT aTasamde samxedro mosamsaxure ganaTavsa, sanacvlod ki saqarTve-

los xelisufleba inertuli iyo.

es sakiTxi aqtualobas arasdros kargavda, Tumca 2015 wlis NDI-is monacemebiT teri-

toriuli mTlianobis problemam SedarebiT ukana planze gadaiwia da mas iseTi sakiTxebi

anacvlebs rogoricaa samuSao adgilebi, inflacia da siRaribe. samwuxaroa, magram faqtia,

rom am problemis gadaWris saqmeSi saxelmwifo qmediTunariani ar aris da moqalaqeebSic

sul ufro metad qreba imedi am teritoriebze dabrunebisa, romlis mTavari mizezic aris

sazogadoebis dRevandeli socialuri yofa. savaraudoa, rom momaval TaobebSi am terito-

riebis dabrunebis survili da miswrafeba kidev ufro Semcirdeba.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis araa Catarebuli kvlevebi, romlebze dayrdnobi-

Tac Cven SegveZleba gavigoT iq arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli mxarisaTvis Se-

uZlebelia afxazeTidan informaciis mopoveba da Tu raime gagvaCnia es iq mcxovrebi qar-

Tvelebis damsaxurebaa. amitom gadavwyviteT mogveZebna swored iseTi pirebi, romlebic

metnaklebad kompetenturebi arian am sakiTxSi da SeuZliaT mogvcen sando informacia,

romlebsac saSualeba aqvT imisa, rom gadavidnen sazRvris iqiT da sakuTari TvaliT gaec-

22

non mdgomareobas. gagacnobT Cven mier Catarebuli Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebs, agreTve

mimovixilavT arasamTavrobo organizaciebis xedvebs, saxelmwifos strategiebs, partiaTa

winasaarCevno programebs da sxva.

arsebul problemasTan dakavSirebiT Cven CavatareT Tvisebrivi kvleva, romlis far-

glebSic gamovikiTxeT am sakiTxSi kompetenturi pirebi da davusviT ramdenime SekiTxva

imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad aqtualuria es problema dRevandel sazogadoebaSi, rogori da-

mokidebuleba aqvT Zveli da axali Taobebis afxazebs qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT, SeZlebs

Tu ara afxazeTi saqarTvelos gareSe arsebobas da Tqveneuli xedva am problemis mogvare-

basTan dakavSirebiT.

Sedegebi ki SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: Cven gamovitaneT daskvna, rom am Temas aqtualo-

ba ki ar daukargavs aramed daukarges SeiZleba specialuradac. xelisuflebis uyuradRe-

boba araprofesionalizmis Sedegia, radgan ar ician rogor moagvaron es problema. rac Se-

exeba sazogadoebas, is sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze zrunavs. rodesac adamiani lukma-purs

eZebs, afxazeTi raSi ainteresebs. Zveli Taobis afxazebi acnobiereben rac moxda da, gar-

kveulwilad, amas nanoben. axali Taobas ki, rogorc aq, sazRvargareTze uWiravs Tvali da

maTTvis sulerTia. afxazeTis ganviTareba ki ras niSnavs, sadRaa afxazeTi, iq ruseTia,

romlis hegemoniac dRiT dRe izrdeba. rac Seexeba problemis mogvarebis gzas, am SemTxve-

vaSi yvelaze akrZaluli saSualebebic ki unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. pirvel rigSi xalxTa

daaxloeba da saerTo interesebis gaRviveba unda moxdes. afxazeTis mTavrobidan, rome-

lic soxumSia is adamianebi unda wavidnen, romelTa mimarTac TviTon afxazebs ar aqvT

ndoba. maTi azriT, arasamTavroboebi ki, romlebic am problemis mogvarebiT arian dakave-

bulebi piriqiT TiTqos saqmes afuWeben.

axla ki ganvixiloT arasamTavroboebis pozicia, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi

adgili uWiravs „afxazTa krebas“. es aris platforma, romelic aerTianebs 7 partiasa da 30

organizacias da damyarebulia 3 rezoluciaze. es aris afxazTa ori kreba, romlebic Sedga

2014 wlis 27 seqtembers TbilisSi da 8 noembers zugdidSi. pirveli rezolucia mxars

uWers evro integracias da Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi gawevrianebas da Tavis mxriv so-

lidarobas ucxadebs ukrainas, rusuli aneqsiis pirobebSi. meore rezolucia exeba afxaze-

Tis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebs, xolo mesame rezolucia ruseTis mimarT mavnebluri kur-

sis Secvlas.

Cven gavesaubreT afxazTa krebis erT-erT liders afxazeTis problemasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. misi azriT, am problemis mosagvareblad aucilebelia, rom qveyanas hqondes evro-

atlantikuri kursi, rac gulisxmobs deokupacias. es ki aris umniSvnelova-nesi piroba da-

karguli teritoriebis dabrunebisa. saerTaSoriso asparezze unda vawarmooT aqtiuri de-

okupaciis politika. rac Seexeba afxazebTan daaxloebas, es aris miTi, romliTac 23 welia

gvatyueben. 2008 wels gamoCnda rom es ar aris qarTvel-afxazTa da qarTvel-osTa kon-

fliqti es aris okupacia, romelsac hqvia qarTul-rusuli omi. uamravi fuli daixarja mo-

laparakebebisaTvis, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis gareT, magram Sedegi ar yofila,

radgan iq mcxovrebi xalxi ver gamoxatavs sakuTar nebas, imitom rom isini arian moskovis

daqvemdebarebaSi. is reJimi, romelic axla soxumSia pirdapir aris rusuli reJimi da is

xalxi, romlebic axla marTaven iq mdgomareobas aris ruseTis uSiSroebis agentura. ubra-

lo mosaxleoba ki moklebulia SesaZleblobas raime pozitivi gamoxatos Cven mimarT, rad-

gan es misTvis safrTxis Semcvelia. amis magaliTia gasul saukuneSi erT-erTi separatistu-

li organizaciis „aidgilaras“ Tavmjdomaris moadgile zurab aCba, romelmac Riad ganacx-

ada, rom qarTvelebma da afxazebma pirispir unda moilaparakon ruseTis gareSe. am gancxa-

debis Semdgom is maleve mokles rusma specsamsaxurebma.

23

dResdReobiT naTesauri urTierTobebi SenarCunebulia da afxazebTanac yvela Tema-

zea saubari SesaZlebeli politikis garda, radgan maT SiSi aqvT sakuTarma naTqvamma saf-

rTxe ar SeuqmnaT. amgvarad sanam iq rusia, molaparakebebis warmoeba SeuZlebelia. meore

problema aris qarTuli mosaxleoba galSi, romelTa raodenoba 35 000 da romlebic apar-

teidis, segregaciisa da rasizmis pirobebSi arian. yovelgvari ufleba SezRuduli aqvT. am

wels qarTuli skolac ki dauxures da deda ena akrZales. rasac moipoveben udides nawils

arTmeven. aseT viTarebaSi qarTul-afxazur urTierTobas araviTari perspeqtiva ar aqvs.

es SesaZlebelia mxolod ruseTis Sesustebis kvalobaze. im SemTxvevaSi ki urTierTobis

mogvarebisas Cven winaaRmdegobebs ar wavawydebiT, radgan Cvenze ukeTesad im xalxs aravin

icnobs. Tu okupants Tavi dauxare is mets moiTxovs Sengan. ruseTi aris qveyana, romelic

kompromiss daTmobad aRiqvams da yovelTvis meti unda. ruseTTan kompromisi SeuZlebeli-

a, radgan istoriuli da dRevandeli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Cven sxvadasxva miznebi

gvaqvs. ruseTs ar unda, rom viyoT Cven Tavisufalni. Cven ki gvinda Tavisufleba. aq ar Se-

iZleba gadakveTis wertili moiZebnos. swored amitomaa SeuZlebeli ruseTTan molapara-

keba. saerTo interesis ar qonis da evropisken miswrafebis gamo gvsjis ruseTi am afxazu-

ri da osuri konfliqtiT. 1993 da 2008 wlebSic omi imitom daiwyo rom Cven mkveTri nabije-

bi gadavdgiT dasavleTisaken. am problemas isini Segnebulad qmnian, rom ar vifiqroT Ta-

visuflebaze.

rac Seexeba afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos, is arsebobs TbilisSi ucvleli Semadgenlo-

biT, romelic 25 welia ar gadarCeula. mniSvnelovania, rom Cven gvyavdes Cveni warmomad-

genloba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis gareT politikuri socialuri da sxva proble-

mebis gadasaWrelad. samarTlebrivi gzebis gamoyeneba okupaciis qveS myofi qveynisTvis

aris mniSvnelovani. samarTlianobisTvis aucilebelia msxverpls hyavdes realuri warmo-

madgenloba da ara is sabWo, romelic umoqmedoa da yovelwliurad xarjavs 14 milionian

biujets. am sabWoSi 2000 adamiani muSaobs, rac namdvilad araa saWiro. magaliTad aq arse-

bobs afxazeTis soflis meurneobis departamenti, rac Zalian ironiulia, radgan afxaze-

Tis teritoria amJamad Cveni ar aris da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes soflis meurneobis sferoSi.

Cven kiTxvaze, ra saqmianobas eweva arsebuli departamenti? pasuxi aseTi iyo - Tbiliss vam-

wvanebTo. amas xom Tbilisis meriac mSvenivrad gaakeTebs. es mTavroba aralegitimuria,

radgan 25 wlis win airCa. maTi yvelaze dabali asakis amomrCeveli 43 wlis iyo zeda zRvar-

ze laparaki ki zedmetia. am amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba ukve daRupulia, amitom is ara-

kanonieria. aucilebelia xelaxali arCevnebis Catareba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom prokuraturaSi aris 300 tomi saqme, romelic exeba afxazeTSi qar-

Tveli xalxis genocids. dakiTxulia 25000 mowme, 800 Semsrulebeli da 20 organizatori,

Tumca arcerTi saqme ar aris wasuli sasamarTlomde da xeluxleblad devs 1993 wlidan.

oTxi euTos samitma miiRo qarTvelebis mimarT Zaladobrivi qmedebis rezolucia lisabo-

nis, budapeStis, venisa da varSavis. Cven ki mainc ar viZiebT da vaRiarebT amas. es danaSau-

lia da unda daisajos. aqedan iwyeba samarTlianobis aRdgena da es mniSvnelovani dokumen-

tia saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis winaaRmdeg.

axla ki ganvixiloT saxelmwifos strategia okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT. strate-

gia gamoxatavs saqarTvelos uryev gadawyvetilebas miaRwios afxazeTisa da cxinvalis re-

gionis sruli deokupacia, Seasustos ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebuli teritorie-

bis aneqsiis procesi da mSvidobiani gziT moaxdinos am teritoriebisa da mosaxleobis re-

integracia saqarTvelos konstituciur sivrceSi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba miiswrafvis

miaRwios dasaxul miznebs mxolod mSvidobiani da diplomatiuri gzebiT. igi gamoricxavs

samxedro gziT konfliqtis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. yvela es mcdeloba TanxvedraSia

24

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis politikasTan, romelic ar aRiarebs afxazeTisa da cxinva-

lis regionis damoukideblobas da mxars uWers saqarTvelos iniciativas gaataros „CarTu-

lobis politika“. dasaxuli mizani miiRweva iseTi formatebis SeqmniTa da wamaxalisebeli

meqanizmebis SemotaniT, rac xels Seuwyobs xsenebuli regionebis CarTulobas.

1) gamyofi xazebiT erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebul Temebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis xelSewyoba.

2) iseTi infrastruqturis reabilitacia da ganviTareba, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis

gamyof xazebs Soris mosaxleobis mimosvlas da saqonlis moZraobas.

3) afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionSi adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis, maT Soris aRmsa-

reblobis Tavisuflebisa da mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis uflebebis dacvis miz-

niT, arsebuli meqanizmebis gaZliereba da axali saSualebebis SemuSaveba.

4) omis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobisaTvis jandacvis xarisxisa da xelmisawvdomo-

bis gaumjobeseba.

5) saerTo interesebis gansazRvra.

6) kulturuli memkvidreobisa da TviTSegnebis SenarCunebis xelSewyoba.

7) iseTi iuridiuli meqanizmebis moZieba, romlebic strategiis ZiriTadi

principebisa da Rirebulebebis sruli dacviT, uzrunvelyofen winamdebare miznebis

ganxorcilebas.

saqarTvelos kanoni „okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb“ miRebul iqna 2008 wlis 23

oqtombers, romlis mizania gansazRvros im teritoriis statusi, romelic ruseTs aqvs

okupirebuli samxedro agresiis formiT da kanoni adgens gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv

reJims. kanoni, romlis gauqmebaze da cvlilebebze gviwevs debati, pirdapir exmianeba sa-

qarTvelos konstitucias, romelic Tavis mxriv ambobs, rom saqarTvelo aris damoukide-

beli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis

mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur

olqSi Catarebuli referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT. kanoni adgens Semdeg regulaciebs:

– okupirebul teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudva;

– okupirebul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis wesi;

– uZravi qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul wesebs;

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani okupirebul teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgile-

bis SezRudva niSnavs Semdegs: afxazeTSi da cxinvalis regionSi SeRweva aralegaluria ne-

bismieri yvela gziT, Tu piri ar Sedis teritoriaze zugdidis an goris municipaliteti-

dan. am teritoriebze Sesasvlelad aucilebelia mTavrobis mxridan specialuri nebarTva.

kanoni liberaluria da pasuxismgeblobisgan aTavisuflebs pirebs, romlebic arRveven ka-

nons im motiviT, rom idevnebian da saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad iTxoven politi-

kur TavSesafars. aseTi adamianebi Tavisufldebian pasuxismgeblobisgan Tu mTavrobas Se-

atyobineben teritoriaze Sesvlisa da gasvlis dros da mizezs. oponentebi acxadeben, rom

Tu adamiani akrZaluli gziT Seva aRniSnul teritoriaze is dasjili ar unda iyos sixlis

samarTliT, radgan es arRvevs e.w „saxalxo diplomatiis“ principebs. sazRvris ukanono ga-

dakveTa gulisxmobs jarimas an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 3-dan 5 wlamde. oponentebi amboben,

rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romlebic ruseTSi cxovroben, survilis SemTxvevaSi Tavi-

suflad unda gadadiodnen aRniSnul teritoriebze, Tumca es arasamarTliania da Cven ka-

25

nonmdeblobas ewinaaRmdegeba. Cven unda vicodeT vin Sedis da gamodis sakuTar qveyanaSi

da es kanoni gvWirdeba imisTvis, rom yvela qveynis moqalaqes Tu iuridiul pirs Sevaxse-

noT, rom afxazeTi Tu cxinvali warmoadgens saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils da yvela ka-

nondarRvevaze iqneba saTanado reagireba. okupirebul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmia-

nobis ganxorcielebis wesi niSnavs Semdegs: ekonomikuri saqmianobis SezRudvac dadgeni-

lia im TvalsazrisiT, rom afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni aris saqarTvelos ganuyofeli

nawili da Sesabamisad nebismieri ekonomikuri aqtivoba unda ganxorcieldes saqarTveloSi

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. kanoni am SezRudvasTan mimarTebaSic aris libera-

luri, roca adgens gamonaklis SemTxvevebs, Tu ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba Se-

Tanxmdeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan igi miiCneva kanonier saqmianobad.

uZravi qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul wesebi d aq igulisxmeba Semdegi: kanoni

acxadebs, rom okupirebul teritoriebze sakuTrebis ufleba daculia da regulirdeba

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. es wesi Tavis mxriv kidev erTxel gamoxatavs saqarTvelos

legitimur princips, rom ar vaRiarebT separatistuli da rusuli reJimis pirobebSi miRe-

bul gadawyvetilebebs da Tavis mxriv am saSualebiT Cven vicavT im devnilTa uflebebsac,

romlebsac qoneba gaaCniaT afxazeTSi da cxinvalis regionSi.

aseve mniSvnelovania politikur partiaTa saarCevno programebSi ra adgili ukavia

deokupacias saqarTvelos ori wamyvani politikuri partiis, qarTuli ocnebisa da erTiani

nacionaluri moZraobis saarCevno programebSi.

gamoikveTa, rom okupirebuli teritoriebis problema aris qarTuli ocnebis Sem-

TxvevaSi me-4, xolo nacionaluri moZraobis SemTxvevSi d me-11 adgilze prioritetebis mi-

xedviT. am problemas win uswreben ZiriTadad ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi.

dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare es faqti gasakviri arc aris, Tumca , samwuxaro rea-

lobaa.

axla rac Seexeba konkretulad partiebis dapirebebs. erTiani nacionaluri moZrao-

bisTvis prioritetulia konfliqtis mSvidobiani daregulireba. samSvidobo politikis

kuTxiT enm xelmZRvanelobs 2009 wels Seqmnili saxelmwifo strategiiT okupirebuli te-

ritoriebis mimarT da Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmiT. samSvidobo politikis kuTxiT nacio-

naluri moZraoba ayalibebs im ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze

mniSvnelovania:

1) Zalis argamoyeneba da mSvidobiani ganviTareba;

2) ruseTis, rogorc okupanti saxelmwifos statusis ganmtkiceba saerTaSoriso aspa-

rezze;

3) pragmatuli TanamSromloba afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis mosaxleobasTan da

gamyofi xazebis TandaTanobiT gaqroba;

4) saokupacio xazis saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier kontrolirebad mxares usafrTxoe-

bis gazrda;

5) Tavisufali gadaadgilebis miRweva iqneba Cveni samSvidobo politikis prioriteti;

6) okupirebul teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis uflebebis dacva;

7) ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis SesaZlo aneqsiis sawinaaR-

mdego strategiis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba;

moqmed saxelisuflebo partias ki Tavisi strategia aqvs. kerZod, programaSi pirda-

pir weria, rom qarTuli ocneba:

1) mimarTavs Zalisxmevas mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis, usafrTxoebis riskebisa da Se-

saZlo provokaciebis ganeitralebis, evropuli da evroatlantikuri integraciis uryevi

26

kursisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis veqtoris dacvisaken, rac konfliqtis mSvidobiani

da warmatebuli mogvarebis winapirobaa;

2) gaagrZelebs diplomatiur Zalisxmevas saqarTvelos okupirebuli regionebis ara-

Riarebis politikis gatarebisTvis;

3) mimarTavs aqtiur Zalisxmevas deokupaciis amocanisken, ruseTis mxridan cecxlis

Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis, okupirebul teritoriebze saerTaSo-

riso usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis amoqmedebis rogorc ruseTTan saerTaSoriso formatSi

molaparakebebis, ise saerTaSoriso mxardaWerisa da zewolis mobilizebis gziT;

4) xels Seuwyobs pirdapir dialogs qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da osebs

Soris;

5) waaxalisebs konfliqtiT daSoriSorebul xalxTaSoris kontaqtebs, saerTo inte-

resebze dafuZnebul TanamSromlobas, rac xelovnuri gamyofi xazebis orive mxares mcxov-

rebi mosaxleobis humanitarul da pragmatul saWiroebebs, profesiuli jgufebis Tu sxva-

dasxva dargis eqspertebis (ekologebis, kulturis moRvaweebis, Jurnalistebis, medicinis

muSakebis da a.S.) TanamSromlobis interesebs ukavSirdeba;

6) gaagrZelebs konfliqtiT dazaralebul adamianebze, maT Soris devnilebze zrun-

vas;

7) gaagrZelebs da gaaaqtiurebs yvela Sesabamisi formatis da instrumentis gamoyene-

bas devnilTa dabrunebis ganuyofeli uflebis dacvisa da am uflebis realizebisTvis.

Tumca sityva sityvaa, saqme ki sxvaa da konkretuli nabijebi am problemis mosagva-

reblad ar idgmeba. aucilebelia sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTuloba da ideologiuri po-

litikis gatareba. didi yuradReba unda mieqces socialuri xasiaTis aqtivobebs. magali-

Tad, komerciul reklamebs afxazeTis TematikiT, mxatvrul filmebs da a.S. amis naTeli ma-

galiTia dokumenturi filmi „me gadavcure enguri“, romelic realur ambavzea dafuZnebu-

li da gadmogvcems 20 wlis gogonas istorias, Tu rogor gadacura enguri Tavisi saxlis

sanaxavad. Cven rogorc studentebs didi rolis Sesruleba SegviZlia am saqmeSi. yvela moZ-

raoba xom Tbilisis deda universitetidan iwyeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia 1978 stu-

dentTa gamosvlebi dedaenis SesanarCuneblad. agreTve, 9 aprilsac uamravi studenti See-

wira qveynis damoukideblobas. axlac aqtiurad unda moxdes studentebis CarTuloba am

sakiTxSi, iqneba es mSvidobiani aqciebi sazRvrispira regionebSi Tu sxvadasxva saxis.

roca okupirebul xalxze da teritoriaze viwyebT saubars unda gvaxsovdes, rom vsa-

ubrobT sakuTari ojaxis im wevrebze, romlebic elodebian Zlieri saqarTvelos Zlier

xmas da ara imas, rom kolaboraciuli wesiT daviwyebT mterTan kudis qicins. Zlieri eko-

nomika, dalagebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, es aris garanti imis, rom saqarTvelom

SeZlos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena da ojaxis gaerTianeba. roca okupirebul xalxs

esmis, rom saqarTveloSi ar varT konsolidirebuli bevri mimarTulebiT, ver vamyarebT

erovnul valutas, dasavluri tipis politikosebs devnian da dausjeli rCebian msgavsi

tipis kriminalebi, nurc viocnebebT gaerTianebaze ! TiToeulma okupirebulma Tanamoqa-

laqem unda icodes, rom eTnosis safrTxe dgas rusi dampyrobelis pirobebSi da erTader-

Ti Rirseuli gza aris saqarTvelo.

27

ekonomika

TaTia bregvaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nugzar Todua

socialuri mediamarketingis SesaZleblobebi da gamowvevebi

Tanamedrove biznesSi obieqtivSi (Facebook-is magaliTze)

teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTarebisa da konkurenciis zrdis pirobebSi Tanamedrove

biznesis warmateba warmoudgenelia socialuri mediis gareSe. cifruli SesaZleblobebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad momxmareblebi sul ufro met dros atareben socialur qselebSi

da informaciis did nawils swored maTi saSualebiT iReben. Sesabamisad socialuri media

gaxda mZlavri iaraRi biznesisaTvis klientTa mosazidad, gayidvebis gasazrdelad da

brendis cnobadobis asamaRleblad.

socialuri qselis moxmareba aris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli onlain saqmianoba

dReisaTvis 2,46 miliardi momxmarebliT, maTi didi interesiTa da zrdadi mobiluri SesaZ-

leblobebiT.5

socialuri mediasivrcis zrdasTan erTad, gaizarda marketinguli SesaZleblobebic,

onlain socialuri sivrcis Seqmnam marketingis axal mimarTulebas d socialuri mediamar-

ketings daudo safuZveli. socialuri mediamarketingi aris internetmarketingis forma,

romelic iyenebs uamrav socialur qsels momxmarebelTan marketinguli komunikaciis da-

samyareblad. socialuri mediamarketinguli xerxebis saSualebiT xdeba informaciis miwo-

deba miznobriv auditoriasTan minimaluri danaxarjiT. am SesaZleblobas bevri warmate-

buli kompania iyenebs. saqarTveloc ar CamorCeba tendenciebs, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

socialuri mediamarketingi aris marketingis axali mimarTuleba da xSir SemTxvevaSi, qar-

Tuli kompaniebis mxridan, daugegmav strategias da araswor kampanias aqvs adgili, es ki

mniSvnelovani problemaa.

socialur qselSi marketingul saqmianobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove bizne-

sisaTvis im sargeblidan gamomdinare, rac mas SeuZlia moutanos. es ZiriTadi sargebelia:

1. brendis cnobadobis gazrda:

Tu momxmarebelma ar icis ras warmoadgens brendi, biznesi warumeteblobisTvis

ganwirulia. Tu momxmarebli informirebulia brendis Sesaxeb da axdens interaqcias so-

cialur sivrceSi, savaraudoa, rom is ufro didi siamovnebiT gauwevs rekomendacias me-

gobrebs kompaniis produqciaze. socialuri media aadvilebs wvdomas potenciur momxma-

reblebze da xdis brends ufro „Sinaurs“ da cnobads arsebuli klientebisTvis.

2. brendis loialobis gazrda:

5 https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number‐of‐worldwide‐social‐network‐users/

28

rac ufro met dros gaatarebs momxmarebeli kompaniis gverdze, miT ufro metia

gayidvebis zrdis SesaZlebloba. Tu vizitori mxolod erTxel Semova kompaniis gverdze,

es ar iqneba sasurveli Sedegis momtani grZelvadian periodSi. amitom saWiroa grZelva-

diani socialuri mediamarketingis strategiis gawera loialuri momxmareblebis Se-

saqmnelad.

texasis teqnologiuri universitetis kvlevebiT, brendebi, romlebic iyeneben so-

cialur media arxebs da maT SesaZleblobebs, aRweven momxmareblebis ufro maRal ndobasa

da loialobas. amaves gviCvenebs kvleviTi organizacia „Convince & Convert“-is Sedegebi.

amerikuli kompaniebis 53% zrdis loialobas socialur qselSi ganxorcielebuli aqti-

vobis Semdeg.6

1. momxmarebelTan uSualo kontaqti da saubris SesaZlebloba:

biznesmenebma unda gaiazros is, rom momxmarebelTan uSualo urTierTobas soci-

aluri sivrcis meSveobiT aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri gayidvebTan. socialuri media, aris ad-

gili, sadac kompaniebi ise iqcevian, rogorc rigiTi adamianebi da es izidavs momxmarebels.

rac ufro meti adamiani laparakobs kompaniis socialur gverdze, miT ufro meti Ri-

rebuli momxmarebeli eyoleba brends. momxmarebelTan saubriT sxvadasxva Temebze da maT-

Tan mudmiv interaqciaSi yofniT iqmneba kompaniis audiencia socialuri mediaSi, rac veb-

gverdis monaxulebis ricxvsac zrdis da dainteresebuli klientebis raodenobasac.

2. vebgverdis mnaxvelTa zrda:

vebgverdze mnaxvelebis didi raodenoba mniSvnelovania yvela tipis biznesisTvis,

gansakuTrebiT ki onlain gayidvebis mqone kompaniebisaTvis.

garda gayidvebis SesaZleblobisa, rac ufro meti xalxi daaTvalierebs saits ufro

meti Sansia momxmareblebi dainteresdnen kontentiT da Sesabamisad gaaziaron kompaniis

saiti. rac ufro metjer daaWers momxmarebeli saits da met gaziarebas miscems, miT meti

Sansia gaizardos gayidvebi.

3. marketinguli xarjebis Semcireba

socialuri mediamarketingis industriis 2014 wlis angariSis mixedviT, marketolo-

gebis 84% procents sul cota 6 saaTi sWirdeboda yoveldRe, imisTvis rom saitze

SeeqmnaT damTvalierebelTa „sacobi“, maSin rodesac socialur mediaSi dReSi 1 saaTic sak-

marisia daixarjos kontentis gasaviTareblad da ukve Sedegi saxezea. socialuri mediaze

gaweuli xarji aris minimaluri. garda gverdis postebisa, Facebook-is reklama gacilebiT

iafi jdeba, vidre nebismieri sxva tipis reklama da Sedegi ki STambeWdavi aqvs. 7

4. moxmareblebze meti informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba

socialuri media saSualebas iZleva, rom momxmareblebze Rirebuli informacia

iqnas mopovebuli, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqcevian isini socialur sivrceSi. magaliTad:

SesaZlebelia gakontroldes komentarebi, anu rogor xedaven isini bizness, gakeTdes

analizi sasaubro postebze ganxilvisas daweril mosazrebebze, gakontroldes romelma

postma ufro didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia da sabolood Seiqmnas kargi kombinacia imisT-

vis, rom formirdes Semosavali.

6 http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-

marketing/#130eec3c2a4d 7 MICHAEL A. STELZNER - How Marketers Are Using Social Media to Grow Their Businesses; 2014 SOCIAL

MEDIA MARKETING INDUSTRY REPORT; 2014, Social Media Examiner P21

29

„gaqvT kiTxvebi? – SeiareT maRaziaSi, momxmareblebs aqvT pasuxebi“ – Tqva Walmart-is

damfuZnebelma sem voltonma. dRes maRaziis nacvlad SegiZliaT socialur qselSi „Seia-

roT“ da iq umokles droSi miiRoT sasurveli ukukavSiri momxmareblebisgan.

ase, rom rac ufro metad moicdis kompania socialur sivrceSi aqtiurobisTvis, miT

ufro mets dakargavs. socialuri mediamarketingi rodesac sworadaa gamoyenebuli,

izidavs met momxmarebels, met mnaxvels da iwvevs brendisadmi loialobas.

socialuri mediabazari mravalferovania, sadac uamravi qseli funqcionirebs,

Tumca socialuri mediabazris lideri gaxlavT Facebook, pirveli socialuri qseli,

romelmac miaRwia erT miliard registrirebul momxmarebels, xolo dReisaTvis mas hyavs

1.968 miliardi aqtiuri momxmarebeli yovelTviurad. Semdeg modis WatsApp 1,2 miliardi

yovelTviuri momxmarebliT da mesame adgilze gaxlavT Facebook Messenger 1,0 miliardi

aqtiuri momxmarebliT, romelic aseve korporacia Facebook-is sakuTrebaa da socialur

qsel Facebook-Tan aris integrirebuli. maT mohyveba sxva socialuri qselebi.8

socialuri qselebidan Facebook aris Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze popula-

ruli da funqciurad daxvewili socialuri qseli, romelic moqnilobis, analizuri

SesaZleblobebis, momxmarebelTan urTierTobebis gzebis simravlis, informaciis

Segrovebis da damuSavebis sistemebis TvalsazrisiT marketings uamrav SesaZleblobas aZ-

levs. amasTan es aris qseli, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad moixmars qarTveli momxmarebeli.9

Tumca realurad kompaniebma ar ician ramxela SesaZleblobebi aqvs facebook -s biznesi-

saTvis, xSirad ar icnoben qarTveli momxmareblebis Taviseburebebs da socialuri mar-

ketinguli strategiebis codnaSic moikoWleben. socialuri media marketologebi ambo-

ben, rom Facebook uzrunvelyofs yvelaze maRal investiciebis ukugebis maCvenebels (ROI)

da aris Seucvleli socialuri mediamarketingis warmatebulobis kuTxiT. samma kvleviTma

organizaciam Social Fresh, Firebrand Group da Simply Measured-ma msoflios masStabiT gamoi-

kiTxes 551 socialuri mediamarketeri da sTxoves daesaxelebinaT 3 platforma, romelic

maTi azriT saukeTeso iyo rois asamaRleblad, 95,8% Tqva rom es iyo Facebook.10

8 https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ 9 http://www.newposts.ge/?l=G&id=70492

%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90,%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98,

10 https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social‐Media‐Marketers‐Facebook‐Produces‐Best‐ROI/1013918

30

imisaTvis rom Facebook-ze ganxorcielebuli marketinguli RonisZiebebi iyos efeqtu-

ri, aucilebeli kompania icnobdes sakuTar momxmarebels, maT survilebs, Sexedulebebs,

Taviseburebebs da ise dagegmos sakomunikacio strategia.

qarTul bazarze momxmareblis zogadi Sexedulebebisa da damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb

Facebook-ze maT aqtivobasTan da kompaniebis aqtiurobasTan dakavSirebiT Cavatare patara

kvleva. gamokiTxul iqna 140 qselis momxmarebeli, romelTa 68% iyo mdedrobiTi sqesis

warmomadgeneli da 32% mamrobiTi. aqedan 7% warmadgenda 20 da naklebis asakis mom-

xmarebels, 61% gaxldaT 21-30 wlamde asakis, 19 procenti 31-40 wlamde, 13 % ki 41 wels

zemoT.

gamokiTxulTa absolutur umravlesobaSi, socialuri qselebidan, yvelaze didi popu-

larobiT sargeblobs Facebook, Semdgom mas moyveba Instagram, Linkedin, meoTxe adgils ikavebs

Twitter da mexuTe adgilzea socialuri qseli В контакте. aRmoCnda, rom socialur qselSi

informaciis ganTavsebisas didi nawili Tavs ikavebs hobisa da interesebis miTiTebisagan

(28%) da arc imas uaryofs rom xSirad araswor informaciasac aTavsebs. es ki garkveul

wilad qarTvel momxmarebelTa nawilis Taviseburebaze, romelmac SeiZleba Seaferxos

kompaniebis mxridan swori miznobrivi auditoriis SerCeva da pozicionireba. gamokiT-

xulTa umravlesobas (54%) ar uyvars reklamebisa da kompaniis sareklamo postebis kiTxva

da iSviaTad aqcevs maT yuradRebas, ris mizezadac maT interesebTan Seusabamo reklamebis

arseboba daasaxeles. es ukanaskneli ki imis maniSnebelia, rom kompaniebis ver axdenen

sworad miznobrivi auditoriis SerCevas, maT reklamebi Sesabamisi interesebis ar mqone

momxmareblebTan midis, rac TavisTavad sareklamo kampaniis araefeqturobas ganapirobebs.

Facebook reklamebidan gamokiTxuli momxmareblebi yvelaze metad yuradRebas postebs

aqceven, romlebic maT kedelze Cans (42%) da aseve didi interesiT sargeblobs video

reklamebi (26%). rac Seexeba imas Tu rogori saxis postebi moswonT yvelaze metad 32%-

isTvis es aris mimdinare aqtualur TemasTan dakavSirebuli, 21% isTvis es aris sasurvel

produqciasa da momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli, 19%-isTvis saganmanaTleblo postebia

yuradRebis misaqcevi, 12% s ki iumoristuli saxis postebis kiTxva uyvars. aseve aRsa-

niSnavia is faqti, rom gamokiTxulTa 50% iSviaTad afiqsirebs sakuTar mosazrebas kompa-

niis produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis reklamasa da postze socialur qselSi. esec garkveul

31

wilad qarTveli momxmareblis Taviseburebaze miuTiTebs. isini jer kidev ver iazreben

maTi azris dafiqsirebis mniSvnelobas produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjo-

besebisaTvis. aseve rogorc Cans socialur qselSi momxmarebelTa didi nawili jer kidev

pasiurobiT gamoirCeva, rac aseve unda gaiTvaliswinon kompaniebma aqtivobebis dageg-

mvisas.

kvlevisTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo garkveuliyo is Tu, Tu romeli qarTuli kompa-

niebis Facebook gverdebia maTTvis yvelaze sayvareli da ratom. Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi

xuTeuli:

1. nabeRlavi d radgan Zalian kargad iyeneben grafikas, iumors da mobilurebi arian

garemoSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT, kreatiuli da pozitiuri strategia aqvT;

2. Tibisi banki – radgan Zalian gemovnebiani da daxvewili gverdia, rogorc vizualu-

rad ise Sinaarsobrivad;

3. marketeri – radgan arian kreatiulebi da bevr saintereso informacias gvawvdian;

4. kinoTeatri Cavea radgan gamoirCeva saintereso da saxaliso iumoristuli pos-

tebiT;

5. Adjaranet.com – radgan saintereso filmebs deben da postebic saintereso aqvT.

marTlac, kvlevis procesSi aqtiurad vakvirdebodi aRniSnul gverdebs da es swored

is gverdebia, romlebic didi popularobiT sargebloben da momxmarebelTa aqtiurobas ar

uCivian.

vfiqrob aRniSnuli suraTi naTlad asaxavs qarTveli momxmareblis upiratesobis mi-

niWebis principebs socialur qselSi kompaniis reklamebTan mimarTebiT, siaxle da kre-

ativi, vizualuri daxvewa, iumori da mobiluroba mimdinare procesebTan, momxmareblis-

Tvis saintereso da pozitiuri informaciis miwodeba ganapirobebs kompaniis warmatebas.

amasTan Tavad momxmareblebis mier dasaxelebuli rCevebi kompaniebis mimarT ase

gamoiyureba:

meti SemoqmedebiToba da kreativi;

meti realuroba;

grafikis da iumoris daxvewa;

ufro aqtiuri kontaqti momxmareblebTan;

sakuTari axali ideebi da ara moparuli;

meti informaciuloba da siaxlis SeTavazeba.

aRniSnul rCevebSi garkveul wilad, sasargeblo rCevebTan erTad gamoikveTa momxma-

rebelTa pretenziebic kompaniebis mimarT, rac komunikaciis da ideebis naklebobaSi

gamoixateba.

garda aRniSnuli gamokiTxvisa, vestumre ramdenime kompaniis socialur media mene-

jers da direqtors (LEAVINGSTONE, Adjaranet.com da E-sports) maTi, damokidebulebebis, prob-

lemebis da strategiebis gasagebad, raTa srulad damexata socialur d media marketingis

bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba.

kompania LEAVINGSTONE aris cifruli kreatiuli saagento, romelic onlain marke-

tingis srul serviss sTavazobs kompaniebs da ukve 7 welia warmatebulad moRvaweobs qar-

Tul bazarze. (magaliTad maTi SemuSavebulia Zalian popularuli Old Irish -is da natax-

taris – Sexede msubuqad d sareklamo kampaniebi). saqmianobidan gamomdinare maT aqvs Se-

xeba, rogorc kompaniebTan romlebic serviss ukveTaven, ise socialuri qselebis mom-

xmareblebTan da bazarze funqcionirebis didi gamocdileba daagroves am droisaTvis.

Sesabamisad kompaniis TanadamfuZnebelTan da generalur menejerTan, giorgi burWula-

ZesTan interviu saintereso da nayofieri gamodga.

32

batoni giorgis gancxadebiT erTiani socialuri media marketinguli strategia ar

arsebobs da arc formula, romelic yvela kompanias moutans warmatebas qarTul so-

cialur media sivrceSi. mTavaria, rom kompania kargad icnobdes Tavis momxmarebels, ax-

dendes zustad miznobriv momxmarebelze gasvlas da brendis imijis Sesabamisobis uz-

runvelyofas sakomunikacio strategiasTan. swored es d swori segmentireba, kompaniis

saqmianobis Sesabamisad brendis imijis formireba da momxmareblis Taviseburebebidan

gamomdinare komunikaciis strategiis SemuSaveba aris maTi warmatebis ganmsazRvreli.

dakvirvebidan da gamocdilebidan gamomdinare qarTuli kompaniebis problemebad dRes

LEAVINGSTONE-is menejeri socialuri media marketingis ganxorcielebis dros miiCnevs

Semdegs:

1. brendis komunikaciis acdena brendis SinaarsTan;

2. araswori segmentireba;

3. naklebi kreatiuloba da aqtivobebis kopirebebi;

4. erTferovneba;

5. socialuri medis mniSvnelobis gauazrebloba da codnis dabali done.

qarTveli momxmareblis erT-erT Taviseburebad ki uaryofiTi informaciis gavrce-

lebisken swrafvas asaxelebs, rac garkveul wilad aferxebs kompaniis saqmianobas soci-

alur qselSi. garda amisa qarTuli socialuri media bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mniS-

vnelovan Taviseburebad asaxelebs Taobebs Soris didi mentaliteturi sxvaoba Taobebs

Soris, rac balansis dacvas moiTxovs komunikaciis strategiis ganxorcielebisas da ga-

mowvevaa kompaniebisTvis.

momxmarebelTa erT-erT sayvareli filmebis vebgverdis Adjaranet.com-is socialuri

media menejeri luka qurdianis azriT, maTi warmatebas ganapirobebs momxmarebelTa Ti-

Toeuli gansxvavebuli jgufisTvis SemuSavebuli optimaluri Facebook aqtivobebis nakrebi

da qarTulad maRali xarisxiT gaxmovanebuli filmebi. dReisaTvis maTi mimdinare

aqtivobebis, mimarTulebebis CamonaTvali acebook ze ki ase gamoiyureba: 1) ras vuyuro? 2)

Radaob? 3) qvizi 4) uyure qarTulad 5) gaxmovanebuli. TiToeuli maTgani, sxvadasxva tipis

momxmarebelzea gaTvlili da, Sesabamisad, egzavneba maT reklamebi da postebi. aqedan

gamomdinare, segmentacia sworad mimdinareobs da mudmivi aqtiuroba momxmarebels mo-

dunebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.

ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebsac batoni luka momxmareblebTan urTierTobisas

asaxelebs gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:

1. interesebs xSirad ar uTiTeben monacemebSi da rTuldeba miznobriv momxmarebelze

gasvla;

2. xSirad iwoneben gverdebs, romlebic realurad ar ainteresebT, rac arTulebs

aseve miznobriv segmentirebas;

3. postis Sinaarss xSirad ar kiTxuloben;

4. xSirad svamen araaadekvatur SekiTxvebs.

CamoTvlili problemebi miuTiTebs qarTveli momxmareblis mier qselis moxmarebis

jer kidev dabal doneze. rasac aseve aRniSnavs organizacia Esports-is produqtebis ganvi-

Tarebis menejeri da mrCeveli cifrul marketingSi luka beriZe. eleqtronuli sporti

saqarTveloSi axali mimarTuleba romlis ganviTarebasac aRniSnuli organizacia aqtiu-

rad cdilobs. Esports bazarze 6 Tvea rac gamoCnda da aqtivobebis naklebobas ar ganicdis.

batoni lukas gancxadebiT yvela bizness socialur qselSi sxvadasxva marketinguli

strategia sWirdeba saqmianobidan gamomdinare. eleqtronuli sporti specifikuri mi-

marTulebaa romlis mimdevrebic gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCevian. Tumca

misi socialur mediaSi muSaobis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (bank respublikis yofili

cifruli media menejeri) qarTvel socialuri qselis momxmareblebis ZiriTad Tavisebu-

rebebad da problemebad Semdegi miaCnia:

33

1. xarisxis aRqmis da garCevis uunaroba;

2. dabali xarisxis iumoris siyvaruli;

3. informirebulobis dabali done;

4. negatiuri informaciis gavrcelebisken swrafva.

rogorc Cans negatiur informaciis gavrcelebis siyvaruli marTlac aris qarTvel

momxmarebelSi, rac garkveul fsiqologiur Taviseburebebze miuTiTebs. aseve misi gan-

cxadebiT da dakvirvebiT amarTlebs nebismieri postisa Tu reklamis iseTi SigTavsi, ro-

melic uSualod exeba momxmarebels da aris qarTuli.

samive respodentTan interviusa da momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia

CamovayaliboT Semdegi gamowvevebi, romlebic dRes qarTuli kompaniebis winaSe dgas. ese-

nia:

1. SeinarCunon arsebuli momxmareblebi da gazardon maTi kmayofilebis done;

2. gazardon vebgverdze trafiki;

3. moizidon axali segmenti;

4. iyvnen mudmivad saintereso da mravalferovani;

5. gazardon cnobadoba;

6. mudmivad ganviTardnen da ar CamorCnen tendenciebs.

amasTan, vfiqrob kargi iqneba Tu qarTuli kompaniebi socialuri mediamarketingis

ganxorcielebisas gaiTvaliswineben Semdeg rekomendaciebs:

icnobdnen da kargad Seiswavlon sakuTar momxmareblebi;

moaxdinon dagegmva — pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kompaniam SeimuSaos socialuri me-

diamarketinguli gegma;

ar daaviwydeT, rom informaciis SigTavsi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani d kompania unda

iyos darwmunebuli, rom informacia rasac momxmarebels sTavazobs aris maTTvis sain-

tereso;

sworad moaxdinon segmentireba;

komunikaciis strategia unda iyos brendis imijTan Sesabamisi;

mudmivad iyvnen momxarebelTan kontaqtze da gaiTvaliswinon maTi azrebi;

Tvali adevnos konkurentebs;

iyvnen mudam inovaciurebi da kreatiulebi.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gaanalizeba imisa, Tu

ramdenad mzardi da ramxela SesaZleblobebis mqonea socialuri qselebi, daexmareba ne-

bismier kompanias iqonios mWidro kavSiri momxmarebelTan, miawodos maT sasurveli

informacia da miiRos myisieri ukukavSiri, rac momaval marketingul RonisZiebebSi unda

iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. vfiqrob socialuri mediamarketingi aris erT-erT mZlavri mar-

ketinguli iaraRi Tanamedrove biznesSi da TiToeuli dakarguli wuTi misi gamouyeneb-

lobisa aris TiTo dakarguli momxmarebeli kompaniisTvis, rac esoden didia Tanamedrove

msoflio konkurenciis pirobebSi.

bazarze 6 Tvea rac gamoCnda da aqtivobebis naklebobas ar ganicdis.

batoni lukas gancxadebiT yvela bizness socialur qselSi sxvadasxva marketinguli

strategia sWirdeba saqmianobidan gamomdinare. eleqtronuli sporti specifikuri mimar-

Tulebaa romlis mimdevrebic gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCevian. Tumca misi

socialur mediaSi muSaobis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (bank respublikis yofili cif-

ruli media menejeri) qarTvel socialuri qselis momxmareblebis ZiriTad Tavisebu-

rebebad da problemebad Semdegi miaCnia:

5. xarisxis aRqmis da garCevis uunaroba;

6. dabali xarisxis iumoris siyvaruli;

7. informirebulobis dabali done;

34

8. negatiuri informaciis gavrcelebisken swrafva.

rogorc Cans negatiur informaciis gavrcelebis siyvaruli marTlac aris qarTvel

momxmarebelSi, rac garkveul fsiqologiur Taviseburebebze miuTiTebs. aseve misi gancxa-

debiT da dakvirvebiT amarTlebs nebismieri postisa Tu reklamis iseTi SigTavsi, romelic

uSualod exeba momxmarebels da aris qarTuli.

samive respodentTan interviusa da momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia

CamovayaliboT Semdegi gamowvevebi, romlebic dRes qarTuli kompaniebis winaSe dgas.

esenia:

7. SeinarCunon arsebuli momxmareblebi da gazardon maTi kmayofilebis done;

8. gazardon vebgverdze trafiki;

9. moizidon axali segmenti;

10. iyvnen mudmivad saintereso da mravalferovani;

11. gazardon cnobadoba;

12. mudmivad ganviTardnen da ar CamorCnen tendenciebs.

amasTan, vfiqrob kargi iqneba Tu qarTuli kompaniebi socialuri mediamarketingis

ganxorcielebisas gaiTvaliswineben Semdeg rekomendaciebs:

icnobdnen da kargad Seiswavlon sakuTar momxmareblebi;

moaxdinon dagegmva – pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kompaniam SeimuSaos socialuri me-

diamarketinguli gegma;

ar daaviwydeT, rom informaciis SigTavsi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani d kompania unda

iyos darwmunebuli, rom informacia rasac momxmarebels sTavazobs aris maTTvis sain-

tereso;

sworad moaxdinon segmentireba;

komunikaciis strategia unda iyos brendis imijTan Sesabamisi;

mudmivad iyvnen momxarebelTan kontaqtze da gaiTvaliswinon maTi azrebi;

Tvali adevnos konkurentebs;

iyvnen mudam inovaciurebi da kreatiulebi.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gaanalizeba imisa, Tu

ramdenad mzardi da ramxela SesaZleblobebis mqonea socialuri qselebi, daexmareba

nebismier kompanias iqonios mWidro kavSiri momxmarebelTan, miawodos maT sasurveli in-

formacia da miiRos myisieri ukukavSiri, rac momaval marketingul RonisZiebebSi unda

iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. vfiqrob socialuri mediamarketingi aris erT-erT mZlavri mar-

ketinguli iaraRi Tanamedrove biznesSi da TiToeuli dakarguli wuTi misi gamouyeneb-

lobisa aris TiTo dakarguli momxmarebeli kompaniisTvis, rac esoden didia Tanamedrove

msoflio konkurenciis pirobebSi.

literatura:

1. Robert E. Wilson, Samuel D. Gosling and Lindsay T. Graham- A Review of Facebook Research in the Social

Sciences, Perspectives on Psychological Science; 2012, p. 203-204.

2. Sisira Neti-Social Media and Its Role In Marketing; International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business

Systems; July 2011; p. 4-5.

3. University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance- Foundations of Social Media Marketing;

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, ( 2014 ) p. 40.

4. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-

marketing/#130eec3c2a4d

5. http://www.wordstream.com/social-media-marketing

6. https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/

35

7. https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social-Media-Marketers-Facebook-Produces-Best

ROI/1013918

8. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/

9. http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/report/

10. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/

11. https://www.elsevier.com/connect/free-research-papers-on-social-media-and-marketing

12. http://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-social-media/

13. https://www.statista.com/statistics/269615/social-network-penetration-by-region/

36

xaTuna Tabagari ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura. xelmZRvanelebi:

profesorebi: aleqsandre TvalWreliZe, avTandil silagaZe

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali satranzito milsadenebis

(arsebuli da perspeqtiuli proeqtebis) gavlena qveynis

ekonomikur zrdaze

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda damokidebulia sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebaze. Ta-

namedrove gamowvevad iTvleba navTobisa da bunebrivi airis energetikuli da ekonomikuri

mniSvneloba saxelmwifoebisaTvis. geopolitikuri mdebareoba did SesaZleblobas aZlevs

mas, rom misi swori da strategiuli dagegmviT gaizardos ekonomikuri maCveneblebi.

msoflioSi mwvave problemas warmoadgens evrokavSiris navTobiTa da bunebrivi ai-

riT uzrunvelyofa. amJamad, igi maragdeba ruseTis federaciis energetikuli resursiT

(bunebrivi airi). evrokavSiri eZebs alternatiul wyaros energobazarze, raTa igi gaxdes

rusuli gazis Zlieri konkurenti da naklebi wnexi itvirTos evrokavSirma momaval peri-

odSi ekonomikur da politikur sferoSi.

aRniSnuli problemis gadawyveta SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos iranis islamur res-

publikaze, romelic aris ekonomikuri da energetikuli TvalsazrisiT Zlieri, mas, aseve,

gaaCnia politikuri mxardaWera saerTaSoriso diplomatiur sferoSi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadis oTxi umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso donis milsa-

deni: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis, baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxre-

Tis milsadenebi. winamdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens saqarTvelo-iranis perspeqtiu-

li milsadenebis, arsebul da momaval milsadenebTan SedarebiTi ekonomikuri analizi, aR-

niSnuli proeqtis ganxorcielebiT miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeli da SesaZlo ekonomi-

kuri zrda. aRniSnul naSromSi gamoyenebulia, rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri wyaroebi.

navTobi da bunebrivi airi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan energetikul resursebs msof-

lioSi. saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba, romelTac ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi rezervi, axorciele-

ben mis imports. misi transportireba SesaZlebelia saxmeleTo milsadenebisa da specia-

luri tankerebis meSveobiT.

msoflios sxvadasxva kontinentze arsebobs navTobisa da bunebrivi airis milsadenTa

sistema. zogierTi maTgani saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisaa. CrdiloeT amerikis milsadenTa

sistema ase gamoiyureba:

1. CrdiloeT amerikaSi aSS-isa da kanadis magistraluri navTobsadenebi urTierT-

dakavSirebulia;

2. kanadaSi ZiriTadi navTobis gamnawilebeli centria edmindtoni, xolo aSS-Si — mid-

lendi da kaSingi;

3. ZiriTadi sanavTobe portebi Sesabamisi terminalebiT atlantikis auzSia hiustoni,

port arturi, korpus kristi da portlendi, xolo wynari okeanis auzSi d valdesi, padjet

saundi, long biCi san franciskoSi da los anJelesSi;

4. meqsikaSi naklebad ganviTarebuli navTobsadenTa qseli akavSirebs navTobis ofSo-

rul velebs ZiriTad qalaqebTan;

5. meqsikaSi ZiriTadi saeqsporto portia nueva teapa (Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011)).

37

samxreT amerikaSi magistraluri navTobsadenebTan SedarebiT gazsadenebi ufro me-

tad aris ganviTarebuli. magistraluri navTobsadenebi arsebobs kosta rikaSi, panamaSi,

kolumbiaSi, venesuelaSi, ekvadorSi, peruSi, boliviaSi, CileSi, argentinasa da braziliaSi

(iqve). rac Seexeba magistralur gazsadenebs, arsebobs kolumbiis gazsadeni, romelic ram-

denime qalaqs, qarxanasa da obieqts ukavSirdeba. zogierTi magistraluri gazsadeni ekuT-

vnis trinidadsa da tobagos.

rac Seexeba afrikas, saerTaSoriso donis navTobsadenebs ganekuTvneba nigeriis, su-

danis, zambia-tanzaniis, alJirisa da libiis. gazsadenebi ki ZiriTadad arsebobs alJirSi,

nigeriaSi, libiasa da egvipteSi.

avstraliaSi yvelaze naklebad aris ganviTarebuli, rogorc navTobsadenebi, ise gaz-

sadenebi.

eraySi arsebuli milsadenebiT navTobi nawildeba sirias, israels, TurqeTsa da Ta-

vad erays Soris. iranSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli milsadenTa sistema, romliTac resur-

si transportirdeba mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi saeqsporto terminalebTan da navTobis ve-

lebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. saudis arabeTSi, el riadisken mimarTuli navTobsadenebis

paralelurad moqmedebs mZlavri petrolainis qseli, romelic sparseTis yures wiTel

zRvasTan akavSirebs (iqve). iemeni, rogorc naxSirwyalbadebis erT-erTi eqsportiori qve-

yana, misi terminalebi ukavSirdebian navTobsabadoebs. arabeTis gaerTianebul saamiroeb-

Si navTobis eqsporti Tavs iyris ZiriTadad dubais portSi da rogorc navTobis eqsporti-

ori qveyana, igi axorcielebs mis miwodebas saerTaSoriso bazarze ofSoruli velebidan.

azerbaijani navTobiTa da bunebrivi airiT mdidari qveyanaa da eqsports axorcie-

lebs evropis mimarTulebiT ori milsadenis saSualebiT. es gaxlavT:

1. sufsis terminalTan saqarTveloSi baqo-sufsis navTobsadeniT, romelic amuSavda

1999 wels da romlis wliuri simZlavrea 73 milioni bareli (15 milioni tona);

2. botaSis anu jeihanis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeniT, romelic amuSavda 2005

wels da romlis simZlavrea 300 milioni bareli (50 milioni tona) weliwadSi (Tvalchrelidze,

A.G. (2011)).

azerbaijanisTvis navTobsa da bunebriv airs mTlian eqsportSi 95% ukavia. bolo 3

wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis aRniSnuli resursebidan miRebuli Semosavali mSp-is 50%-s

Seadgens.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom CineTs navTobiT amaragebs yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi da ruseTi.

amasTan erTad arsebobs konkurentuli mxolod rusuli milsadeni.

rac Seexeba evropis magistralur navTobsadenTa sistemas, igi yvelaze metadaa

datvirTuli sxva kontinentebTan SedarebiT. ruseTi navTobisa da bunebrivi airiT erT-

erTi yvelaze mdidari qveyanaa. masze gadis erT-erTi yvelaze didi milsadeni de.w.

„druJba“ (6 000 km (Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011))). igi evropisTvis bunebrivi airis miwodebis erT-

erTi mTavari wyaroa.

evropaSi gamoirCeva milsadenebi Semdegi qveynebidan: ruseTi (maT Soris TaTarstani,

baSkireTi), ukraina, poloneTi, germania da a.S. rusuli milsadenis saSualebiT navTobi

miewodebaT litvas, latvias, CexeTs da belaruss. aseve, arsebobs ruseTis meore mniSvne-

lovani milsadeni saxelwodebiT – baltika. evropaSi bunebrivi airis miwodeba agreTve

mimdinareobs Crdilo zRvis ofSoruli naxSirwyalbadebis velebidan.

bunebrivi airis evropisTvis miwodeba ZiriTadad mimdinareobs ruseTisgan. evros-

tatis oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT11, ruseTisgan xorcieldeba evrokavSiris buneb-

rivi airis mTliani moTxovnis 42%-ze metis dakmayofileba (rusuli gazis importi

ukrainisa da belorusis teritoriebze gamavali milsadenebis CaTvliT).

11 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics‐explained/index.php/Natural_gas_consumption_statistics.

38

eqsportior qveynebs ganekuTvnebian: ruseTi, azerbaijani, irani, erayi, uzbekeTi,

saudis arabeTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi da a.S. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis

transportireba garkveul danaxarjebTan da mogebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. TiToeuli

saxelmwifosTvis aRniSnuli resursi met-naklebad sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.

ruseTisTvis navTobi da bunebrivi airi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. igi

Seadgens mSp 50%-ze met wils. irani, ruseTis msgavsad damokidebulia aRniSnul

resursebze, Tumca magaliTad, bunebrivi airis maragebis mixedviT, mas ufro metis

warmoeba SeuZlia (BP statistical review of world energy (2016). London: BP, 48 pp.).

satranzito qveynebs warmoadgenen: ukraina, belorusi, poloneTi da a.S. aqedan

gamomdinare, TiToeul qveyanas aqvs Tavisi ekonomikuri sargebeli da mniSvneloba

saerTaSoriso doneze. magaliTad, ruseTi ukrainis teritoriis saSualebiT evropas

awvdis mTlianad mis mier miwodebuli gazis 70%-s, xolo belorusis meSveobiT — 30%-s.

importiori qveynebi, ZiriTadad, arian naxSirwyalbadebis mcire maragebisa da misi

armqone qveynebi, maT Soris TvalSisacemia evropis qveynebi da evropuli energobazari.

saqarTvelo mdebareobs mniSvnelovan zonaSi. igi evropis karibWes warmoadgens

sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad

iTvleba navTobis da bunebrivi airis miwodeba da misi satranzito qveynad warmoCena.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze amJamad oTxi strategiuli mniSvnelobis milsadeni

gadis. maT Soris ori navTobsadenia: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da baqo-sufsis milsadenebi.

xolo danarCeni ori gazsadeni – baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxreTis magis-

trali.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni sigrZiT meorea msoflioSi. misi amoqmedda 2005

wels. saqarTveloSi 1768 km-dan xvdeba mxolod 229 km monakveTi. aRniSnuli milsadenis

simZlavre 50 milioni tona navTobia. rac Seexeba baqo-sufsis navTobsadens, misi sigrZea

830 km. saqarTveloSi aseve ganTavsebulia 120 000 tona tevadobis sufsis terminali. baqo-

sufsis milsadenis simZlavre 2 milioni tona navTobia.

(naxazi 1 http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats): navTobis wliuri transportireba saqarTvelos

teritoriaze (milioni bareli)

statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT (naxazi1), baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeniT

gacilebiT meti navTobis transportireba xdeba, vidre baqo-sufsidan.

39

saqarTvelos teritoriaze xorcieldeba bunebrivi airis transporti baqo-Tbi-

lisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxreTis gazsadenis meSveobiT.

naxazi 2 (http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats): bunebrivi airis wliuri

transportireba (mlrd.m3)

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris oficialuri informaciiT 2015

wels Sida moxmarebam Seadgina 1 632,3 mln m3 (http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats). aqedan

gamomdinare 2015 wels daaxloebiT 6 mlrd m3 gadaizida TurqeTisa da somxeTis mimar-

TulebiT. rac sakmao Semosavlis momtania da winapiroba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrdis-

Tvis. zogadad, Sah-denizis wliuri gamtaroba 20 mlrd m3, xolo CrdiloeT-samxreTis ma-

gistralisa ki - 12 mlrd m3.

naxazi: 1.10.2 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx): bunebrivi airisa da navTobis

fasTa damokidebuleba

40

radgan navTobisa da bunebrivi airis fasebis korelacia 0,9 aRwevs da aqedan ga-

momdinare, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli resursebidan miRebuli sargebeli erTmaneTs Seva-

daroT.

baqo-Tbilisi jeihani aris 3 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis satransporto sis-

tema (The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005). Sweden: The Baku-Tbilisi-

Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West, Inc., 150 pp.,), multi-miliardobiT ukugeba hqonoda

aRniSnul Canafiqrs. azerbaijanidan nedli navTobis warmoeba da saqarTvelos teri-

toriamde moRwevisTvis daaxloebiT 13 mln dolari iyo saWiro azerbaijanuli kompa-

niisTvis.

azerbaijanis bunebrivi airis maragebis odenoba aris 1,1 mlrd m3, xolo navTobis

maragia 1 mlrd tona 2016 wlisTvis.

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani TurqeTisTvis mniSvnelovania navTobis gadazidvisTvis, rad-

gan ufro nakleb fasSi axdens transportirebas tankerebis saSualebiT. aseve, dasa-

wyisisTvis weliwadSi mas unda mieRo 200 mln dolari, xolo daaxloebiT 17-dan 40 wlamde

misi Semosavali yovelwliurad iqneba 290 milioni dolari (The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute &

Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)). TurqeTma, aseve, naxa sargebeli Sahdenizis proeqtis ganxor-

cielebiT, bunebrivi airis nakleb fasad miReba.

saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze metad sasargeblo proeqti ganxorcielda (baqo-Tbilisi-

jeihani), radgan misi wliuri Semosavali aris daaxloebiT 50-60 mln dolari weliwadSi.

amasTan man CrdiloeT-samxreTis magistralis gazsadenis transportirebiT miiRo 8

milioni dolari, daaxloebiT 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia, rom saqarTvelom

miiRo 2,5 mlrd dolaris Semosavali, rac yovelwliurad 62,5 milion dolars uTanabrdeba

(The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)). azerbaijanisTvis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis da sxva milsadenebis saSuale-

biT miRebuli Semosavali daaxloebiT 100 mlrd dolars aWarbebs (The Central Asia-Caucasus

Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)).

dRevandeli pirobebidan gamomdinare, evrokavSirs esaWiroeba bunebrivi airis mom-

wodebeli alternatiuli wyaro. amJamad, evropis energo bazarze rusuli gazi dominirebs,

rac, warsuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, safrTxisSemcvel garemoebas warmoadgens

ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT. rusuli bunebrivi airis konkurent qveynad

iranis islamuri saxelmwifo moiazreba. igi gazis maragebis mixedviT pirvel adgilze

imyofeba 34 trilioni m3, xolo ruseTi d meore adgilze 32,3 trilioni m3-iT (BP statistical

review of world energy (2016). London: BP, 48 pp), amasTan, rusuli gazi momavali 12-15 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi SesaZlebelia amoiwuros. ruseTi evropis paralelurad amaragebs CineTis sa-

xalxo respublikasac. misi milsadenebi aris gaumarTavi. irani rezervze orientirebuli

saxelmwifoa, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, mas saerTaSoriso mxardaWera gaaCnia evrokavSi-

ris mxridan.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg iranma kargi urTierTobebi maSinve daamyara saqar-

TvelosTan, radgan igi warmoadgens iranisTvis karibWes vaWrobisa da, zogadad, ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. irans surs saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba gagrZel-

des bunebrivi airis bazarze. mas Seswevs unari gazardos gazis warmoeba da eqsporti ev-

ropis mimarTulebiT.

axali milsadenis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba daaxloebiT 25-30 mlrd m3 buneb-

rivi airis transportireba, rac saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeqtivas warmoadgens

saerTaSoriso masStabiT. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 5-jer metia, vidre 2015

wlisTvis transportirebuli bunebrivi airis moculoba. igi mniSvnelovan adgils dai-

kavebs saqarTvelos energo bazarze. igi iranTan erTad iqneba bunebrivi airis saimedo

mimwodebeli evropisaTvis.

41

dRevandeli dRis pirobebSi saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromloba metad mniSvnelova-

nia aSS-is prezidentis - donald trampis administraciis pirobebSi. mogexsenebaT, rom aSS-

isa da evrokavSiris interesebi gaiyo da saqarTvelos SeuZlia irani daubrunos civilize-

bul samyaros.

SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tuki iranidan ganxorcielde-

ba bunebrivi airis eqsporti saqarTvelos gavliT evropis mimarTulebiT, es garda imisa,

rom yvela am proeqtSi monawile qveyanas sargebels moutans, saqarTvelosTvis iqneba es

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani. Semosavali Tu ki masze gamavali 4 milsadenis farglebSi

meryeobs weliwadSi 62 mln dolaramde, radganac misi maragebis azrbaijanisas aRemateba

TiTqmis 34-jer, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelosTvisac ufro meti Semosavlis miRebis safuZve-

li iqneba. garda amisa, gaizrdeba saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba.

saqarTvelos SeuZlia miiRos kidev ufro meti sargebeli misi geostrategiuli mde-

bareobidan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad masze gadis 4 milsadeni, maT Soris

3 saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iranis resursebis potencialis gamo-

yeneba, vinaidan irani Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgens msoflio ekonomikasa da politikaSi

- igi mdidaria naxSirwyalbadebiT.

SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom, Tuki iranidan ganxorci-

eldeba bunebrivi airis eqsporti saqarTvelos gavliT evrokavSirisaken, es iqneba rusuli

gazis konkurenti gazi. igi iqneba TurqeTis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani zrdis maCvenebeli.

irani saqarTvelosTan erTad iqneba energousafrToebis garanti, aRniSnuli milsadenis

saSualebiT, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis da sxva milsadenebis proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT mi-

Rebul sargebelTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelos Semosavali minimum gasammagdeba.

literatura:

1. a. TvalWreliZe, T. berberaSvili da m. oTaraSvili (2016). nedleulis ekonomika. nedleulis

roli globalizebul samyaroSi, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „nekeri“, gv. 540.

2. Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Economics of commodities and commodity markets. New York: Nova Science

Publishers, Inc., p. 906.

3. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005). Sweden: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan

Pipeline: Oil Window to the West, Inc., p. 150.

4. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats

5. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/gas-transportation

6. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/oil-transportation

7. http://geostat.ge/?action=page&&p_id=2287&lang=geo

8. BP statistical review of world energy (2016). London: BP, p. 48.

9. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Natural_gas_consumption_statistics

10. https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Azerbaijan/Azerbaijan-s-oil-dependence-123328

42

humanitaruli mecnierebani

eTnologia, istoria, literaturaTmcodneoba

qeTevan cimintia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori roland TofCiSvili

damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaravebisa da sasjelis formebis Sesaxebmegrul

CveulebiT samarTalSi

saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebma maRali samarTlebrivi kultura Seqmnes. amis da-

madasturebelia is sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwies da warmoadgenen

qarTuli samarTlis mniSvnelovan wyaros. Tumca, saqarTvelos zogierT istoriul-eT-

nografiul mxareSi, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili kanonebis paralelurad moqmedebda Cve-

ulebiTi samarTlis normebic. aseT mxareTa Soris iyo samegreloc.

samegreloSi CveulebiTi samarTali mxardaWerili iyo mTavrisa da mmarTveli fenis

mxridan. Sua saukuneebSi, ucxoeli mogzaurebis CanawerebiT, vxedavT sasjelis formebs,

romlebic arsebobda da aqtiurad moqmedebda. sasjelis simZime danaSaulze iyo damoki-

debuli. naqurdalisTvis xdeboda fasis gadaxdevineba, xelis an fexis moWra gaxurebuli

najaxiT, Tvalebis amowva, cxviris moWra da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom damnaSavis gamosaaSka-

raveblad farTod gamoiyenebdnen adaTobrivi samarTlisTvis damaxasiaTebel ordaliebs

(aduRebul wyalSi xelis Cayofa, cali xeliT xeze Camokideba, fici). gviani periodisTvis

CveulebiTma samarTalma forma icvala da xatze gadacemis (ginoCamis) saxe miiRo. mas

qristianobis elementebic Seerwya. samegreloSi dRemde SemorCenilia CveulebiTi samarT-

lis erT-erTi forma – `ginoCama~. is xalxur wiaRSi warmoSobili qcevis wesia, romelic

garkveuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebisTvis damnaSavis dasjas uzrunvelyofda. misi Sesru-

lebis praqtikidan Cans, rom xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs Serwymuli aqvs qristianuli

elementebi. is, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmoadgens rogorc sinkretul, aseve paganizebul saxes.

erTianobaSi ki qmnis mTlian sistemas da moqmedebs rogorc xalxuri samarTali. `gino-

Camis~. bolo dromde SemorCena ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli bedukuRmarTobiTa da

saxelmwifo samarTlis funqcionirebis SesustebiT.

`ginoCama~ rogorc aRvniSne, xdeboda eklesiebSi da qristianuli xatebis (mate-

rialurad arsebulis) winaSe. xalxi samarTals wmindanebis ZalaSi eZebda, gansakuTrebuli

ki wminda giorgi iyo. Tumca `ginoCama~ xdeboda, aseve xeze, samWedloSi, wyalze, wisqvilSi,

taZris kedlebze, miwaze da sxva. `eklesiebis irgvliv gaSenebulia maRali, msxvili xeebi da

garSemortymulia qvis galavniT an meseriT. am xeebis fesvebi xatebisTvis aris Sewiruli,

amitomac maT ar Wrian da arc ubralod exebian, raTa xatebis risxva ar gamoiwvion~ (Sar-

deni 1975: 148). savaraudod, es xeebi, romelzec Sardeni saubrobs muxa da cacxvia. qarTul

xalxur yofaSi muxa da cacxvi wminda xeebia. aseve, megrelTa rwmeniT, Zalian Zlieria tyis

blis xeze lursmnis miWedeba da amdagvarad gadacema damnaSavisa.

sofel CqvalerSi, erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT, fifias gvaris warmomadgenels

gadaucia cacxvis xeze kaci, Seugrovebia xalxi da am xalxis TandaswrebiT amouWria xeze

jvari da Tan uTqvams gadamcemis teqsti. sof. CqvalerSi, leSamges ubanSi aris Zveli

eklesia, `leSamges qirse-mancxvari~ aq scodniaT xatze gadacema da dawyevla. eklesiis

ezoSi aris didi cacxvis xe, romelzedac xdeboda „ginoCamisas“ lursmnebis miWedeba, an

sxva raime moqmedeba. xalxis rwmeniT, am eklesiaze Tu eklesiis ezoSi arsebul xeebze vinme

samarTlis saZieblad gadascemda damnaSaves, xati aucileblad Seismenda da dauyovnebliv

43

ipovida samarTals. „xSirad jege da qirse gadacemul adamians Tavis fexiT miiyvanda

eklesiis karebTano. gadacemuls xatis karebTan miabamdnen. gadacemis dros mawyevari Tu

ityoda: „Cemi mavnebeli jege da qirse ise cudad gaxade, rom igi aiZule Sens karze Tavisi

fexiT movides da aq miabano“. amis gamo gadacemuli adamiani Tu cudad gaxdeboda, is mkiT-

xavis rCeviT, midioda qirses karebTan da mas iq daabamdnen. am adamians daixsnida misive

mokeTe, romelmac mkiTxavis miTiTebiT icoda, Tu ramdeni fuli unda moetana avadmyofis

dasaxsnelad. xSirad adamianis sanacvlod cxens an xars miabamdnen xatis karebTan da amis

Semdeg avadmyofi axsnilad iTvleboda da is ikurnebodao“ (makalaTia 1941: 368).

sofel alertSi, legogies ubanSi erT kacs Rori mouparavs. biWs Turme RoriviT

jagari amosvlia saxeze da mTels sxeulze. Svela manam ar hqonia, sanam mawyevarma ar da-loca. yofila SemTxveva, roca mamakacs mouparavs Roris damarilebuli xorci, amis gamo

gadauciaT da damnaSavis ojaxSi, qals sxeulze marili gamosvlia. mTxrobelTa TqmiT Ro-

ris, batis da gogris qurdi sastikad isjeba „ginoCamis“ gareSec. TavisiT iwyevlebao.

„ginoCamis“, xatze gadacemis mizezi, ZiriTadad, qurdobaa, aseve saxl-karis gadawva,

mkvleloba Tu sxva mZime danaSauli. sofel CqvalerSi erT-erT SeZlebuli fifiasTvis Ra-rib fifias saxl-kari gadauwvia. gadamwvar saxlSi yofila patarZali, romelic mziTvis

gamosatanad Sesula cecxlwakidebul saxlSi da Sig Camwvara. gamwarebul ojaxis ufros

qals (dedamTils) cecxlis wamkidebeli gadaucia ilorSi. mas furcelze dauweria wyevla

da beWedic daurtyams. iloris eklesias hqonia beWedi, romelic, mTxrobelTa TqmiT, samkuTxa formis iyo.

am furclebs samegreloSi xvdebodi saflavis qvebze. am dromde iloris eklesiaSi „ginoCa-

mili“ furceli sofel Walis erT-erT sasaflaoze yofila Semonaxuli. samwuxarod dRes

is furceli aRar arsebobs da amitom zustad ver SevZeli, gamego, Tu rogori iyo iloris

eklesiis beWedi, romelsac wyevlis furcelze artyamdnen.

sofel WaleSi aris adgili „oWkeSi“. aq yofila qva, romelsac megrelebi gansakuT-

rebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. aq Waledan gaTxovili qalebi salocavad modiodnen. am ad-

gilze scodniaT „ginoCamac“.

sofel obujSi iyo „miqelgario qiaCis“ xati. am xatze gamosaxuli iyo wminda miqel da

gabrieli. xatze aficebdnen qurdebs, avazakebs da maT mowmeebs. dReoba imarTeboda 15

agvistos da ikribeboda didZali xalxi. gansakuTrebiT ki modiodnen is adamianebi, rom-lebsac xatze gadacema, wyevla an daficeba surdaT (makalaTia: 1941). obujSi ician wyevla

„geSaqiaCeda“, rac niSnavs amoZirkuliyavi, „moqiaCel sqan dudu“ (moqiaCebuli Seni Tavi).

locva d „agaSenaT qiaCma“.

kakaCiasa da Sengelaiebis gvars erTmaneTi gadacemuli hyavT qiaCis xatze. gad-mocemiT, qiaCis xati kakaCiebs ekuTvnodaT. isini Cumad uvlidnen mas. kakaCiebs gvarSi

gamoreviaT qurdi, romelmac Sengelaiebis rZals mziTvi mopara. qurdis gamoaSkaravebis

miuxedavad, mziTvi ver daubrunes kakaCiebma Sengelaiebs da sanacvlod qiaCis xati mosT-

xoves. mas Semdeg xati Sengelaiebs ekuTvnodaT da isini icavdnen. kakaCiebma Sengelaiebi

dawyevles da obujSi, am or gvars Soris qorwineba ar xdeba. sofel miqavaSi, samiqaos ubanSi qoniaT samreklo. aq iyo wminda giorgis xati dasve-

nebuli. samreklosTan ikribebodnen soflis uxucesebi. mosaxleobas ki zaris rekviT age-

binebdnen, rom Sekreba unda momxdariyo. am wminda giorgis xatTan xdeboda damnaSavis ga-

moaSkaraveba, dasja da sxva. erT-erT Rvinjilias mouparavs Txa. soflis uxucesebs eWvmi-

tanili Rvinjilia daubarebiaT wminda giorgis xatTan. mTeli soflis winaSe, xatze

dauficnia Rvinjilias, rom simarTles ityoda da danaSaulic uRiarebia. soflis uxu-

cesebs SeundviaT es danaSauli im pirobiT, rom aRar Caidenda. leqsic aris xalxuri am da-

naSaulze: „vaheia, vaheia/ TxaS maxinji maTeia/ Txa dinafil maTeia/ dRa dinafil maTeia“.

„ginoCama“ scodniaT wisqvilSi, samWedloSi, mdinareze da a.S. „ginoCamis“ rituali

moicavs erT-erT komponents da es aris „morsxa“, „ginoCamis“ SemTxvevaSi wyevlisgan gaTa-

44

visuflebis rituali. Tumca wyevlisgan gaTavisufleba-argaTavisufleba damokidebulia

wyevlis teqstze. SesaZloa adamiani gaTavisuflebis gamoricxviTaa xatze gadacemuli.

„morsxa“ leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rogorc „xsna, saSveli; nasaxi, natamali risime,

ukiduresi mdgomareobidan gamosayvani saSualeba“ (qobalia 2010: 475).

yvelaze mZimea xatze gadacema „morsxis“ gareSe, am dros wyevla, rogorc samegre-

loSi sjeraT, mawyevars ukan ubrundeba, miuxedavad imisa, mawyevari samarTlianad gadas-cems Tu ara wyevlas. yofila SemTxveva, rodesac Zmis mkvlelobisTvis samarTaldamcavebs

ar dausjiaT mkvleli. ojaxis wevrebma, anu moklulis debma dades gauTxovrobis aRTqma

da mdinareSi Cavidnen, wyalSi Camoivarcxnes Tma da dawyevles mkvleli da misi ojaxis yve-

la mamakaci. mTxrobelTa rwmeniT „ginoCamam“ samarTali aRadgina da yvela mamakaci dam-

naSavis ojaxSi gardaicvala. debma ki gauTxovrobis aRTqma dades, raTa STamomavlebi ar

hyolodaT da wyevla ukan ar dabrunebuliyo.

Tavis mxriv, mawyevari atarebda rituals, romelsac „ersxa“ erqva. leqsikonSi „ersxa“

ganmartebulia, rogorc: „axsna, daxsna, awyveta (dabmulisa), erTgvari rituali, romelic

xatze gadamcems emarTa. rodesac xatze gadacemuli da dawyevlili ojaxi amowydeboda, wyevlis mobrumebis Tavidan asacileblad mawyevari saklav-sawiriT unda xleboda xats, raTa Sewyaleba da wyevlis gabaTileba eTxova. nawilobriv arsxebas axdendnen yovelTvis,

roca gadacemuli ojaxis romelime wevri mokvdeboda, upiratesad swiravdnen cxvars“

(qobalia 2010: 40).

„ersxa“ aucileblad unda Seesrulebina mawyevars, raTa Tavidan aecilebina wyevlis

ukan dabruneba. aris SemTxvevebi, roca es rituali „xvamad“ qceula, anu yovelwliuri

dReobis saxe miuRia. magaliTad, sof. muJavaSi arqaniebis gvari atarebs „ganaliniS xvamas“,

romelic bavSvis dabadebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ojaxis ufrosi qali ojaxSi bavSvis da-badebisas mudmivad asrulebs am rituals.

amrigad, „ginoCama“ xatze gadacemas niSnavs. is mxolod xatze, rogorc materialurad

arsebul wminda saganze gadacemas/dawyevlas ar gulisxmobs. gadacema SeiZleba moxdes

xeze, wisqvilSi, taZris kedelze, miwaze, wyalze da sxva. xalxis warmodgeniT, am wesis Ses-rulebiT, garkveuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebisTvis, uzrunvelyofdnen damnaSavis gamoaS-karavebasa da Semdeg mis dasjas. unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar aris Cveulebrivi wyevla. moi-cavs metad saintereso aspeqtebs da moiTxovs wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas.

literatura:

1. makalaTia: 1941: makalaTia sergi, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia. Tbilisi, 1941.

2. makalaTia: 1938: makalaTia sergi, jege-misaronis kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1938.

3. saxokia: 1985: saxokia Tedo, mogzaurobani. baTumi, 1985.

4. abakelia: 1997: abakelia nino, simbolo da rituali qarTul kulturaSi. Tbilisi, 1997.

5. qobalia: 2010: qobalia alio, megruli leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 2010.

6. gujejiani: 2010: gujejiani rozeta, CveulebiTi samarTali, kr. saqarTvelos eTnogra-

fia/eTnologia. Tbilisi, 2010.

7. nadareiSvili: 1990: nadareiSvili giorgi, qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis instituti –

„codvis mokideba“, kr. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali 2. Tbilisi, 1990.

8. doliZe: 1960: doliZe isidore, saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli. Tbilisi, 1960.

9. Sardeni: 1975: Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi. Tbilisi,

1975.

10. lamberti: 1938: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera. Tbilisi, 1982.

11. antioqieli: 1982: makari antioqieli, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, armaRani. Tbilisi 1982.

45

Teona kvanWiani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistratura,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori roland TofCiSvili

erTi xalxuri dResaswaulis Sesaxeb svaneTidan migirirebul

ekomigrantTa Soris

svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi boslobis dResaswauli atarebs or saxelwodebas; len-

texSi „boslobasac“ uwodeben da „beembRusac“ laSxeT-ColurSi ki „meembRus“. dResaswau-

li aRiniSneba moZravi grafikiT. aRdgomis dResaswaulis wina periodSi, xorcielis das-

rulebis wina SabaTs imarTeba Tvalebis tkivilis sawinaaRmdegod dauqmebuli dReoba „mei-

saroba“. meisarobis Semdeg SabaT dRes ki aRiniSneba „boslob“ //„beembRu“-s dResaswauli.

qvemo svaneTSi arsebuli am dResaswaulis Sesaxeb saintereso masalebs gvawvdis mkvlevari

arsen oniani, romlis mixedviTac es dRe qvemo svaneTSi saerTo uqme dRe yofila yve-

lasTvis. locva da sxvadasxva procesebi sruldeba mxolod SeRamebis Semdeg, e.i vaxSmis

dros. im saRamosTvis gamocxveba „tabla“ (Sesawiri puris erTi nairsaxeobis saxelwodeba

svaneTSi) tablebi daiwyoba sacerze. daiWers maT ojaxis ufrosi xelSi da miva msxvilfexa

saqonelTan. aRapyrobs sacerSi Cawyobil tablebs maRla da saqonlis baton patron da

gamCen RmerTebs SesTxovs maT gamravlebas. locvis dros amboben am sityvebs: ჲanar-fural

xvaiu gviri, miCa meWem maarol, miCa dab i laarool // xarebi da Zroxebi bevri gvyavdes,

maTi momyoli adamiani, maTi yanebi da mindvrebi. am locvis Tqma ician lentexis TemSi, xo-

lo laSxeTis TemSi ki ai ase: „beembRula ჴaCindula xvaiu gviri ჴanar i fural miCa meWem

maarol, miCa dab i laarol - mi hi hi hi! // bambRula aCindula bevri gvyavdes xarebi da

Zroxebi, misi momyoli adamianebi, misi yana da mindvrebi - mi hi hi hi! am locvebis Tqmis

dros ojaxis sxva wevrebi amave locvis sityvebs imeoreben, zurgze hyavT akidebuli bav-

Svebi an ojaxis momcro tanis mqone sxva wevrebi da daiarebian saqonlis win, romlebsac

Tavi gamoyofili aqvT winisken. maT win aris blomad dayrili Tiva ise, rom locvis Ses-

rulebis dros da locvis sityvebis gameorebisas saqoneli am process uyurebdes mis win

dayrili Tivis Wama ki ar SeeZlos manam sanam procesi ar damTavrdeba.

am Ramis Sesaxeb arsen onianisTvis sofel SgedSi mcxovreb semiran gabians uambnia:

sofel orbelSi am Rames Suacecxlis kerias, oTx fexze daCoqili dedakaci gars Semouvlis

da Tan gaiZaxis: „kot mozvera d kot mozvera“ xolo misi qmari isic oTx fexze mdgomi mos-

devs mis dedakacs ukan da sapasuxod imis sityvebisa eubneba: „me var Seni xar-mozvera, me

var Seni xar-mozvera“ da ase samjer Semouvlian cecxls irgvliv. Camweris varaudiT es wi-

naT xdeboda, radgan mas msgavsi ram sxvagan arsad ar gaugonia.

garda amisa, arsen oniani gvawvdis kidev erT saintereso cnobas, am dResaswaulis er-

Ti saritualo variaciis Sesaxeb. zemo svaneTSi sofel £eliSi, am dResaswaulis Rames dae-

seodnen Tavisi qmrebi colebs da rac ufro metjer Seasrulebdnen sqesobriv aqts imden-

jer meti saqonlis gamravlebas moelodneno. Camweri dasZens, rom aRniSnuli mxolod sxva-

Tagan gaugonia da uSualod am sofelSi ki ar gadaumowmebia (a. oniani, saarqivo masala,

1934 w).

Tanamedrove viTarebiT migrirebulTa Soris boslobis aRniSvnis tradicia TiTqmis

ucvleli formiTaa Semonaxuli. ojaxis diasaxlisi dilidanve iwyebs mzadebas da SeRamebis

Jams ki daiwyebs purebis, xaWapurebis, kartofilianebisa da lobianebis gamocxobas. sva-

46

neTSi am purebs „tablebad“ acxobdnen aq ki aRar. daalagebs gamomcxvar purTa nairsaxeo-

bebs sacerze, wava boselSi iq erT sufTa adgils SearCevs, daafens Tivas da vidre masze

dayrides am purebs dailoceba da ufals SesTxovs adamianebisa da saqonlis gamravlebas.

Semdeg dayris sacerze moTavsebul purebs Tivaze, romelsac iq myofi bavSvebi miscvivde-

bian da cdiloben rac SeiZleba meti puri Seixvedron. bavSTagan ufrosebi maTze patara

bavSvebs zurgze wamoikideben da Tan gaiZaxian: „bambRuna qacimbula Ãanar fural xvaiu

gvaya, ejiare mჲmarid bofSari Cuu arix i xoSaali mag“//„bambRuna qacimbula xarebi da Zro-

xebi bevri gvyavdes, maT gamomyeneblad bavSvebi da didebi yvela“. migrirebulTa didi

nawili aRniSnavs, rom axal garemoSi am purebis dayra boslis nacvlad ZiriTadad saxlSi

xdeba Rumelis win.

tradiciul qarTul yofaSi termin „boslobis“ ramdenime variacia dasturdeba. maT

Soris didi adgili eWira boslobis tradicias qarTul saaxalwlo ritualebSi. am SemTxve-

vaSi gamovTqvamT varauds, rom saaxalwlo ritualebSi arsebuli „basiloba“ // „bosloba“

wminda basili didis saxels ukavSirdeba, radganac cnobilia, saeklesio marTlmadideb-

luri kalendris mixedviT 1(14) ianvari aris winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da

wminda basili didis xsenebis dRe. SesaZloa, wminda basili didis saxeli Caenacvla arqaul

sarwmunoebriv sistemaSi arsebul nayofierebis kults, romelsac, SesaZloa, fesvebi

uZvelesi droidanve hqonda gadgmuli qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, sadac is Tav-

dapirvelad gaigivebuli iyo saqonlis mfarvel RvTaebasTan, romelic erT-erTi uZve-

lesTagania qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi (T. kvanWiani 2014). basili didis kulti mkvle-

varma vera bardaveliZem, daukavSira mis mierve gamovlenil zogadqarTul iTifalur

RvTaebas – bosels (bombRas). vera bardaveliZis azriT, boseli saqonlis qarTuli warmar-

Tuli RvTaebaa da igi saqonlis, gansakuTrebiT Roris, gamravlebisa da movla-patronobis

mfarvel RvTaebad moiazreboda (v. bardaveliZe 1939).

Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul bobslobis//bembRus tradicias eWvgareSea, rom arqauli

fesvebidan iRebdes saTaves da dakavSirebulia saqonlisa mfarvel uZveles RvTaebasTan.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, araviTari kavSiri dReobas da mis Semadgenel rituals ar aqvs

qristiani wmindanis basili didis saxelTan. a. soxaZis daskvniT „bosloba“ miwaTmoqmede-

basTan Serwymul msxvilfexa saqonlis meurneobis amsaxvel uZveles dReobas warmoadgens

da igi aseve avlens kavSirs qarTvelTa warmarTuli religiis sawyisebTan d mzis, cecxlis,

mTvaris wylisa da dedamiwis kultebTan masSi mravladaa magiuri elementebic (a. soxaZe

1964).

literatura:

1. abakelia, alaverdaSvili, RambaSiZe: 1991: abakelia nino, alaverdaSvili qeTevan, Ram-

baSiZe nino, qarTul xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tbilisi, 1991.

2. bardaveliZe: 1939: bardaveliZe vera, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tbilisi,

1939.

3. kvanWiani: 2014: kvanWiani Teona, basilobis tradicia saaxalwlo ritualebSi, mermisi

II , 2014.

4. oniani: 1934: oniani arsen, saarqivo masala qvemo svanaTis miTologiisaTvis, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, 1934.

5. soxaZe: 1964: soxaZe akaki. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebisa da mis gadmonaSTebTan

brZolis istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1964.

47

maia kobiaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, doqtorantura,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino mindiaSvili

`cisferyanwelebi~ 1936-1937 wlebis qarTul presaSi

Tanamedrove literaturis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgens meoce

saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis genezisis kvleva, rameTu aRniSnuli perio-

dis mwerloba Tavisi nairferovnebiT dResac aqtualuria da saWiroebs Seswavlas, axlidan

gadaxedvas da CaRrmavebas rogorc Tematikis, aseve politikuri da subieqturi damoki-

debulebebis ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT.

yvela da yvelaferi Secvala 1925 wlis 25-ma Tebervalma. sergo orjonikiZem leninsa

da stalins depeSiT amcno: „Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wiTeli droSa. gau-

marjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos“. qarTuli mwerloba erTgvari alternativis winaSe dadga:

memarcxeneoba Tu memarjveneoba.

sabWoTa mwerlobam uaryo „xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis“ da yovelgvari dekadenturi

mimdinareobani. 1925 wels man miiRo cnobili rezolucia „mxatvrul literaturaSi par-

tiis politikis Sesaxeb“ (1,28) mTavari ieriSi ki `cisferyanwelTa“ dajgufebaze, mis lite-

raturul tradiciebze miitana da misi xelyofis xarjze aRazeva da gaafetiSa proleta-

ruli mwerloba. sabWoeTi qarTvel mwerlebs partiuli kriteriumebiT afasebda.

dekadentizmi, kerZod, modernizmi imperializmis pirmSoa. `cisferyanwelebs“ upiro-

bod miaCndaT saqarTvelos gadarCenis gzad evropeizmi, magram totalitarulma manqanam

isinic qveS moiyola. yanwelebma maleve auRes alRo axal viTarebas. v gafrindaSvili 1937

wels Tavisi leqsebis wignis winasityvaobaSi werda: „axlandeli Cemi gza aris socialistu-

ri realizmis gza. me mekuTvnis lozungi „dabruneba miwasTan“, romliTac me movuwodebdi

Cems literaturul TanamoRvaweebs... me vcdilob axlandel Cems leqsebSi sruliad Tavi-

sufali viyo Cemi warsuli meTodebisgan“ (1,28). Tumca, cxadia, es „gaTavisufleba“ sainte-

reso da grZeli procesi aRmoCnda yvela „cisferyanwelisTvis“.

ramdenadac umZimesi iyo e.w. represiebis wlebi (1936-1938), miT ufro sagulisxmo da

angariSgasawevia im periodi presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli werilebi, rogorc „nivT-

mtkiceba“ viTarebis, mwerlebisa da kritikosebis Sesafaseblad.

werili „sabWoTa saqarTvelos mSromelTa werili xalxTa belads did stalins“, iwyeba

mimarTviT:

`Cveno Zvirfaso da sayvarelo amx. stalin!

sabWoTa saqarTvelos 15 wlis Tavis sayovelTao, saxalxo dResaswaulis dRes Cveni

usazRvro siyvarulisa da erTgulebis sasixarulo , gulwrfeli grZnobebi mopyrobilia

Sensken. dido belado, brZeno maswavlebelo, mTeli msoflios mSromelTa megobaro“ da a.S.

werilis avtoris ganwyoba aSkarad paTetikuri, rac, SesaZloa, ar gamoricxavdes ironias,

Zaldatanebas, TviTgadarCenis instinqts. aq xazgasasmelia TariRi - 1936 weli, radgan mZi-

me represiebi karsaa momdgari, amitomac waagavs sicocxlis, gadarCenis wyurviliT nakar-

naxev Sinagan mdgomareobas“.

„Zala proletariatis, ar mokvdeba, arc momkvdara,

isev brZola, mainc brZola, yovel wuTSi, yovelgvarad...

xalxi gwamda, xalxmac gicno, beladaT da winamZRvarad.“

48

aqve vkiTxulobT:

„TviTmpyrobeli imperia mokvda, veRar gaibrZolos,

amovardes misi xsovna, ufskrulebSi Caiqolos,

da jilagic menSevizmis misma kubom Caiyolos“.

avtorTa jgufi, romelic aqveynebs galeqsil werils, amgvarad ganmartavs Tavis ax-

lo warsulis ganwyobas:

„...saqarTvelos daeufla menSeviki,

Cvenma odnav Seyovnebam d ganacocxla TiTqos igi,

Tavadi da aznauri, vaWari da RvdelTa xrova,

saqarTvelos kar-midamo, gadaxra da gadasZova...

vin waSalos Savi laqa, vin SeaSros sisxli xelebs...“

avtorebi aRiareben saqarTvelos winsvlas, bednier momavals winaswarmetyveleben ,

aRiareben, rom „TxuTmet welSi saqarTvelo saarakod saxes icvlis, WeSmaritad axla moxda

ayvaveba Cveni miwis.“ gazeTis furcelze vkiTxulobT, rom `axal sityvas“ bevri axal-

gazrda mwerali da poeti sWedavs, mxatvruli sityviT emsaxureba axali cxovrebisaTvis

brZolis saqmes da iqve CamoTvlilia maTi gvarebi: g. tabiZe, m. javaxiSvili, e. gabaSvili, an.

xoStaria, d. megreli, l. qiaCeli, n. lorTqifaniZe, p. iaSvili, n. iwiSvili, k. gamsaxurdia, a.

abaSeli, s. euli, i. griSaSvili da sxvebi.

werilis momdevno abzaci ki aqveynebs axalgazrda sabWoTa poetebis sias: s. Ciqovani,

k. lorTqifaniZe, r. gvetaZe, a. quTaTeli, a. maSaSvili, p. CxikvaZe, d. Sengelaia, i. mosaS-

vili, „romlebic Tavis nawarmoebebSi ostaturad asaxaven Cveni drois heroikas“.

gaismis wyevlac:

„Seni saqmis moRalate samSoblodan gairiyos,

Sen icocxle, Seni mtrebi saflavebma dairigos.

oqtomberma gagvamTela, auxila erebs Tvali,

uSiSarma rusma xalxma, gamarjvebas misca kvali.“

...da xotbac:

„gaumarjos did samSoblos Seuryevel sadarajos,

sabWoeTis did mTavrobas da molotovs gaumarjos!..

Cveno stalin, Cveno mkvidro, Cveno dido moamage...“

miZRvnaSi daxatulia stalinis saxe-tipi, mas umaRles Sefasebas aZleven qarTveli

poetebi.

„gaumarjos nebiT mtkices, guliT diads, saqmiT marTals,

Cvens did stalins gaumarjos, qveynis belads, xalxTa sardals“.

saqarTvelos mSromelTa Ria werili leqsad gamoTqves qarTvelma poetebma: paolo

iaSvilma, giorgi leoniZem, nikoloz miwiSvilma. rusuli Targmani ki ekuTvnis valerian

gafrindaSvils, aleqsandre yanCels, giorgi cagarels. (3, 3)

15 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT g. tabiZe aqveynebs leqss „didi, saxalxo“, sadac is

etrfis stalinis droSis fers, fers „saxalxo dResaswaulis“.

b. JRenti werilSi Sefasebas aZlevs mixeil javaxiSvils: „proletarul revoluciamde

profesional mwerlad mas aravin Tvlida... Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis mniSvne-

lovani figura... sabWoTa atmosferom Seqmna. „jayos xiznebi“, „marTali abdulah“, „lamba-

49

lo da yaSa“, „kvaWi kvaWantiraZe“ da „arsena marabdeli“. am nawarmoebTa meti nawili „ganTi-

adSi“ dabeWda avtorma, am konkretuli faqtiT ki erTi ramis Tqma SegviZlia, rom mix. java-

xiSvils sabWoTa mwerlad miiCnevda arsebuli droeba.

niko lorTqifaniZe beso JRentis ganmartebiT, sabWoTa mweralia, swored am dros

Seqmna man istoriul-revoluciuri warsuli masalebze „liandagidan bilikebamde“ da axla

xeli mihyo socialistur sinamdvileSi aRzrdili axali adamianebis mxatvruli saxeebis

Seqmnas.

Salva dadianma mxolod sabWoTa sinamdvileSi hpova SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobaTa

namdvili gasaqani“. asaxelebs mis romans „urdumi“ da Sefasebas aZlevs, rogorc Tanamed-

roveobis TvalTaxedvis gamomxatvels.

sandro SanSiaSvilma radikalurad icvala SemoqmedebiTi kursi. Tavi daaRwia deka-

dentur mwerlobas, nacionalizmisa da misticizmis gamoxatvas Tavi daaneba da axla, uka-

naskneli TxuTmeti wlis manZilze, misi Semoqmedeba, kerZod, „anzor“, „arsena“, „hereTis

gmirebi“ revuluciuri ideebiTaa gajerebuli.

leo qiaCeli istroiuli-revoluciuri ganwyobis Temaze qmnis „haki aZbas“, romelic

mTlianad efuZneba socialistur aRmSeneblobis ideas.

konstantine gamsaxurdia, romelic „gamoirCeoda aSkarad gamoxatuli proletari-

atisaTvis ucxo da miuRebeli ideuri poziciiT, ukanasknel periodSi wers romans „mTvaris

motacebas“, romelSic avtori xatavs „zedmet adamianTa“ ganwirulebas, gviCvenebs soflad

arsebul klasobrivi brZolis simZafres.“

werilis avtori iuwyeba, rom Zveli gza miatoves da sabWoTa literaturis Seqmnas

mihyves xeli al. abaSelma, i. griSaSvilma, k. WiWinaZem, p. kakabaZem, d. suliaSvilma, l. met-

revelma. avtori gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamoxatavs giorgi quCiSvilis misamarTiT,

romelic srulad ukavSirebs sakuTar Semoqmedebas proletariatis ideebs.

galaktion tabiZe „sabWoTa saqarTvelos pirobebSi ametyvelda sruliad axal Se-

moqmedebiTi sicocxliT da gadaiqca revoluciuri sinamdvilis namdvil STagonebul mom-

Rerlad da amsaxvelad“.

paolo iaSvili sinamdvilis da revoluciuri gancdiT wers uamrav leqss, poemas

„gafrena“. nawarmoebi asaxavs socialistur sinamdviles.

nikoloz miwiSvilma daZlia meryeoba da leqsebis cikliT „samSoblos guli“ sabWoTa

poetis saxeli daimsaxura.

tician tabiZem, romelic dekadentur-mistikuri, nacionalisturi ganwyobis leqse-

biT gaicno mkiTxvelma, ukanasknel wlebSi Seqmna socialisturi sinamdvilis amsaxveli

leqsebis cikli: „rion porti“, „axali somxeTi“, „ordenosani samSoblosaTvis“ da sxv.

valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsebSi kvlavac SeiniSneba simbolisturi poeziis ref-

leqsebi, magram mis leqsebSi simbolisturi skolis kvali mxolod mxatvrul xerxebSi

vlindeba. is nela, magram Tanmimdevrulad yalibdeba axal poetad.

giorgi leoniZesTanac rCeba esTetizmiT gatacebis safrTxe, „magram samagierod

ukanasknel xanebSi man Seqmna revoluciuri paTosiT da jansaRi grZnobebiT amRerebuli

leqsebis ciklic.“

sergo kldiaSvili sabWoTa beletristikaSi TvalsaCino mweralia. misi „ferfli“ sa-

ukeTeso nawarmoebad Seafasa arsebulma literaturulma kritikam.

raJden gvetaZem „sabWoTa saqarTvelos arsebobis periods“ saukeTesod umRera

Tavisi leqsebiT. mas Tavisi SemoqmedebiT socialuri Zvrebi Seaqvs adamianTa cxovrebaSi.

(„merkvilaZis debi“)

sabWoTa literatura gamokveTs kolau nadiraZes, Salva afxaiZes. aRniSnavs, rom

isinic TandaTan uerTdebian sabWoTa mwerlobis rigebs. demna Sengelaiam romaniT „sana-

50

vardo“ didi sityva Tqva mwerlobaSi, Tumca romaniT „baTa qeqia“ yuradReba daimsaxura

Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan.

al. quTaTelis moTxroba „pirispir“, leqsi „beladis dedisadmi“ namdvilad igebs sab-

WoTa kritikosebis guls.

ilo mosaSvili, miuxedavad imisa rom „arifionelia“, ukanasknel xans wers revolu-

ciuri xasiaTis leqsebs, poemas „kofa Coxeli“ da a.S.

alio maSaSvilis Semoqmedeba kmayofilebiT ganawyobs proletar mkiTxvels.

konstantine lorTqifaniZe werilSi moxseniebulia, rogorc qarTuli sabWoTa be-

letristikis „mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi figura“. misi „Zirs simindis respublika“ aRwers sa-

kolmeurneo mSeneblobis pirvel nabijebs.

irakli abaSiZe beso JRentma werilSi moixsenia „sabWoTa poeziis mamoZravebel

mowinave kadrad“.

werili „damaimedebeli“ perspeqtiviT mTavrdeba: „saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerloba

mWidrod darazmuli lenin-stalinis partiis irgvliv kidev meti SemoqmedebiTi energiiT

gaSlis brZolas da muSaobas literaturidan klasobrivad ucxo gavlenebis ukanaskneli

naSTebis aRmosafxvrelad, gamarjvebuli socializmis epoqis Sesaferi literaturis Se-

saqmnelad“ (4, 3.].

beso JRentis werili fotografiuli xasiaTisaa da iZleva epoqis koniunqturiT

aRqmul suraTs. ar iqneba safuZvels moklebuli eWvi, rom sabWoTa kritika xedavda imas,

risi danaxvac surda, rac mas awyobda.

yuradRebis miRma ver davtovebT mixeil javaxiSvilis amave gazeTSi gamoqveynebul

werils „xuTmeti aTjer unda gamravldes“. avtori ganmartavs ra ukanasknel 15 weliwadSi

saqarTvelos winsvlis maxasiaTeblebs, mrewvelobis gaCenas, kerZo sakuTrebis mospobas,

koleqtivizaciis gaCaRebas, is miawers „stalinelobis“ diad Sedegebs, emadliereba sabWo-

Ta kavSirs, rom mniSvnelovnad wavida win wignebis beWdvis saqme, rom „15 wlis win kalami

arcerT mwerals ar acxovrebda, axla ki es profesia mraval mwerals acxovrebs... mwerlo-

baSi udidesi cvlileba moxda. gaqra Sxamiani dekadansi, pirquSi mistika, kulti zekacuri

individualizmisa. gaCnda axali Tema... am xanaSi qarTulma mwerlobam ganuzomeli gza

ganvlo, romelsac savsebiT da axlandelze ufro momavali Seafasebs... msoflio prole-

tariatis beladi, genialuri stalini da lavrenti beria moiTxoven, rom nabijs vumatoT,

Cvens brwyinvale momavals sixaruliT da pirnaTlad davuxvdeT“. mwerlis ganmartebiT

msoflio faSizmis SemusvrisTvis mxatvruli literatura erT-erTi moraluri iaraR-

Tagania (5, 3).

aleqsandre abaSeli (CoCia) TiTqos nanobs qarTveli xalxis im reaqcias, romelic

oqtombris revoluciis quxils mohyva. qarTvelebi „am movlenas pirjvris weriT Seegebnen:

RmerTo aacile Cvens qveyanas es gansacdelio“. maTi gagebiT, (cxadia, jansaRad azrovneb-

da!) proletariats ekisra burJuaziuli beladis mejinibis „damamcirebeli“ roli. abaSeli

ase warmoaCens am rols: „mas (proletariats) unda gamoeyvana cecxlmodebul Tavlidan Za-

lauflebis raSi da zed liberalebis „beladi“ daesva. TviTon proletariati xelcarieli

rCeboda, ukeT rom vTqvaT, mas xelSi utovebdnen maTraxs: Tu „beladis“ cxeni oCnobas

daiwyebda, proletariats maTraxi unda Semoekra misTvis da amgvarad „win waewia“ is... axla

me rom vkiTxulob stalinis namdvil werilebs, sadac gasagebi eniTaa mocemuli revolu-

ciis analizi, mikvirs, ratom ver vxedavdiT Cven im dros revoluciis am farTo gzas. sam-

wuxarod, CvenTvis es gza mxolod maSin gamoCnda, roca „demokratiuli uremi“ gadabrun-

da... proletariatis diqtaturam gamoiCina gansacvifrebeli simZlavre da mis foladis

mkerds Seelewa kontrrevoluciis cofiani talRebi“ (6.3).

51

cxadia, avtoris ganwyobaSi SeimCneva fanatizmis elementebi, Tumca al. abaSelis Se-

moqmedebiTi interesebi gvibiZgebs daskvnisken, rom eWvqveS davayenoT misi gulwrfeloba.

„literaturuli saqarTvelos“ martis nomerSi dabeWdilia lavrenti berias mimar-

Tva, gafrTxileba mwerlebis misamarTiT (t. tabiZis, l. qiaCelis, d. Sengelaias, p. Cxik-

vaZis), rom nu moeridebian TviTkritikas, Riad isaubron rogorc sxvis, aseve sakuTar nak-

lovanebebze: „movuwodebT yovel sabWoTa mwerals, vinc ki gulwrfelad dainteresebulia

Cveni socialisturi dRevandelobiTa da momavliT“ (7, 1936).

berias pasuxad SeiZleba miviCnioT ticianis werili „es ambavi yvelas gvexeba“, ro-

melSic vkiTxulobT: „darwmunebuli var, yvela patiosani sabWoTa mwerali gulwrfelad

aRiarebs Tavis danaSauls, Secdomas da codvasac, raTa aRmzrdelobiTi kritikiTa da

xelmZRvanelis amxanaguri daxmarebiT miscen saSualeba mwerlebs, rom maT gardaqmnan

TavianTi Semoqmedeba“, rogorc amas moiTxovs socialisturi realoba (8, 4).

„xelovneba xalxs ekuTvnis, vweroT masebisaTvis“ – am saTauriT daibeWda patara we-

rili gazeT „literaturul saqarTveloSi“, masSi garkveviT xazgasmulia moTxovna, rome-

lic epoqis mweralTa winaSe idga. mTavari moTxovna iyo xalxuroba da sisadave daecvaT

mwerlebs, radgan „formalizmi, romelic warmoiSva burJuaziuli dekadansis wiaRSi, xalxs

sTiSavs sinamdvilisgan“. am tradiciebs safuZvlianad jerac ver gaemijnen simbolisti

poetebi – tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrindaSvili, giorgi leoniZe, niko-

loz miwiSvili. gazeTSi atexili es gangaSi aCens kiTxvebs, Tu ra ganwyobis matarebelni

arian aq CamoTvlili poetebi, im narativis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aRniSnul diskusias win

uZRoda (9,2).

es maSin, roca „respublikis saxalxo poetebi galaktion tabiZe, paolo iaSvili,

mixeil javaxiSvili da alio maSaSvili dajiloebulni arian sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi

jildoebiT (10, 11). valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsi „misalmeba“ daibeWda 1936 wlis „lite-

raturul saqarTvelos“ ivnisis nomerSi. leqsSi poeti „maRal varskvlavad“ saxavs „did“

sabWoTa kavSirs, gamoTqvams survils, rom „komunizmis droSam dafaros, yoveli saxli, yo-

veli quCa“. eTayvaneba „komunistur manifests“, Tu isev ironia unda veZioT mis leqsSi,

kvleva gviCvenebs. imave logikas unda davuqvemdebaroT ivlisis qronikaSi gamoqveynebuli

werilis avtoris, konstantine gamsaxurdias mrwamsis gulwrfeloba: „SromiTa da brZoliT

gavaZlieroT sabWoTa saqarTvelo, romelsac win miuZRvis Cveni Zvirfasi, didi stalinis

genia da misi uwarCinebulesi mowafis, qarTuli kulturis didi megobris, lavrenti berias

vaJkacuri marjvena“ (11, 2), xolo al. abaSeli werilSi „saamayo sabWoTa moqalaqeoba“ wers:

„WeSmaritad saamayoa sabWoTa moqalaqeoba, vinaidan Cven ganvaxorcieleT mSromelTa nam-

dvili Tavisufleba da SevqmeniT konstitucia“ (12,2). „literaturul saqarTvelos“ agvis-

tos nomerSi gamoqveynebuli „sami simRera stalinze“ ekuTvnis paolo iaSvils, giorgi le-

oniZesa da simon Ciqovans. paolos saxotbo xasiaTis leqsSi vkiTxulobT: „qveyanam dilis

ganTiads, daarqva Seni saxeli“ (p.i); „Seni saxeli qveyanam icis, arcerT sazRvars ar Seuz-

Rudia...“(g,l); „ubrZnesi da uTbilesi Cven cxovreba gviTavaze“ (s.C).

noembris nomerSi gamoqveynebulia Salva afxaiZis leqsi „rogorc simRera, amosuli

lerwmis Rerodan“, sadac poeti rusTvelis kalmis Rirsad saxavs stalins:

„gvaTbobs sinaTle, sibrZne Seni d gulTampyrobelis,

...stalin d rusTvelis kalmiT Sesamkobeli“.

dekemberSi Salva afxaiZe aseve aqveynebs stalinisadmi saxotbo leqss, leqsSi aR-

werilia grZnoba, romelic erTad ganucdiaT sandro sanSiaSvilsa da Salvas:

52

„Cven megobrebi brwyinvale xvedriT

aseT didebas mwams kidev vnaxavT“.

davakvirdeT mweralTa damokidebulebas 1937 wlis „literaturul saqarTveloSi“.

ianvris nomerSi pirvelive gverdze ganTavsebulia nawyveti giorgi leoniZis

poemidan „beladis bavSvoba“. ticianis „gelis kolxida axal orfeoss“, madlierebas gamoxa-

tavs „meore axalgazrdoba“ rom ganacdevina axalma drom, sabWoTa beladma.

maisis Tvis nomerSi iona vakeli, proletari poeti aqveynebs leqss ,,simRera sta-

linze:

„Sen didi dRe xar, didi mze xar qveynierebis,

dido mSobelo sikeTis da bednierebis“.

gazeTis 28 maisis nomerSi sandro euli siamayiT acxadebs, rom aris stalinuri

epoqis mwerali. am gancdam TviTkmayofilebasa da udardelobaSi ar unda Cagvagdos..Cven

meti yuradRebiT SeviswavliT partiis dadgenilebebs da beladis miTiTebebs, Cven Tavidan

avicdenT marcxs, rogoric iyo mavnebelTa muSaoba Cven kavSirSi“ (13, 2). „Cven mudam unda

gvaxsovdes is, rac amx. lavrenti beriam gviTxra: „sabWoTa mwerali uwinares yovlisa unda

iyos sabWoTa xelisuflebis, socialisturi samSoblos, leninis, stalinis partiis erT-

guli adamiani... igi unda gulwrfeli da marTlis mTqmeli iyos xalxis winaSe“.

literaturuli saqarTvelos 5 noembris nomerSi valerian gafrindaSvili jerac um-

Reris „did oqtombers“: leqsi miZRvnilia didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis 20

wlisTavisadmi. masSi beladi xotbaSesxmulia:

„Cven udidesi siyvaruliT vadidebT belads,

amxanag stalins, vinc oqtombris saxea sruli.“

gazeTis amave gverdze giorgi leoniZis qeba-didebas vkiTxulobT leqsSi `stalins“:

„Sen gagvixseni win Sekruli gza,

borkili gasWer gaTangulisa“.

(14, 2)

samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom am epoqaSi, konkretulad 1935-1937 wlebSi, paTosiT

„yanweli“ poetebi ar Camouvardebian WeSmaritad proletari mwerlebisa da poetebis Se-

moqmedebiT paToss. cxadia, mkiTxveli, romelic aSkarad moaklda namdvil Semoqmedebas,

WeSmarit xelovnebas, darCa sabWouri saxotbo Semoqmedebis amara, daijerebda, irwmuneb-

da, rom beladi „mzed idga“ saqarTvelosi.

sainteresoa k.gamsaxurdias mier daanonsebuli informacia: „piradad me vwer da 1938

wels gamovaqveyneb biografiul romans „stalini“.

10 dekembers, savaraudoT, daxvrites tician tabiZe, paolom ukve moikla Tavi, `li-

teraturuli saqarTvelo“ ki ar iuwyeba aranair cnobas. es aris dro, roca arCevnebi unda

gaimarTos 1937 wlis 12 dekembers ssr kavSiris uzenaesi sabWos deputatebisa. proletaru-

li mwerlobis mexotbe ir. a baSiZe aqveynebs leqss: „xmas vaZlev“: „es xma – kacobis pirvel

gazafxuls, me misaxsovra didma beladma“ (15,12).

amgvarad, literaturuli movlenebi da faqtebi warmoadgens sarkes, romelmac

mkvlevarebs gzidan acdenis safrTxe unda aacilos. am safrTxisgan gadarCenis kidev erT

53

Suquras warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi masalebi, kerZod, mweralTa

kavSiris sxdomaTa oqmebi, sadac aSkarad ikveTeba mwerlebis ormagi saxe, saeWvio da

Seswavlis Rirsi fenomeni. rom „akldaT sifxizle“ erTi sakiTxia, „padxalimuri damokide-

buleba“ – meore, „jaSuSuri urTierToba“ – mesame. es yvela gamonaTqvami miemarTeba ti-

cians, paolos, miwiSvils, maT kritika „politikur mliqvnelebs“ uwodebs.

erTi SexedviT martivia, maT Saravandeds rom ar miadges Crdili, epoqis simZimes

avkidoT mTeli es braldebaTa seria, Tumca frTxilad, ise, rom arc maTi dideba dadges

eWvqveS, saTqmeli unda vTqvaT, rom nebiT Tu ZaliT es adamianebi sabWoeTs emsaxurebod-

nen, albaT ZirgamomTxrel kavSirebsa da saqmeebsac eweodnen, magram amis damamtkicebli

dokumenti, garda braldebebisa, gacilebiT naklebi moipoveba, vidre maTi e.w. mtkicebiT-

aRiarebiTi gamosvlebi. isini sabWoeTs umRerian, eTayvanebian da pirobasac udeben, rom

Secdomebs daaRweven Tavs [fondi 8; aRw. 2; 29; furc. 61; 1937]. am pirobis dadebidan erTi

TveRa aSorebs paolos 22 ivliss, ticians, javaxiSvilsa da miwiSvils 3-4 Tve.

samwuxaroa, rom reabilitaciis dros da verc Semdgom versad iqna mikvleuli maTi,

rogorc kontrrevolucionerobis, jaSuSobisa da „mtrobis“ damadasturebeli mtkicebu-

lebani. gvrCeba mxolod maTi Tavis mmarTlebeli gamosvlebi da Canawerebi, moaruli Wore-

bi da Semoqmedeba, romelic savsea sabWoTa propaga

literatura:

1. Wilaia s.; „ocwleuli“; Tb. 1986.

2. literaturuli saqarTvelo; (saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlobis aTdRiuri organo); 3; Tebervali. 1936.

3. literaturuli saqarTvelo; 3; Tebervali.,1936.

4. javaxiSvili m.; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; „xuTmeti aTjer unda gamravldes“; 3; Tebervali, 1936.

5. abaSeli al.; „socialisturi Semoqmedebis ferxulSi“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 3; Tebervali, 1936.

6. beria l.; „TviTkritikis maxviliT“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 28, 1936.

7. tabiZe t.; „es ambavi yvelas gvexeba“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 28, 1936.

8. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; aprilis 20, 1936.

9. „ordenosan mwerlebs“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 20, 1936.

10. gamsaxurdia k.; „xorcsxmuli miswrafebani“; „lit. saqarTvelo“; ivlisi, 1936.

11. abaSeli al; „saamayo sabWoTa moqalaqeoba“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; ivlisi, 1936.

12. euli s.; „gavaZlieroT politikur aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba mwerlebSi“;

13. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 28 maisi,1937.

14. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 5 noemberi, 1937.

15. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 10 dekemberi, 1937.

54

mari totikaSvili, nanuli ecadaSvili, ciuri mezvriSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo

universiteti, bakalavriati,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe

musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi

musika aris xelovnebis erT-erTi dargi, romelsac emociuri zemoqmedebis ZaliT ba-

dali ar hyavs xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris. cxadia, e.w musikas ar ZaluZs konkretuli

masalis Semcveli inormaciis miwodeba msmenelisaTvis, amis gamo, kompozitorebi xSirad

mimarTaven musikis sinTezs xelovnebis sxva dargebTan. mas SeuZlia iarsebos: poetur, pro-

zaul teqstsa da scenur moqmedebasTan erTad. musikis Serwyma poetur teqstTan qmnis vo-

kalur xelovnebas. amitomac, poeziis gavlena musikaze sakmaod didia. qarTvel poetTa Se-

moqmdebaSi sakmaod didi adgili ekava musikas. CvenSi saero musikis aRmocenebaSi didi ro-

li miuZRviT gamoCenil poetebsa da momRerlebs – besiksa da saiaTnovas. gansakuTrebiT

didi iyo musikis gavlena „cisferyanwelTa“ SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvs, rom „cisfer-

yanwelTa“ SemoqmedebSi Sereva moxda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargisa (poezia, musika, fer-

wera). aseve Cveni yuradReba winamdebare naSromSi SeCerdeba i. griSaSvilisa da i.noneSvi-

lis kavSirzec musikasTan. samwuxarod, aRniSnul sakiTxebze ver mivakvlieT saTanado xe-

lovnebaTmcodneobiT Tu literaturaTmcodneobiT gamokvlevebs, amitom warmogidgenT

Cveneul gaazrebas problemisa musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi.

rogorc musikaTmcodne pavle xuWua aRniSnavs: „pirveli erovnuli musikaluri na-

warmoebebi warmoadgenen simRera-romansebs da sagundo piesebs. es bunebrivia, vinaidan

mSobliuri ena, organulad dakavSirebuli gasageb, advilmisawvdom melodiasTan, iolad

gaikafavda gzas qarTvelTa gulisa da gonebisaken. marTlac, 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli

1917 wlamde, pirvel yovlisa, Seiqmna qarTuli simRera-romansisa da sagundo nawarmoebTa

adrindeli nimuSebi“ (xuWua 1961: 16-17).

erT-erTi „cisferyanweli“ sandro cirekiZe Tvlida, rom winadadebaSi sityvebis Ta-

viseburi dalagebiT SeiZleba Seqmniliyo saTuTi, grZeli ritmi. sandro cirekiZis Semoq-

medebaSi musikasTan erTad, ferebicaa. es aris danisluli, ZiriTadad Rrubliani dRis fe-

rebi. igi erTmaneTisagan gamoarCevda xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebisagan Seqmnil ritms. am

ukanasknels ki rTulad da bevrisaTvis xelmiuwvdomad miiCnevda.erTi intensivobisa da

msgavsi tonalobis bgerebi xvdebian erTmaneTis mezoblobis aRmarT-daRmarTebSi da su-

lis mdgomareobas gadmoscemen musikis laitmotiviT. sandro cirekiZe udides mniSvnelo-

bas aniWebda sityvis musikalurobasa da ferwerulobas, rogorc sxva „cisferyanwelebi“.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, „cisferyanwelebi“ xSirad mimarTvdnen sakuTar poetur

qmnilebebSi musikas, emociebisa da grZnobebis gadmosacemad.zogierT SemTxvevaSi es

emociebi iyo dadebiTi da mkiTxvels dadebiTi muxtiT aRavsebda,xSirad ki avtoris pirad

gulistkivilsa da sevdas gadmoscemda. gannsakuTrebiT xSirad axsenebs musikas sakuTar

SemoqmedebaSi paolo iaSvili („magidad Cemi parnasi“, „sakuTar Tavs“, „ukraineli qalis

simRera“, „mimarTva kolxidas“, „werili dedas“ da sxvani) da tician tabiZe („ise ubralod,

rogorc muxranze“, „gelis kolxida axal orfeoss“, „baRdaTis zeca“, „ori aragvi“, „axda

ocneba poetebisa“, „leqsi welkavi“ da sxva).

55

yoveli mxatvruli saxe erTgvari kodia. amgvar daSifrul poezias qmnidnen „cisfer-

yanwelebi“, romelTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlac kargad warmoaCens maT Sinagad samyaros. maT

SemoqmedebaSi, esTetikuri mrwamsis Sesabamisad, (azris, musikis, feris, surnelis erTia-

nobaSi warmodgena) erTmaneTs gadaewna da daSifrul mxatvrul saxed warmoCnda mxatvroba

da musika. maT kargad esmodaT, rom musikaSi xdeba yvelaze meti miaxloeba sulis siRr-

meebTan da rom musika idealurad gamoxatavs simboloebs.

`cisferyanwelebTan” mWidro kavSiri hqonda i. griSaSvils, rac gansakuTrebiT aisaxa

misi leqsebis musikalur enaze aJRerebaSi. ioseb griSaSvili XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan

moyolebuli 50-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi saocrad popularuli poeti iyo. Tavad misi

leqsis wakiTxvis manerac, rogorc igi Semogvinaxa Canawerebma, saocrad musikaluri da

ritmuli iyo. samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanave ioseb griSaSvilis Semoqmedeba didi

interesis sagani gaxda. misi poezia maRali moqalaqeobrivi SegnebiTaa gamsWvaluli.

revoluciis damarcxebiT SeZrwunebuli sicocxlis, silamazisa da siyvarulis qurumad

iqca. am periodis (1909-1917ww.) ioseb griSaSvilis leqsebSi ar wydeba bgera im maJoruli

akordisa, romelic gaisma poetis pirvelive leqsebSi da romlebmac akaki wereTlis yu-

radRebac miipyro. griSaSvilis satrfialo lirikaSi ise mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli siyva-

rulisa da silamazis Tema, rom Zneli imis Tqma silamazis siyvaruls uReris poeti, Tu

siyvarulis silamazes.

gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia griSaSvilis poeziaSi musikalobis sakiTxi. poeti azrs

gamoTqvams ara marto sityviT, aramed leqsis musikiTac. griSaSvilis bevri leqsi musika-

lurad bevrad ufro natifia da melodiuri. musikaluri melodiurobis misaRwevad igi

gamorCeulad zrunavs riTmebis keTilxmovanebasa da ritmuli intonaciebis aJRerebaze.

SemTxveviTi araa is, rom didi nawili avtoris leqsebisa sasimRero ritmikas efuZneba.

„griSaSvilis lirikis versifikacia xSirad iseT saleqso sazomebs eyrdnoba, romelTa

struqturaSi musikaluri melodiis xvedriTi wili wamyvan adgils iWers“ (nikoleiSvili 1:

334).

i. griSaSvils hqonia xelnaweri, romelic inaxeba mis muzeumSi saxelwodebiT „me-mu-

sikaSi”.

aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobs mkvlevari Tamar cincaZe, romelic yuradRebas amaxvi-

lebs mis leqsebze Seqmnil romansebze.

aRiarebulia, rom griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvruli adgili uWiravs intimur-

satrfialo Tematikas. pirveli leqsi, romelic am motivis mxatvruli gaazrebis Tvalsaz-

risiT gamoirCeva, aris „gareubneli biWis simRerebidan“ (1907w.). leqsis amRerebuli into-

nacia, qalisadmi trfoba nawarmoebis efeqturi zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi niSania. leqsis

enobriv mxares specifikur JReradobas sZens qalaquri Jargonidan motanili frazeo-

logizmebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba:

„ra kargia, kaklis xis qveS

vqeifobdeT, wvimac scrides,

me gavixdi, Sen Cagacmev

bakakajan, ar Segcivdes...“

(nikoleiSvili 2: 336)

i.griSaSvilis aTiani wlebis lirikaSi didi adgili daikava originalurma, Sinagani

melodiiT aRbeWdilma maRali Sairis saleqso sazomma. manamdel mis leqsebSi ki ritmul-

versifikaciuli Ziebani ufro mravalferovani iyo.

amaze kargad metyvelebs misi leqsidan moyvanili es striqoni: „ritmisagan leqsi dav-

wan, riTmad leqsi gamovCarxe da ocneba uxilavi Sig Cavmarxe... Sig Cavmarxe...“

56

misi leqsebi faqizadaa Semkobili sxvcadasxva mxatvruli samkaulebiT. ,,musikaluri

melodiurobis principiT Seqmnili misi poezia adamianis sulis unazesi TrTolviT“ sunT-

qavs, yoveli striqoni ostatis natifi da faqizi xeliTaa cas moqnili. (nikoleiSvili 3:

338).

griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia 1917 wlis revoluciuri movlenebi, romlebsac

daukavSira ocneba samSoblos Tavisuflebasa da xalxis bednierebaze. am TvalsazriT Za-

lian sainteresoa leqsi „1917 weli“, romelsac avtorma axali „marseliozas“ hangze dawe-

rili simRera uwoda.

„da ha, moispo, rac mosaspobi

iyo winaTve, adre Tu male!..

da Sen, maSvralo, sxva raRa ginda?

gaswordi welSi, gamoicvale.

movxedoT mamuls gapartaxebuls..“

(nikoleiSvili 4: 340)

griSaSvili naTlad avlens im ideebs da erovnul miswrafebs, rolebsac qarTvelebi

maSindeli mefis xelisuflebis damxobas ukavSirebdnen.

poetma ioseb griSaSvilma pirvelma SeaRo „Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli bohemis“

kari da misi eSxiT dagvanaxa – „mwvadis boliT danisluli“ Tbilisi, orTaWalis baRebSi Tu

sardafebSi aSuSxunebuli surnelovani qarTuli Rvino da xalxis wiaRidan gadmoRvrili

sevdanarevi hangebi...

griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi leqsis emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqts poeturi ostato-

bis maRali done gansazRvravs. mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebidan gansakuT-

rebiT did rols asrulebs bgeriT-musikaluri keTilxmovanebiT gamorCeuli ritmebi.

„leqsis saSemsruleblo kulturis maRal dones mniSvnelovanwilad poetis mier maxvil-

gonivrulad migebuli keTilxmovani ritmebi gansazRvraven“ (nikoleiSvili 3:346).

griSaSvilis Semoqmedeba iqca siyvarulis, bednierebis, keTilSobilebisa da Tavda-

debulobis uSret wyarod. amitom Seiyvara xalxma misi poezia da mis leqsebze bevri sim-

Rera aaJRera.

ioseb griSaSvilma monawileoba miiRo viqtor doliZis operis „qeTo da kotes“ lib-

retos literaturul gamarTvaSi. operis premiera gaimarTa თbilisSი 1919 wlis 11 dekem-

berს. igi daiwera komediografis, dramaturg აvqsenti cagareliს (1857-1902) piesis „xan-

umas“ (1882) mixedviT.

avqsenti cagarelis piesis siuJetze operis Seqmnis idea viqtor doliZes kievidan

dabrunebis Semdeg daebada. kompozitoris erTi wlis muSaobis Semdeg dasrulebuli pir-

veli opera Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda. libreto piesis safuZvelze Tavad kompozitor-

ma Seqmna, Tumca, is garkveul koreqtirebas saWiroebda literaturuli gamarTulobis

TvalsazrisiT, libretos redaqtireba iTava Tbilisuri yofis brwyinvale mcodnem, cno-

bilma qarTvelma poetma ioseb griSaSvilma. mas ekuTvnis aseve sikos da saqos kupletebis

teqsti.

„qeTo da kote“ viqtor doliZis yvelaze popularul da, amave dros, mxatvruli

TvalsazrisiT metad faseul nawarmoebs warmoadgens. musikaluri elvarebis, Teatraluri

sisxartis, moxdenili scenuri dramaturgiis meoxebiT qarTuli musikis istoriaSi man

samarTlianad daimkvidra erovnuli komikuri operis Janris klasikuri Sedevris adgili.

stiluri TvalsazrisiT opera dakavSirebulia Tbilisis qalaqur folklorTan da itali-

uri saopero skolis tradiciebTan, rac efeqtur musikalur saxeebsa da melodiebSi

vlindeba.

57

operas gamorCeuli scenuri istoria aqvs. sxvadasxva wlebSi თbilisis operisa da

baletis TeatrSი operis ramdenime dadgma ganxorcielda.

1920 wlis 10 ivniss, Tbilisis operis TeatrSi gaimarTa ioseb griSaSvilis Semoqmede-

biTi saRamo, romelSic vano sarajiSvilmac miiRo monawileoba. man Cveuli ufaqizesi musi-

kaluri grZnobiT Seasrula romansi griSaSvilis teqstze d „lerwami xar!“, romlis musika

axalgazrda kompozitoris Tamar SaverzaSvils ekuTvnis. xalxiT gaWedil darbazSi qariS-

xali atyda. vanom kompozitori da akompanimentis avtori ZaliT gaiyvana scenaze da taSis

grialSi, mdablad dauxares Tavi aRfrTovanebul sazogadoebas.

rogorc Tamar cincaZe aRniSnavs: „ioseb griSaSvilis leqsebze romansebi daweres:

dimitri arayiSvilma: „mindoda cremli damepatimra“, „lerwami iyav“; zaqaria faliaSvilma:

sami romansi: „nu TvalTmaqcob“, „sinanuli“, „miyvarda“; sandro mirianaSvilma: „CemTan mo-

di“ (mReris baTu kraveiSvili kinofilm „Wirveul mezoblebSi“); konstantine meRvineTuxu-

cesma: „mogiaxlovdi“; tariel baqraZem: „me Senze leqsi ar momwyindeba“; nikoloz gudiaS-

vilma: „me xom grilis eniTa mReras ar var Cveuli“; aleqsandre bukiam: „ra kargi xar, ra

kargi“; valerian gokielma: „sevda“; guguli ToraZem – lirikuli romansebi: „gulnazs“,

„siniorina“, „mezRvauris simRerebi“ (asrulebda baTu kraveiSvili); grigol kilaZem: „Sen

xar RvTaeba“ (mRerian „qeTo da koteSi“); mariam maWavarianma: „Cemi aRmarTi“, „ia da yayaCo“,

„davberdi, ara?!“; iona tuskiam: „mimRere, turfa“, „tokavda mkerdi“; oTar TevdoraZem:

„qalwuli yvavili“ (asrulebda meri Sildeli), „genacvale“(neapolur hangze vano sara-

jiSvilma Seasrula 1913 wels, notebi daibeWda 1913- 1925- 1940- ww.); Tamar SaverzaSvilma:

„lerwami xar“, „yurTbaliSi“ (asrulebda meri nakaSiZe) (leqsTmcodneoba 2013: 255-256).

Tavad ioseb noneSvili sakmaod musikaluri adamiani iyo. es kargad ikveTeba mis

SemoqmedebaSic, sadac erT mTlian danaSrevad moCans xan RrublebSi amaRlebuli da xan

veeba mdinaresaviT mdored mavali, aSkarad gamokveTili, xmieri, mJReri, maJoruli nota -

igi garemos sayviri, buki da naRara gaxldaT.

Tavad poetis leqsebSi xSirad vxvdebiT qarTul Tu araqarTul musikalur sakravebs.

am mxriv sayuradReboa Semdegi leqsebi: „aris aseTi qveyana“:

„ZirSi darweuli akvani,

salamuris saamuri kvnesa“.

(i. noneSvili, 1968: 268)

mocemul striqonSi, poetisTvis salamuri saamur kvnesasTan asocirdeba, romliTac

odiTganve irweoda akvani, vazis ZirSi mdgari.

leqsSi „alaznis arxTan“ vkiTxulobT:

„bolos, rodesac dahkres dafdafi

gadawva arxi kaxeTis gulze“.


an kidev leqsSi „saaxalwlo“:

„Tqven qorwilSic iRuRunebs

mxiaruli Wianuri“.


58

am mxriv aseve sainteresoa leqsi „Cemo kargo winaparo“:

„ras stiroda Seni qnari

aRsdeq, gvarqvi tkbil qarTuliT“.

zemoT moyvanil leqsebSi kargad Cans Tu ra didi adgili ukavia noneSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi musikalur sakravebs, Tumca mxolod es leqsebi ar aris.

garda musikaluri sakravebisa, mis leqsebSi vxvdebiT sxvadasxva qarTul xalxuri

simRerebis dasaxelebasac, es ki metyvelebs poetis miswrafebaze simReris xelovnebisadmi.

am mxriv sayuradReboa „aris aseTi qveyana“:

„Tvaltanadi qal-vaJebis naTqvami

iavnana, urmuli da rero“.


an kidev leqsSi „deda“:

„Cems akvans, ferad Rilkilebians

Sen damRerodi, „nanas“, „mze Sinas“

ramdeni Rame ar gZinebia

rom CemTvis Zili geswavlebina“.


ioseb noneSvilis leqsebze Seqmnili simRerebi popularobiT sargeblobdnen, ramde-

nime maTgani qarTul kinofilmebSic iqna gamoyenebuli. erT-erTi aseTi leqsia `yelsaba-

mi~, romelic arCil kereseliZem aaJRera. es simRera iqna gamoyenebula nikoloz saniSvi-

lis filmSi „bednieri Sexvedra“.

sakmaod popularulia ioseb noneSvilis leqsze Seqmnili simRera „Sen saqarTvelos

dedofloba dagmSvendeboda“. ioseb noneSvilis vaJi, sandro noneSvili, ixsenebs, rom

rodesac mamaCems vekiTxebodi, Tu vis miuZRvna es leqsi, xan erT qalbatonze meubneboda,

xan meoreze. dedaCemma ki es sakiTxi gadawyvita da Tqva: es leqsi me meZRvnebao (radiogada-

cemidan „retro“).

marex goZiaSvilma aamRera leqsi konstantine pevzneris mier Seqmnili nawarmoebi

„gamigonia mTvarian Rames“. poetis leqsze Seiqmna „o rero, rero“, romelsac ansambli

„orera“ da q-ni nani bregvaZe asruleben. amave leqsze Seqmna vaJa azaraSvilma lirikuli

valsi. es simRera aJRerda qarTul kinofilmSi „Sexvedra mTaSi“. sandro noneSvili ixse-

nebs, rom am simReris avtori petre gruzinski egonaT, ris gamoc uxerxuli situacia

Seqmnila. es kaci movida mamaCemTan da bodiSi mouxada, mamaCemma ki uTxra: ra bodiSs ixdi,

exla honorari mogiva da erTi kai pur-marili giSveliso da, marTlac, es pur-marili ori-

sami dRe gagrZelda da kargadac moilxineso.

revaz laRiZem noneSvilis teqstze Seqmna simRera „himni quTaiss“, romelsac daviT

gamrekeli asrulebda. es leqsi galaktionis egonaTo ixsenebda sandro noneSvili.

kidev bevri simRera aJRerebula ioseb noneSvilis leqsze. esenia: revaz laRiZis

„simRera vazze“, „siyvarulis sagalobeli“, romelsac „cisferi trio“ asrulebs, SoTa mi-

loravas „mas saqarTvelo hqvia“, nunu duRaSvilis „giyvardes saqarTvelo“. teqstze „civ

gomboridan“ Seiqmna simRera „kaxeTo, Cemo kaxeTo“. aRsaniSnavia cnobili simRera „maswav-

lebeli“, romelzedac SoTa miloravam Seqmna musika. am simReras asrulebdnen Tamar Woxo-

neliZe da maia jabua. am teqsts Tavisi istoria axlavs: ioseb noneSvili adre daoblebula,

martod darCenili misi aRzrda maswavleblebs auRiaT sakuTar Tavze, gansakuTrebiT didi

59

wvlili ki miuZRvis qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavlebels varo vardiaSvils,

romelsac miuZRvna es leqsi. rodesac iosebi gamocdebs abarebda universitetSi, sxvebs

gareT Tu mSoblebi elodebodaT, iosebs q-ni varo ucdida Turme (radiogadacemidan

„retro“).

simRerebi Seiqmna agreTve mis Semdeg leqsebze: „Semodgoma TbilisSi“, „sad ar viyav,

sad ara“, „eg saxe myinvarTa sarkeSi minaxavs“, „Sen ara gaqvs mefis gvari, frTafarfata To-

lia“da sxv.

ioseb noneSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad iyenebs iseT sityvebs, romlebic simRe-

rasTan, mRerasTan Tu musikalur sakravebTan asocirdeba, ris gamoc misi leqsebi metad

sasiamovno, harmoniuli da mJReradia.

moyvanili leqsebiT dasturdeba, rom ioseb noneSvilis Semoqmedeba erTgvarad mJRe-

ri da musikaluria. mas es musika, riTma, hangebi gulis siRrmidan amosdioda da leqsebis

saxiT mohqonda Cvenamde, mkiTxvelamde. igi iyo Tavisi „RvTaebrivi saqarTvelos“ metrfe,

Tavgadakluli mijnuri qarTuli hangisa, mgosani sruliad saqarTvelosi.

XX saukuneSi qarTuli poeziis musikis enaze aJRerebis istoriis zogierT momentze

yuradRebis gamaxvilebam migviyvana Semdeg daskvnebamde: 1. qarTvelma simbolistebma axa-

li riTmebis SemotanasTan erTad gaamdidres leqsi mxatvruli saxeebiT, ramac saocari mu-

sikaloba SesZina maT Semoqmedebas; 2. saocrad popularulad iqca TiTqmis mTeli saukunis

manZilze i. griSaSvilis uaRresad melodiuri leqsi, ramac mraval kompozitors gauCina

survili misi musikalur nawarmoebad qcevisa; 3. i. noneSvilis poezia, leqsis Sinagani bu-

nebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT miesadaga musikis enas

literatura:

1. i. noneSvili, erTtomeuli, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1968.

2. T. giorgaZe, „qarTuli mwerloba da musika“, Tbilisi, 2003.

3. av. nikoleiSvili, „qarTuli literatura III“, „saqarTvelos macne“, Tbilisi, 2009.

4. v. ciskariZe, „uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria“, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1984,.

5. p. xuWua, qarTuli samusiko kultura, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1961;

6. T. cincaZe, „ioseb griSaSvilis romansebi“ wignidan leqsTmcodneoba, Tbilisi, 2013.

7. http://radio1.ge/ge/videos/view/136823.html

60

vaJa sanTelaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori mixeil baxtaZe

istoriuli cnobebi da legendebi ioane presviteris Sesaxeb

legendebi da Tqmulebebi uZvelesi droidan iqcevs sazogadoebis yuradRebas maTi

Sinaarsisa da interesidan gamomdinare. didi xania rac evropel, rus, qarTvel da sxva

mecnierTa Seswavlis sagani gaxda XII saukunis Tqmuleba ioane presviteris Sesaxeb.

am Tqmulebis pirveli werilobiTi cnobebi gvxdeba germaneli mematianis oto frai-

zingis (Otto von Freizing) qronikaSi. misi gadmocemiT 1145 wels romis pap evgeni III-s siriis

qalaq gabalas episkoposma daxmareba sTxova evropis qveynebis mefeebTan elCobisTvis,

raTa siriaSi myof jvarosnebs kvlav daebrunebinaT 1144 wels mosulis aTabagis mier warT-

meuli edesa. amasTanave, rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems, episkoposma Zalzed saintereso

ambavi amcno evropelebs. „ramodenime wlis win mefe da mRvdelTmTavari ioane, romelic

sparseTisa da somxeTis miRma ukidures aRmosavleTSi cxovrobda da romelic qristia-

nuli sarwmunoebis, nestorianuli eklesiis aRmsarebeli iyo, SeebrZola sparseTisa da

midiis mefe-Zmebs, Samiardod wodebulebs, daipyro maTi sataxto qalaqi ekbatana. es mefe-

ebi Tavisi sparsuli, midiuri da asiriuli jarebiT SeebrZolnen mowinaaRmdeges. sami dRis

ganmavlobaSi gauwies maT winaaRmdegoba, radgan orive mxares sikvdili erCia gaqcevas.

sabolood presbiterma (presbyter) ioanem aiZula sparselebi gaqceuliyvnen da gamarjvebu-

li darCa“. rogorc episkoposi mogviTxrobs, am gamarjvebis Semdeg ioanes undoda ieru-

salimis eklesiis daxmareb, magram jarma samgzavro saSualebebis uqonlobis gamo tigros-

ze gadasvla ver SeZlo. is CrTiloeTisaken gaemarTa, radgan mas moaxsenes, rom mdinare iq

gayinuli iyo. maSin man aq ramdenime weli dahyo, eloda ra yinvebis dadgomas, magram amindi

misi gegmebisaTvis araxelsayreli aRmoCnda. amasobaSi SeuCvevelma klimatma misi bevri

jariskacis sicocxle Seiwira. ase rom, mefe iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo Tavis

samSobloSi. „mefe ioane presbiteri saxarebaSi moxseniebuli mogvebis Camomavalia da imave

xalxze mbrZaneblobda romlebzec Tavis droze mogvebi mefobdnen. misi dideba da

simdidre iseTi didi yofila, rom igi erTi zurmuxtis skiptriT sargeblobda. Tavisi

winaprebis magaliTma, romlebic gzas gaudgnen, raTa akvanSi myofi qristesTvis Tayvani

ecaT, ubiZga mas gaelaSqra ierusalimze, magram Seqmnili garemoeba am yovelives xels

uSlida“.

XII s. Sua xanebSi mZime mdgomareobaS iyvnen mcire aziSi myofi jvarosnebi. siriis

episkoposis elCoba romis papTan miznad isaxavda axali jvarosnuli moZraobis wamowyebas,

edesis dabrunebasa da axali miwebis dakavebas. episkoposis mier Catanilma cnobam, qris-

tiani mefe presviterisa da misi mosalodneli daxmarebis Sesaxeb didad daainterese da

aRafrTovana evropelebi, magram mosalodneli daxmarebis miuxedavad arsaidan ar Canda

ioane presviteris Zlevamosili armia.

ioane presviteris Sesaxeb realur Tu ararealur istorias, romelic gavrcelda XII-

is Sua xanebSi, Semdgom kidev bevri zRapruli ambavi daemata. beri alberixis qronikebSi

Cvenamde moaRwia werilma, (romelic ioane presviteris epistoleTia cnobili) sadac

aRniSnulia, rom 1165 wels man es werilebi gaugzavna sxvadasxva qriastianuli qveynebis

mmarTvelebs. Cvenamde moaRwia bizantiis keisarisadmi gagzavnilma epistolem. mkvlevarTa

azriT, es werili nayalbevia, magram mas am istoriis kvlevisTvis mainc didi mniSvneloba

61

aqvs. am werilis erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgens romis papis aleqsandre III-is werili,

romelic man 1177 wels Tavis pirad eqims gaatana ioane presviterTan, sadac es ukanaskneli

moxseniebulia uwmindes mRvdlad da indoeTis didebul mefed, magram mis mier gagzavnili

elCobis bedi ucnobia.

ioane presviteris Sesaxeb legendis gavrceleba kvlav iwyeba XIII saukuneSi rodesac

gamoCndnen monRolebi. evropaSi gaCnda imedi rom swored monRolebi iyvnen ioane

presviteris Zlevamosili armia. maTze arasakmarisi codnis gamo isini erTi SexedviT qris-

tianebi egonaT, romlebic musulmanTa winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. am imediT evropis umaRlesi

qveynebi da romis papebi aRmosavleTSi gzavnidnen misiebs, raTa maT SeeswavlaT monRolebi

da gaegod SeZlebdnen Tu ara am ududesi Zalis gamoyenebas TavianTi miznebisTvis. amas-

Tanave maT davalebuli hqondaT rom epovaT ioane presviteris samefo. swored amgvari

davalebis Sesruleba mouxdaT im drois cnobil mogzaurebs: plano karpinis, giiom rub-

rukviss, marko polos, ioane montekorvinos da sxvebs.

mogzaurTa gadmocemiT indoeTi sam nawilad iyofoda: eTiopiad, midiad da aRmosav-

leTis ukidures mxared.

plano karpinis monaTxrobi Zalian hgavs sxva mogzaurebis istorias, igi exeba Cingiz

xans da mis laSqrobebs. amave dros gvawvdis calke cnobas ioane presviterze. monRolTa

jarebi SeebrZolnen qristianebs didi indoeTSi. maT winaaRdeg gamovida am qveynis mefe

ioane presviteri, romelmac aiZula TaTrebi gaqceuliyvnen. igi indoeTs asaxelebs im

qveynebTan erTad, romlebis dapyrobac TaTrebma ver SeZles.

giiom rubrukvisi yarakitaelebze saubrisas mogviTxrobs, rom rodesac frankebma

alya Semoartyes antioqias, Turqebma TxovniT mimarTes kon-xans. rogorc g. operti aRniS-

navs rubrukvisis cnobaSi Cans yarakitais mmarTvelis kor-xanis istoria. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom rubrukvisis ambavs imeorebs rojer bekoni, romelic aRwers kor-xanis, ioane presvi-

teris, misi Zmis iunkisa da Cingiz-xanis brZolebs. kor-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg nestoria-

nelma ioanem mefoba miisakuTra. mas bevr istorias miawerdnen vidre sinamdvileSi iyo. misi

Zma, unki, mTebSi cxovrobda da patara qalaqs flobda. ioanes sikvdilis Semdeg ukve unksa

da Cingizs Soris dapirispireba moxda ZalauflebisaTivs, sadac unki damarcxda.

marko polo gadmogvcems istorias ioane presviterisa da Cingiz xanis brZolis Se-

saxeb, romelSic Cingiz xanma daamarcxa ioane.

XIII saukuneSi legenda daukavSires vinme daviT mefes. rudolf kogaSeles, simon de

sen kaventinisa da Jak de-vitris gadmocemiT viciT, rom 1221 wels vinme daviT mefe aRmo-

savleTidan miiwevda wminda saflavis gasaTavisufleblad da wminda samefos aRsadgenad.

vincentiusi da sxva mematianebi daviTs ioanes Svilad miiCneven.

marko polo ioane presviters eTiopelad asaxelebs. Sua indoeTSi aris abasia. misi

TqmiT, am mxareSi yvelaze didi mefe qristiania. aq ganisvenebs wminda Tomas neSti, rome-

lic aq moRvaweobda. igi gamogvcems ambavs adenis sulTnisa da ioane presviteris brZolis

Sesaxeb, romelic moxda ioanes mociqulis daCagvris gamo, sadac ioanem gaimarjva. es isto-

ria gavs oto fraizeningis mier gadmocemuls. ioanes eTieopeloba gansakuTrebiT popula-

ruli iyo portugaliaSi. XV saukunidan mas eZebdnen afrikaSic. mogzaurTa da despanTa

didi kvleva-Ziebis miuxedavad mainc ar gagvaCnia am pirovnebis da misi samefos zusti ad-

gilsamyofeli da istoriuli sinamdvile.

am ambis didi mkvlevari g. operti sakiTxis Seswavlisas iyenebs im mogzaurTa cnobebs

sadac aRwerilia yara-xataeTis mmarTvelis korxanis istoria. igi exeba ioanes zedwodebas,

romelic pirvelad oto fraizingma axsena. misi azriT, fraizingis mier naxsenebi pres-

viteri 1141 wels samaryandTan sparseTis sulTnis sanjaris dammarcxebeli giurxani-iur-

xania. magram samwuxarod mas dasavleTisken aRar uwarmoebia brZolebi. igi aseve aRniSnavs,

rom iurxani laTinurad warmoiTqmeba rogorc ioane, iohane. opertma am ambavze arapirda-

piri miniSnebebi amoikiTxa zinbadis mogzaurobaSi. misi azriT, swored zindbadis mogzau-

robis wignSi daculi werili Seadgens ioane presviteris epistoles safuZvels.

62

g. opertis gauCndnen Tanamoazreebi: fr. carnke, r. henigi, l. olSki da sxvani. isini

operts eTanxmebian da ioane presviteris prototipad miiCneven 1141 wels samaryandis

brZolaSi gamarjvebul ieluidaS-iurxans. amasTanave metad saintereso da yuradsaRebia

maTi gamokvlevebic. fr. carnke da l. olSki miiCneven, rom ioane presviteris legendis

winapiroba 1122 wels romis pap kaliqtus III-Tan Casuli patriarq ioanes elCoba unda gamx-

dariyo. es ambavi gadmocemulia abat don fon rames CanawerebSi sadac saubaria indoeTSi

arsebul qristianul samefoze, mis dedaqalaqsa da mdinare fisonze, romelic moedi-

neboda samoTxidan. l. olSkis azriT, 1165 wels Sedgenili ioanes epistole aris utopia da

miwieri samoTxis panegirika.

aseve sainteresoa rusul istoriografiaSi arsebuli gamokvlevebi am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT. v. bartoldi da l.gumilovi fiqroben, rom legendas safuZvlad udevs 1141

wlis samaryandis brZolis istoria. bartoldi yuradRebas amaxvilebs nestorianelobis

gavrcelebaze monRolur tomebSi da wminda Tomas moaRvaweobaze indoeTSi. l. gumilovi

mogviTxrobs ieluidaSis anu igive ioanes Sesaxeb da ibn-alasiris cnobebze dayrdnobiT

agviRwers im grandiozul brZolas, romlis msgavsi mahmadianebs jvarosnebTanac ar uwar-

moebiaT. amasTanave yuradsaRebia v. matuzovis msjelobac, igi iziarebs sxva istorikosTa

mosazrebebs da gvaZlevs am legendis sam Teorias: pirveli aziuri d ioane-ieluidaSi ya-

rakitais imperiiis damaarsebelia; meore, afrikuli d ioane abisianis mefe iyo, romlis

qveyana IV saukuneSi moeqca qristianobaze; mesame – am ambavs ar gaaCnia istoriuli sa-

wyisebi da ar hyavs prototipi. igi SeTxzulia kaTolike sasuliero piris mier.

amrigad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istorikosTa varaudiT ZiriTadad ioane presviteris

legendas safuZvlad daedo 1141 wlis ambebi. giurxani, iurxani, ieliudaSi, quxani - ioane

presviteris prototipia.

g. opertisa da mis mimdevrebs mravlad hyavs kritikosebi. f. braunma Tavis naSromSi

wamoayena Teoria, romliTac igi am legendaruli mefis prototips XII saukunis saqarTve-

loSi eZebs. misi azriT, legenda Seiqmna da Camoyalibda daviT IV-is amirsparsalaris, ioane

orbelis mier 1124 wels Zmebi ibrahim da ahmedis koaliciuri laSqrobis damarcxebisa da

maTi mokavSire sulTanis meliq-TorRulis dedaqalaqis ganZis aRebis, aseve 1138-39 wlebSi

demetre I-is mier ganZis aRebisa da darbevis, 1161 wels giorgi III-is amirsparsalaris, ioane

orbelis mier xlaTis sulTnis suqman II-is ganadgurebisa da anisis dakavebis Sedegad. am

ambebis gaerTianebis Sedegad jvarosanTa warmodgenebSi miviReT ambavi ioane presviteris

Sesaxeb. igi, aseve 1165 wlis ioanes epistoles mixedviT, samefos lokalizacias axdens

kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxze al. TvaraZem monografiaSi „saqarTvelo da

kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi“ f. braunis msgavsad, ZiriTadi daskvnebi daafuZna Sua sau-

kuneebsis evropul kartografiul masalebze, sadac kavkasiis mxare kaspiis kariT gogisa

da magogis xalxebiT, bibliuri mdinareebiT erT geografiul arealSia moTavsebuli. es

teritoria zustad jdeba ioane presviteris epistoles mixedviT misi samefos arealSi.

qarTveli istorikosebi (z. avaliSvili, al. nikuraZe, d. niniZe, S. badriaZe, S. reviSvi-

li) miiCneven, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriuli saxe ioane presviteris legendaSi aisaxa.

mkvlevari ana doroTea fon brinkeni ar gamoricxavs, rom ioanes TqmulebaSi daviTis saxe-

lis gaCena daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobasTan kavSirSia.

z. avaliSvili naSromSi „jvarosanTa droidan“ am sakiTxze msjelobisas ZiriTadad

eyrdnoba mecamete saukuneSi gavrcelebul ambavs, sadac ioane presviteris memkvidred

gamoyvanilia mefe daviTi. misi azriT, SesaZloa, daviTis gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis

gasvlis Semdeg moxda ioanesa da daviTis saxeebis gaerTianeba. aqve gamoTqmulia mosazreba

ioane orbelisa da ioane presviteris igiveobis Sesaxeb.

d. niniZe laSa-giorgis pirovnebas legendarul ioane presviterad miiCnevs.

S. badriZem am legendis kvlevas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo. mis ZiriTad

wyaros oto fraizingis mier mocemuli informacia warmoadgens. man paraleli gaavlo

didgoris brZolasa da ioane presviteris brZolas Soris. aseve istoriul-geografiuli

63

kuTxiTac, ioane presviteris samSoblo mdebareobda „armeniisa da sparseTis miRma ukidu-

res aRmosavleTSi“. badriZis azriT, saubari rom yofiliyo Sua aziis aRmosavleT mxareze

maSin es lokalizebuli ar iqneboda armeniaze miTiTebiT. S. badriZe da f. bruni amasTanave,

presviteris saxes ukavSireben demetre I-is mmarTvelobis xanas. badriZis mosazreba

gaiziara S. reviSvlimac. igi am sakiTxs Seexo miTologiuri xalxebis istoriul-geogra-

fiuli adgilsamyofelis identifikaciisas da eTnikuri kuTvlinebis problemaze msje-

lobisas.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom ara mxolod qarTvel istorikosTa nawili ukavSirebs

ioane presviters XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb mefeebsa da didebulebs da

maT moRvaweobas. Tumca es mosazrebebi did sifrTxiles, yuradRebasa da kvlevas

saWiroebs, radgan Tavad legenda da epistole bevr upasuxo kiTxvas badebs.

am legendis erT-erTi mkvlevari andro gogolaZe, romelic sxvadasxva kuTxiT

ikvlevs Temas, fiqrobs rom istoriulis garda legendas bibliuri safuZveli udevs.

kerZod ioane mociqulis gamocxadeba d apokalifsi, sasjeli RvTisa dedamiwaze arsebuli

yoveli uwminduri Zalisa da misi mimdevrebis mimarT. amas mianiSnebs is faqtic, rom

xalxTa warmodgenaSi ioane presviteri ar berdeba, ar kvdeba, cocxlobs saukuneebis gan-

mavlobaSi. saxarebis mecxramete TavSi swored apokalifsur gamocxadebazea saubari: „da

vixilen cani ganxumulni. da aha cxeni spetaki, da mjdomaresa mas zeda ewodeboda sarwmu-

no£ da WeSmariti, da simarTliT Sjis da ibrZvis“ aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane presviteris epis-

toleSi mravladaa bibliuri aluzia, aseve paralelebi sxvadasxva bibliur siuJetebTan.

aseve gvxvdeba miniSneba wminda graalze. amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tqmulebas gaaCnia

saxarebiseuli apokalifsis safuZvlebi. sagulisxmoa andro gogolZis kidev erTi daskvna,

romlis mixedviTac ioane presviteris samSoblos dakavSirebas saqarTvelosTan gamoric-

xavs is, rom evropelebisTvis saqarTvelo im dros sakmaod nacnobi iyo, ioane presviterze

da mis samflobeloebze ki araferi icodnen.

realur istoriaze dafuZnebuli Tu SeTxzuli legenda ioane presviteris Sesaxeb

didxans cocxlobda Sua saukuneebis xalxTa cnobierebaSi. misma ambavs Tu epistolem bev-

ri mkvlevari aalaparaka da wlebis manZilze imedi misca evropaSi myof jvarosnebs. Tumca,

dRemde sadao da dasazustebelia, efuZneba Tu ara ioane presviteris legenda realur

istorias Tu ubralod gamonagonia.

Cemi azriT, legendas ioane presviteris Sesaxeb namdvilad unda hqonoda safuZvlad

realuri istoria da vfiqrob, es ambavi swored 1141 wels momxdari brZolaa. im drois

zogierT mogzaurTa daskvnebic da evropel da rus mecnierTa nawilic swored am faqts

asaxelebs legendis sawyisad. maTi msjelobebi da daskvnebi sruliad safuZvlianad da swo-

rad mimaCnia. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom am ambavma ganicada trans-

formacia da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi asazrdoebda evropel jvarosnebs da aramarto maT.

es bunebrivicaa radgan 1141 wels momxdari ambis Semdeg mravali ram moxda rasac sruliad

safuZvlianad SeiZleba daukavSirdes es legenda. veTanxmebi im mkvlevarebs, romlebic

fiqroben, rom ioanes epistole nayalbevia. masSi asaxulia bibliuri aluziebi da masSi

aRwerili samefo ar Seesabameba relobas. radgan jvarosnebisTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo

mdidari da Zlieri mokavSire. qarTveli istorikosebis gamoTqmuli varaudiT SesaZlebe-

lia marTlac daekavSirebinaT evropelebs daviT aRmaSenebeli ioanesTan drois garkveul

momentSi garkveuli mizezebis gamo. magram vfiqrob daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweoba ar iyo

is Ziri da safuZveli saidanac legenda momdinareobs.

vfiqrob am legendis garSemo Catarebuli kvleva ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos dasrulebu-

lad da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iZleva imis safuZvels, rom Sesaswavli da saZiebeli kidev

bevria.

64

literatura:

1. avaliSvili, zurab. jvarosanTa droidan. Tbilisi, 1989.

2. badriZe, SoTa. jvarosnuli Tqmuleba daviT aRmaSenebelsa da demetre pirvelze. Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. tomi 125. Tbilis, 1968.

3. gogolaZe, andro. ioane presviteris legendis istoriuli da bibliuri safuZvlebis Se-

saxeb. gamomcemloba meridiani Tbilisi, 2005.

4. gogolaZe, andro. statia: mefe-xucesis legendis monRoluri reminiscenciebi qarTul

wyaroebSi. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTve-

los istoriis institutis Sromebi IV. Tbilisi, 2011.

5. TinikaSvili, daviT da kazariani, ioane. statia: jvarosnebi da qarTvelebi: kritikuli

midgoma qarTuli istoriografiisadmi.

6. http://kadmos.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php/kadmos/article/viewFile/191/173

65

klara gelaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura,

xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino mindiaSvili

omis paradigma qarTul mwerlobaSi — omis Tema osur literaturaSi

Cvens qveyanaSi, sabWoTa periodis nacionaluri politikis principTa danergvis kidev

erTi Sedegi, „qarTul‐osuri konfliqti“‐s saxiT warmoCnda.

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam qarTveli xalxis interesebi SezRuda, rac

orive mxarisTvis metad savalalo SedegiT dasrulda. osi separatistebisTvis miuRebeli

aRmoCnda zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva samxreT oseTis osi mosaxleobisadmi, sadac maT

keTilgonierebisaken mouwodebda. ar gaiTvaliswines da Sedegmac ar daayovna d moxda is,

rac SesaZlebeli iyo, Tavidan agvecilebina! dampali ZafiviT dawyda da daiSala sauku-

neebis manZilze SeduRabebuli urTierTobebi. osebs ar aviwydebaT saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sabWos arCevnebis win, 1990 w. oqtomberSi z. gamsaxurdias televiziiT gamosvla, sadac igi

maT xelSeuxeblobas hpirdeboda: „Cven araerTxel gangvicxadebia, rom ar moviTxovT

araqarTvelTa gasaxlebas saqarTvelodan, rogorc amas zogierTi mogvawers. ar moviTxovT

maT diskriminacias, devnas. Cven moviTxovT Tanasworuflebianobas...“i

ar aviwydebaT, radgan am dapirebis paralelurad, intensiurad mimdinareobda eTniku-

ri osebis Seviwroeba‐gandevna saqarTvelos teritoriidan. ratomo? ‐ kiTxvas svamen isini.

es imitom, rom osi separatistebi ar wyvetdnen antiqarTul moqmedebebs, radgan maT, zurgs

yovelTvis ruseTi umagrebda da icavda. qarTul-osuri urTierTobebis daZabva, gansakuT-

rebiT 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba. TiTqos, am ori eris mexsierebaSi, winare sab-

Wouri damokidebulebebi da dapirispirebebi amotivtivebuliyo... jer kidev „1295 wels

roca qarTlSi umefobis periodi iyo da qveyanas mxolod erisTavi da aznaurebi mar-

Tavdnen, JamTaaRmwerelis sityviT pirvelad iwyes osebma aoxreba, xocva da rbeva qarT-

lisa. maT daikaves qalaqi gori da iqidan wasvlas ar apirebdnen. maT mimarT gadamwyveti

omebi awarmoa giorgi mexuTe brwyinvalem, romelmac isini samwliani dauRalavi brZolis

Semdgom gandevna goridan.“ii mematianes arc is faqtebi daukargavs, sadac osebi qarTvelebs exmarebian mtris mo-

geriebasa da gandevnaSi, cdiloben erTguleba daumtkicon qarTvelebs, magram: „1918 wlis martSi samxreT oseTSi ajanydnen osebi. es ajanyeba saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardiam Ca-

axSo. am ajanyebiT qarTulma sazogadoebam igrZno osebisagan mosalodneli safrTxe Tumca

amas ukve veRaraferi uSvelida.“iii

arsebuli konfliqtis ganaxlebis ZiriTadi motivi qarTul‐osuri eTnonacionaluri

dapirispirebaa. „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis“ gauqmebas xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg sabWoeTis mxridan provokaciebisa da SantaJebis

kompaniam, romelic m. gorbaCovis z. gamsaxurdiasadmi muqariT „dagvirgvinda“: „saqarTve-

los sabWoTa kavSiridan SeuZlia gavides, magram samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis gareSe‐o“.

miuxedavad uamravi mcdelobisa, gons mosuliyvnen da SeecvalaT damokidebuleba,

„moskovis mier waqezebuli osi separatistebi agrZelebdnen saqarTvelos respublikis

konstituciis sawinaaRmdego qmedebas, rasac mohyva iZulebiTi nabiji qveynis teritori-

66

uli mTlianobis SenarCunebis mizniT da miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni d „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb“ da dadgenileba d „q. cxinvalisa da

javis raionis teritoriaze sagangebo wesebis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.“iv (1990 wlis 1 dekem-

beri).

90‐iani wlebis konfliqtis iarebi jer kidev Rrmad aCnda ori eris urTierTobas, rom

Tavi iCina axalma, bevrad ufro mtkivneulma konfliqtma, romelic Sedegebzec orive

mxarea pasuxismgebeli.

„2008 wlis agvistos omi. omi, romelmac SeZra msoflio...omi, romelmac samudamo daRi

daasva saqarTvelos... omi, romlis gameorebis safrTxe jer kidev arsebobs“.v 2008 wlis 7 agvistos saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, prezident saakaSvilis brZanebiT

samxedro operacia daiwyo qalaq cxinvalis asaRebad, radgan osi separatistebis mier pir-

veli agvistodan ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda saartilerio srolebi. momdevno dRes ru-

seTma, romelsac regionSi samSvidoboebi hyavda, qarTvelTa ieriSis sapasuxod cxinvalis

regionSi sakuTari jarebis qvedanayofebi da mZime teqnika masobrivad Seiyvana. parale-

lurad, ruseTma saqarTvelos sxva regionebis sahaero dabombvac daiwyo. 9 agvistos ru-

sulma da afxazurma Zalebma meore fronti gaxsnes kodoris xeobaze TavdasxmiT. brZola

xuT dRes gagrZelda. qarTuli jari gamodevnili iqna cxinvalis regionidan. saqarTvelom

dakarga teritoriebi, aTasobiT adamiani iqca ltolvilad. yovelive es, bunebrivia, asaxvas

hpovebda ra, qveynis, rogorc politikur, socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, aseve

Tavis adgils hpovebda literaturaSic. literaturis saxiT gadmocemuli suraTi wiaRi-

seulad asaxavs yvela im gancdasa da movlenas, rac waruSlel kvals stovebs rogorc pi-

rovnebaSi, aseve naTeli suraTia im erisa, romlis istoriac nawarmoebis erT‐erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi Temaa.

es iyo mokle istoriuli diskursi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra uZRoda win qarTvelebsa da osebs

Soris arsebul dapirispirebas. miuxedavad amisa, mainc Znelia ipovno WeSmaritebis marcva-

li iq, sadac sisxlia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba visia es sisxli‐sisxli, sisxlia!

2008 wlis ruseT‐saqarTvelos omidan 9 weli gavida, magram dRemde aravis daekisra pa-

suxismgebloba. pasuxgaucemelia kiTxvebi, daulagebelia urTierTobebi, rac os da qar-

Tvel mosaxleobas erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.

postkolonialuri sivrcis literaturas axalma talRam gadauara. rogorc qarTul,

aseve osur literaturaSic mkveTrad aisaxa am or ers Soris XIX saukunis bolo periodisa

da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli, ruseTisagan marTuli movlenebi. osi avtore-

bisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi, omis Tema TviTkritikuli da miu-

kerZoebelia. omiT gamowveul SedegebTan erTad, xmamaRali saubaria gamomwvev mizezebzec.

qarTuli literatura gaJRenTilia tkiviliT‐mesame Zalam daapirispira da erTmaneTis

sisxli daaRvrevina guSindel Zmebs. saqarTvelom ar unda dakargos teritoria, arc keTil-

ganwyoba osebisadmi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom n. gelaSvili zviad gamsaxurdias politikuri kursis erT‐erTi

uaryofiTad Semfasebelia, keTilgonierebas uwunebs osebs. „derTi SemiZlia axlave vTqva,

rom Tu cxinvalma saqarTvelosgan gamoyofa aikviata, Tavs daiRupavs. imitom, rom es

usamarTlobaa.“vi

sul sxvagvari kuTxiTaa warmoCenili 2008 wlis omi os avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi. TiTqmis

Cvens mier moZiebul yvela nawarmoebSi, gamonaklisis garda, qarTvelebi maTTvis faSis-

tebTan asocirdebian.

67

1888‐89 wlebis saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis dawyebam bevri cvlileba gamoiwvia.

ukve damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom 1990 wlis 11dekembers gaauqma samxreT

oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. „1991wlis martSi, prezident z. gamsaxurdias gankargulebiT, cxinvalSi Sevida sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani jaris nawili. male maT sxva araformaluri

SeiaraRebuli formirebebi daemata. daiwyo qarTul-osuri konfliqti“.vii

aRniSnuli periodis konfliqts exeba osi avtoris, tamerlan tadtaevis moTxroba „‚‐-

†‐‑‘”“ omia. osi moxaliseebi barikadebze dganan. omSi kargi iaraRia saWiro. es yvelas ar aqvs.

alanis gverdiT erTi mebrZoli daiWra. mas rom karabini uWiravs, alani swored aseT

iaraRze ocnebobs. is jer kidev cocxalia da alani cdilobs iaraRi gamowiwknos. Tan

SiSobs:

„А что, если оностался жив? Тогда он будет преследовать меня наяву Для верности надо было

раскроить ему череп прикладом. Так, может,вернуться назад и доделать дельце? Нет, лучше не

надо.“viii

modis ambavi‐cxinvalis moedani ukve qarTvelebma daikaves!.. alani garbis Tavis

naTesavTan‐arsenTan, romelsac yovelTvis aRmerTebda da baZavda, radgan TviTon sul

avadmyofobda. axla, rac omi daiwyo, aRar avadmyofobs, omma gamoakeTa. arseni sTavazobs

gaqcevas, radgan ukve yvelgan qarTvelebi arian. alani ar garbis. oTaxSia, esmis fexis xma,

fiqrobs, rom isini movidnen, isvris maRla da elodeba: „он наверняка караулит меня и застрелит,

как только пошевельнусь.“ix cota xanSi alani xedavs, rogor ecema iataks wiTeli wveTebi...

amave, 90‐iani wlebis ruseTisagan inspirirebul osur‐qarTuli konfliqtis periods

exeba tamerlan tadtaevias kidev erTi moTxroba „Отступник“.

ojaxi, romelic omis konfliqtis dawyebamde sacxovreblad Sua aziaSi gadadis,

fulis dagrovebisTanave brundeba cxinvalSi mizniT‐SeiZinos orsarTuliani saxli da

samudamod damkvidrdes aq. magram maTi CamosvlisTanave situacia iZabeba. omis dasawyisSi,

ise, rogorc yvela, am ojaxis mamac Tvlis, „Что это недоразумение скоро закончится, и он доведет

до конца начатое. Но потом понял, что это всерьез и надолго.“x

omSi uiaraRod yofna aryofnas udris. amitom biWi iZulebuli xdeba, iaraRis

SesaZenad, danazogi mamis daukiTxavad aiRos. mama uars ambobs Svilze, deda barikadebze

midis da Sin dabrunebas sTxovs. ZmasTan garigebas sdebs‐sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi iaraRi mas

rCeba. ukve iaraRiani axalgazrda cxovrebis pirispir dgeba da realobasTan Tvalis

gasworeba uwevs‐xedavs rogor maradioroben TviTon osebi da Ram‐RamobiT daucvel

ojaxebs Zarcvaven... axalgazrda biWebi quCaSi saburavebs wvaven da icinian. maTTvis omi

raRac TamaSs gavs, sadac dauRalavad TamaSoben. „Только грузином никто не хочет быть. Лучше

быть фашистом.“xi maT ician, rom im qarTvelebis mamebi, romlebic merxze maT gverdiT

isxdnen, axla maT Zmebs da mamebs xocaven. sikdilma ukve Seabija am bavSvebis ojaxebSi.

mozrdili biWebi iaraRis povnaze ocneboben, rom Suri iZion...viRaca iaraRis warTmevas

cdilobs, rom gayidos da aqedan wavides „‐ Я хочу свалить отсюда в Москву. Война не по мне. Я

понял это, как только приехал сюда.“xii barikadebisken, mopirdapire mxaris ikarusidan erTi

milicioneri maTken xelebis qneviT moemarTeba. aniSnebs, rom uiaraRoa. igi tiriliT midis

maTTan da ekiTxeba‐risTvisaa es omi saWiro?! „Мы же люди! Неужели не понимаете? Мы стреляем

друг в друга, убиваем! Ради чего, а? Это просто невыносимо! Я не могу больше этого терпеть! Не хочу

стрелять в вас! Не хочу, чтоб вы стреляли в нас! Мы же не звери, а? Посмотрите на солнце, на небо, разве

мы не можем просто жить и радоваться, глядя на эту красоту?“xiii

68

„– Мы защищаем нашу землю, – сказал ковбой, обращаясь к милиционеру. Не мы к вам пришли с

войной, а вы.“xiv qarTveli milicioneris sityvebma TanagrZnoba gamoiwvia. amasobaSi maTken

isev ori milicioneri ganiaraRebulTa JestikulaciiT gamoemarTa. isini TavianTi megob-

ris wasayvanad modiodnen. „– Эти, наверное, из личной охраны самого Гамсахурдиа, d заметил кто‐то

из ребят. – Не надо упускать такого случая. Убьем их, а?“ osebma gadawyvites esrolaT im orisTvis,

romlebsac omis uarmyofeli milicioneri ZaliT mihyavdaT. biWma Zmis mzera igrZno.

usityvod grZnobda kiTxvas. man Zmas TvalebSi Caxeda „В спину я не буду стрелять. Нет.“xv

milicioneri ZaliT aiyvanes ikarusSi. „Наступила зловещая тишина. Все смотрели на

красный, весь в пробоинах „Икарус“ и чего‐то ждали…“xvi

bunebrivia, omSi adamiani individualuria. avtoris obieqturi xedvac misasalmebeli.

mas ar daumalavs osi da rusi erovnebis maradiorebis mier cxinvalis mosaxleobis da-

yaCaRebis faqtebi. arc qarTveli milicioneris SiSi da wuxili uazro omSi sikvdilis gamo.

es yo 90‐ian wlebis cxinvalSi organizacia „adamon nixasis“ wevrebis mier antiqarTuli moZ-

raobis erT‐erTi Sedegi.

„afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT, 1989‐92 wlebSi oseTTan oms qarTuli mosaxleobis eT-

nikuri wmenda ar mohyolia. Sesabamisad, cecxlis Sewyvetis Semdeg, am or eTnikur jgufs

Soris urTierTobebis normalizeba ufro swrafad daiwyo. im droisTvis, rodesac saakaS-

vili xelisuflebaSi movida, miuxedavad imisa, rom manamde gansakuTrebul seriozul

samSvidobo iniciativebs adgili ar hqonia da separatistuli respublika oficialurad

blokadaSi iyo moqceuli, qarTvelebs da osebs Soris yofiT doneze yoveldRiuri urTi-

erTobebi ukve daregulirebuli iyo.“xvii omma, sadac ganukiTxaoba batonobda, Zirfesvianad

Secvala mSvidobiani mosaxleobis cxovreba. gaaora da rwmena Seuryia Taobas, romlis-

Tvisac warmoudgeneli iyo aseTi gaTiSva. ar enaxaT omi, sisxli, rbeva da cecxli. ver

gaarkvies, ra moxda, ratom iqcnen mtrebad is adamianebi, romlebic guSin gulSi ikravdnen

da eferebodnen. ratom gaimetes maTi mamebi da Zmebi Tanaklaselebis mamebma da Zmebma.

guSindeli moyvare mtrad iqca‐gklavs, garbevs, gwvavs, magram maT xom yavT mxsneli. meaTe

klaseli osis gogona Tavis CanaxatSi aRwers im saSinel dReebs, rodesac Tavze daeqcaT

yvelaferi. sardafSi TavSefarebulebi SiSiT Zrwian, arada, ra kargad umzerda ZmasTan

erTad olimpiadas! ocnebobda momaval ardadegebze, sofelSi wasvlaze, binis garemon-

tebaze, sasiamovno Tavgadasavlebze da, uceb, srolebi, xmauri, cis gaxsna da erTaderTi

gza gadarCenisa‐ saswrafod datovon qalaqi!.. axalgazrda gogonas Tavzars scems axal‐axa-

li cnobebi: „Когда мы услышали, что агрессоры заняли наши посты, погибли наши парни, я потеряла

сознание.“ gogonas warmodgenac ki ar SeuZlia imisa, rom maT, yvelas daxocaven, rom „Южная

Осетия, будет принадлежать этим зверям, которые не щдили детей, стариков и беременных женщин.“ es

ar moxdeba, radgan ruseTi gansacdelSi ar datovs Tavis moqalaqeebs! erTaderTi sasixa-

rulo cnoba, Tu SeiZleboda im mdgomareobaSi sixarulad rame CaTvliliyo, ise iyo cnoba

rusis jaris gamoCenisa: „Росийские воиска уже здесь! Все стали Радоваться б ктото плакал...“xviii

movidnen Cveni mxsneli rusebio, ambobs patara gogona, radgan ar icis, rom swored

maTi „wyalobiT“ Caxeda sikvdils TvalebSi, maTi mizeziT dakarga uaxloesi megobrebi da

rwmena, romelic, vimedovneb, adre Tu gvian, simarTlis SecnobasTan erTad, mainc daub-

rundeba.

rusebma, cxinvalidan, javis mimarTulebi gaiyvanes mosaxleoba. bavSvebma yvela

iaraRis saxeli iswavles. isxdnen da saubrobdnen omze. ori kviris Semdeg dabrundnen,

daxvdaT dangreuli cxinvali da SiSi imisa, Tu sad unda ecxovraT. dasrulebuli omi ar

69

niSnavs mSvidobas. dabrunebas ar moaqvs simSvide: „Приехав я не почуствовала ничего: ни страха, ни

боли, ни радости, что вернулас дамой. В моей душе было пусто, никаких чувств, ощущений.“xix

modis pirveli seqtemberi, bunebrivia uxaria Tanaklaselebis naxva, ulocaven erT-

maneTs sicocxles, magram ratomRac, patara gogona arafers wers im qarTvel megobrebze,

romlebic maT gverdiT unda msxdariyvnen...

qarTvelebisadmi mtruli ganwyobiTaa es werili gaJRenTili. Tumca, bevrad ufro

asakovani adamianebic ase Tvlian da sjeraT, rom qarTvelma erma genocidi mouwyo. aseTi

iyo misi cxovrebis yvelaze usaSinlesi zafxuli, romelic zogisTvis ukanasknelic aR-

moCnda. „Пуст все дети знают о войне только по книгам истории, а для тех, кто пережили эту войну, пусть

вся последующая жизнь будет светлой и мирной.“xx

aseTi survilebiT asrulebs Tavis werils meaTe klaseli gogona, romelic darwmu-

nebulia, rom qarTvelebze saSiSi mteri, maTTvis, ar arsebobs!

omiT miRebul sulier tramvaze leqsiT gvesaubreba mecxre klaseli gogona liza ta-

soeva. misTvis aseTi saSineleba ucxoa. iwvis qalaqi, eCveneba, rom dedamiwa kankalebs,

daundobeli adamianebis xeliT iRupebian misi Tanamoqalaqeni. mxolod erTaderTi imedi

rCeba‐rusebi ixsnian da ai, isinic gamoCndnen: „Россия привыла на помощь Вздохнула родина‐

земля“.xxi

raoden mtkivneuli mosasmenic ar unda iyos, mainc gvesmis leqsidan sityva „faSisti“.

„Фашисты смились очен быстро и люди вышли изо тьмы...“xxii omis binZuri politikis Sedegi sa-

xezea: patara gogonam icis, rom omia. mis axloblebs aviwroeben da klaven qarTvelebi! maS

ra saxeli mouZebnos ,man sxva araferi icis, politika misTvis araferia! man mxolod is icis,

rom misi rwmena da simSvide qarTvelebis xeliT dasamarda.

„omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. nebismieri donis politikis

yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva formis

SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.“xxiii

ver aiciles, usisxlod ver mogvarda, evropeizaciisken ltolvam ver gaaTavisufla

qveyana omis agoniisagan. da vin varT Cven, rogor avuxsnaT mecxre klasel gogonas, rom omi

binZuri politikis Sedegia da Cven ki, orive mxare, am omiT dazaralebuli, sazarbazne

xorcad gamoyenebuli adamianebi. „как много молодых погибло от рук жестокого врага..“xxiv bolos,

lana medeevas da yvela im adamianebis msgavsad, vinc met‐naklebad ganicada omis saSineleba,

lizasac erTaderTi survili aqvs: „Дай Бог, чтоб болше никогда не повторилась та война.“xxv

„pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi CaibeWda rom es misia

da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa

da saSinelebas ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras, ina-

nebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa – saerTo.“xxvi osi avtorebis Semoq-

medebis gacnobisas, romelic omis Tematikazea Seqmnili, Cndeba survili, xmamaRla iyvi-

ro – ar SecdeT! Cven ar varT faSistebi! Cven bevri ram gvakavSirebs erTmaneTTan! –

rwmena, ena, romelic mSobliuriviT gqondaT gaTavisebuli, miwa, romelzec Tqveni ar-

sebobiT aravin Sewuxebula, Svilebi, romlebic osTa da qarTvelTa SeuRlebis nayofs

warmoadgenen da maS, raRa gvqonia gasayofi?! xelisuflebis mxridan gonierebisa da dip-

lomatiis deficitma Caamtvria is xidi, romelzec Cven, ubralo adamianebi, erTmaneTs

vxvdebodiT, Wirsa da lxins vaziarebdiT da verasodes vifiqrebdiT, rom mesame Zalis

CareviT mosisxle mtrebad gadaviqceodiT!..

„Любимый мой город“ ase ewodeba 2008 wlis 15 agvistos daweril al. Cexovis leqss,

romelzec wamZRvarebulia, rom eZRvneba 2008 wels qarTveli samxedroebisagan dan-

70

greul cxinvals. avtori dastiris CeqmiT gaTelili qalaqis silamazes, dacarielebul

ubnebs, xelyofil skolebs, suls...da aqac d erTaderTi mxsneli ruseTia: „Мой бедный

город, не в боге ли сила ?что было б с тобой ,не позвав он Россию?“xxvii

bunebrivia, tkiodes mSobliuri qalaqi, madlieri iyos im erisa, romelmac ixsna da

daicva „agresori qarTvelebisagan“, magram visi mizeziT gaxda qalaqi da misi

mosaxleoba dasacavi, amas obieqturad unda afasebdes moazrovne zrdasruli. „osebi

saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlSi XVII saukunis Semdeg iwyeben damkvidrebas. isic rogorc

maCablis uuflebo ymebi, romelTac arc araferi ekuTvnodaT da arc arafris ufleba ar

hqondaT da arc araferi ekiTxebodaT, sanam batonymoba gauqmdeboda, e. i. XIX saukunis 60‐

ian wlebamde. Semdeg ki TandaTan fexi aidges, momravldnen da Zaladobasac mimarTes.

sisxliT moirwya im Sida qarTlis sanaxebi, bolSevikebma rom samxreT oseTad

monaTles… jayom imZlavra odiTgan qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwaze…“xxviii

„И землю залитую кровью от нелюдей освободим.“xxix am sityvebis avtori daviT gazaaTia.

masac awuxebs cecxlSi gaxveuli qalaqi, tyviiT gangmiruli moxucebi da bavSvebi. os

axalgazrdebs isev iaraRiT uwevT Tavisuflebis dacva...magram yuradRebas iqcevs sityvebi,

romelSic, sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, erT konkretul pirovnebas adebs brals da

akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas masze, ra ubedurebac mis ocnebis qalaqs daatyda: „И снова во

власти грузинской фашисткий падонок сидит.“xxx

qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis mSvidobian urTierTobaze tkiviliT iwyeba leqsi

„Недоврые соседи“, romelic Tengiz doguzovs ekuTvnis. mere Savma katam gadairbina da

gaTiSa yvelaferi. axlac ki esmis maTi godebis xmebi. iwyeba muqara, xelis gawvdenazea

ubedureba, magram erTxel Tu gaiRviZa naTebis sisxlma, mere veraferi uSveliT maT!... „Не

сыпьте на рану мне соль злые соседи!“xxxi daskvna aseTia: „В синем океане не бивают счастливыми злом

груженых коравлей пути.“xxxii

imedi maqvs, dro mova, Cven SevZlebT isev megobruli urTierTobebis damyarebas da Tu

jer kidev ara, maSin namdvilad daerqmeva yvelafers Tavisi saxeli. Cven, moazrovne

adamianebs, meti movaleoba gvakisria eris winaSe. roca tribuna Senia, saWiro ki ara,

aucilebelia obieqturad Seafaso movlenebi, raTa Sendauneburad, xelisSemwyobi ar aR-

moCnde gaTiSvisa da siZulvilisa. Semoqmedis movaleoba xom siyvarulis Teslis gaR-

vivebaa!.. rogori sisastikiT savsea, lana Zukaevas leqsi „Мой Иристон“. an ra gasakviria, leq-

si 2009 welSia gamoqveynebuli da, rogorc Cans, dawerili omis periodSia. es xom ga-

daxsnili Wrilobidan sisxldenis periodia. gesmiT adamianebo glovis xma?! es oseTidan

modis!... didi ubedureba SemoiWra Cvens saxlebSi, Zarcvaven da wvaven Cvens saxlebs! Cven

aravis saxlSi ar SevWrilvarT, Cven vicavdiT moxucebs da bavSvebs faSisti mtrisa-

gan.....gesmiT dedebis moTqma? isini dakargul Svilebs tirian: „Их истердали до смерти грузины,

только за то что они d осетины.“xxxiii

„saqarTvelos ar SemouerTebia sxvisi miwebi. ar mounaTlavs ucxoelebi Tavis

rjulze. ar gauWria fanjara evropasa da aziaSi, ar uswavlebia sxva qveynis xalxebisaTvis

qarTulad laparaki. arc cdila sxva miwa-wylis xalxebis simdidre mieTvisebina“.xxxiv

TavisTavad, adamianebs gviWirs, simarTles TvalebSi CavxedoT, radgan Cvenive anarekli

gvaSinebs!...warsuls ardaviwyeba ki ara, gaanalizeba sWirdeba, gadafaseba sWirdeba da mere,

aseTi saxiT unda gadavceT Svilebs. ar unda dagvaviwydes imisi Tqma, raSi viyaviT marTlebi

da raSi‐damnaSaveni. unda SevZloT, vaRiaroT Cveni sisusteebi (ar aqvs mniSvneloba,

xelisufalma Sescoda Tu ubralo adamianma), ratom ar gvinda, meore mxridan, aRiareba

imisa, rom osma separatistebma, romelTac zurgs rusi samxedroebi umagrebdnen,

71

yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarbes‐miuxedavad qarTvelTa mxridan gafrTxilebebisa, ramde-

nime dRes srola ar Sewyvites da amgvari qmedebiT qarTuli mxaris gaRizianeba gamoiwvies.

„prezidentma saakaSvilma osebs mSvidobis sanacvlod farToႰაvtonomiაႰSesTavaza, rac

osebma uaryves, vinaidan maTi gacxadebuli survili sruli damoukidebloba iyo.“xxxv am

qmedebiT, Tavisive xalxi gaswires dasaRupad! Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pasuxis-

mgebloba, yovelive amaze, prezident saakaSvils ekisreba.

qarTvelebis sircxvilze wers edvard varTanova, romelic did danaSaulad Tvlis,

genocidi mouwyo mezobel xalxs. mSvid sizmrebSi gaxveulma qalaqma araferi icoda

saakaSvilis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, rom cxinvali miwasTan unda gaesworebiaT. man

daapira, kombliT daewera istoria. ratom daiviwyeT „georgievskis traqtati“, Tqven xom

ruseTma gadagarCinaT genocids! me ar mcnobian qarTvelebi:

„А Сакартвело я не узнаю:

казалось мне‐ она страна поэтов,

Где славят в песнях Родину свою

И пьют вино за всех людей планеты.“xxxvi

es sityvebi omgadatanili qalaqis erT‐erT TviTmxilvel poets ekuTvnis da, dae,

eCvenebodes, rom saqarTvelo iseTi ar aRmoCnda, rogoric egona! magram esec icodnen,

(TviTmxilveli var) rom saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT gorSi, mSvidobis sadRegrZelos

cremliani TvalebiT svamen cxinvalidan ltolvili qarTveli biWebi... rogor fiqrobT,

mxolod dakarguli saxl‐kari da dafantuli axloblebi iwveven maTSi msgavs emociebs?!

isini os megobrebTan, mezoblebTan, TanamSromlebTan, TanaklaselebTan da Tundac ojaxis

osi erovnebis wevrebTan areul urTierTobas ver eguebian. nostalgia aqvT im Tbili

daZmuri urTierTobisa, romelic broliviT daamsxvria, mxolod da mxolod, politikam!

saukuneebis manZilze sxvaTa warmatebisTvis ibrZodnen alanebi, Tumca brZola da

gmiroba maTgan iswavles germanelebma, skandinavielebma. maT droSas Cirqi arasodes ar

moscxebia, magram samwuxarod, sul tyuilad, sxvaTa sasargeblod ixarjeboda maTi Zala.

mxolod da mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg warimarTa maTi Zalebi sakuTari

myofadobisTvis. „Но слишком уж разнились силы‐их сохранил седой Кавказ.“xxxvii

aseTi Sinaarsi devs merab zassetis leqsSi „Кто мы?“.

winaprebis saxelis warTmeva, raTa kavSiri gawyvetiliyo warsulTan. istoriis Secvla

da carieli furclidan arsebobis dawyeba‐ai kidev erTi braldeba, rac am leqsSi qarTve-

lebis mimarTaa gaJRerebuli. da kidev: „Коварства полные грузины скамней стесали письмена, яви-

лись миру осетины еще народ но не страна.“xxxviii velurebad gvcnes da ecadnen amayi sulis

Cakvlas, magram CvenSi alanebis sisxli Cqefs, Cven isev davmkvidrdebiT. Cvens saTqmels dro

ityvis. miuxedavad veraguli gegmebisa Cven mainc viarsebebT... sainteresoa is faqti, rom

saukuneebis manZilze sxvaTa didebisTvis brZolebSi daRlili xalxi, sulier da fizikur

simSvides mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdgom hpovebs. mxolod aq aravin sTxovs d

ibrZolon maTTvis da sakuTari saxe dakargon...

merab zasseti, meore leqsSi „Ангелы Бессмертия“, romelic 2008 wlis 10 agvistosaa

dawerili, osi axalgazrdis Tavganwirvaze mogviTxrobs. cxinvali cecxlSia gaxveuli,

erTaderTi mxsneli nestiani sardafebia. avtori xedavs ymawvils, romelic TvalanTebuli

miabijebs quCaSi. mas arc gaboroteba emCneva da arc agresia. tankebqveS Zvlebis msxvrevis

xma ismis, is ki uSiSrad miabijebs: „И встал он весстрашный, как ангел бессмертья,/ во всю свою

юную стать, / кричали ему, что он молод для смерти,‐/ рыдала вотчааааянье мать.“xxxix

72

ase daeca es guSindeli moswavle mamacuri sikvdiliT da ramdeni aseTi axalgazrda

Zlieri alanuri sisxlisa. RmerTo, acxone daRupuli biWebis suli, dromova, isev ganaTdeba

cxinvalis ca: „Грянет свобода и сбудутся грёзы Взойдёт над Цхинвалом заря Розы взойдут на могилах

как слёзы Ов ангелах память храня..“xl

udidesi tkivili igrZnoba TiToeul sityvaSi, strofSi...marTlac usazRvroa

mwuxareba yovelive imis gamo, rac Cvens Soris, mesame Zalis CareviT moxda. is ubralo

adamianebi, romlebmac Cveni Zmoba da keTilganwyoba asgzis gamoiyenes, Tvlian da faqtebs

ver gaveqceviT, Cvenive xeliT daecnen. bevrad ufro samwuxaro ki kidev isaa, rom mizezi

aravis ainteresebs!... ver xedaven, an ar undaT dainaxon is xeli, romelmac sisxlisRvrisken

ubiZga. faqtobrivad, am gansacdelisTvis gaimeta isini!.. am xels, isini, xedaven mxolod,

rogorc mxsnels da esaa, udides tkivilTan erTad, aseT TanagrZnobiT savse gaocebas rom

iwvevs CvenSi. „Он обещал мне вернуться..“ ase ewodeba alena doguzovas lirikuli xasiaTis

leqss, romelic ardabrunebis sinanuliTaa savse (leqsi dawerilia 2008 wlis rva agvistos.).

brZolis velze dacemuls mkerdis natyviaridan mosCqebs sisxli. garkveuli da gardau-

valia sikvdili. tyviebi stvena‐stveniT celaven da amcireben megobarTa rigebs. axal-

gazrdaa, magram icis, momavali Taobebis bednierebisTvisaa saWiro es sikvdili. wuxili imis

gamo, rom ver Seasrula dabrunebis piroba:

„Я обещал тебе вернуться...

Ты верила и так ждала,

Писала мне, молила бога...

А я не смог... прости меня!...“xli

vfiqrob, am usaSvelo tkivilTan, yvela sityva uZluria...

amave avtoris aseTive patara, usaTauro leqsSic cxinvalze da misTvis Tavganwirul

adamianebzea saubari. TebervalSic ki, Tu rogor yvavian xeebi. aq, Tavisufal miwaSi,

alanebTan da skviTebTan erTad sZinavT gasuli saukuneebis legendebsa da zRaprebs.

magram ar Tvlems qvrivebisa da oblebis sifxizle!...me vyviri xmamaRla, rom jer kidev

cocxali var, jer kidev ar movqceulvar granitis qveS! „Я с тобою Цхинвал, я такой не один,‐В

каждом русском живет его врат‐осетин!...“xlii

„samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis“ SeqmniT ruseTs yovelTvis SeeZlo zewola moex-

dina saqarTveloze, ramac SesaniSnavad gaamarTla 70 wlis Semdegac ki – damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos arsebobis pirobebSi. ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mxardaWeriT osma separa-

tistebma Suagul saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlSi gamoacxades „samxreT oseTis damoukide-

beli, suverenuli respublika.“ osi xalxisaTvis sakmaod didma, jansaRma nawilma maSine

igrZno da dagmo erTi muWa osi separatistebis yovlad uazro da daufiqrebeli moqmedeba.

saqveynod cnobilma osma mecnierma v. abaevma, romelic moskovi moRvaweobda, gamoaqveyna

statia „samxreT oseTis tragedia“ man istoriul realobebze dayrdnobiT obieqturad

Seafasa 1990‐iani wlebis dasawyisSi „samxreT oseTSi“ mimdinare procesebi. igi aRniSnavda:

„minda viyo obieqturi da gavarkvio, iyo Tu ara osebis mxridan raime naCqarevi, moufiq-

rebeli moqmedebebi, romlebmac provokaciis mowyobiT gaamwvaves dapirispireba da unda

gamovtyde, rom aseTi moqmedebebi iyo. mxedvelobaSi maqvs suverenitetis gamocxadeba,

romelic mTlianad orientirebuli iyo moskovze, perspeqtivaSi samxreTi da CrdiloeTi

oseTis gaerTianebiT. samxreTeli osebis miswrafeba Tavis Crdiloeli Tvistomebisaken

adamianurad gasagebia, magram geopolitikuri planiT es Secdomaa. kavkasiis mTavari qedi d

73

bunebrivi sazRvaria saqarTvelosa da oseTs Soris, da am sazRvris moSlis yovelgvari

mcdeloba gamoiwvevs permanentul konfliqtur mdgomareobas qarTvelebsa da osebs

Soris. imisaTvis, rom aRvadginoT tradiciuli megobruli urTierTobebi or xalxs Soris,

upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa davamTavroT saubari saqarTvelodan samxreT oseTis gamo-

yofis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos arc erTi xelisufleba amas arasodes Seurigdeba da marTalic

iqneba“. misive azriT, samxreT oseTi unda ganTavisufldes butaforuli „suverenite-

tisagan“.xliii

aseTia osi erovnebis moazrovneTa umetesi nawilis Sexeduleba qarTul-osuri

konfliqtebis warmoSob mizezTa Sesaxeb. Tumca, osur literaturaSi, samwuxarod, msgavss

verafers vkiTxulobT. merab zassetis leqsi „В добрый путь“, romelic 2009 wlis 29 de-

kembersaa dawerili, mTlianad ruseTisadmi da kerZod medvedevisadmi did samadlobels

warmoadgens:

„Это он совершил исторический шаг,

Он расширил России влияние.

преподал он урок и развит лживий враг,

Он же вечность обрел за признание!“xliv

dameTanxmebiT, rom Tema, romelsac Cven vexebiT, aqtualobasTan erTad tkivilis did

dozas Seicavs. amitom metad didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rom Semrigebluri politikis

nacvlad, Cvendauneburad, gamaRizianeblis roli ar viTamaSoT, magram qarTveli xalxis

dadanaSauleba osebis genocidSi, gvaiZulebs 1992 weli SevaxsenoT Cvens avtorebs, roca

prigorodnSi inguSebis sasaklao moewyo. „1992 wlis inguSi xalxis genocidis Sedegad,

romelic osurma bandformirebebma, kerZod ki erovnulma gvardiam da saxalxo razmelebma

moawyves, daiRupa 400‐ze meti mSvidobiani moqalaqe, daaxloebiT 200‐mde dResac ugzo-

ukvlod dakargulad iTvleba, daingra inguSebis 4 aTasamde sacxovrebeli saxli, 60 aTa-

samde inguSi erovnebis adamiani gaZevebuli iqna Tavis istoriuli samSoblodan, xolo maTi

qoneba daitaces rus jariskacebs amofarebulma osma maradiorebma.“xlv

rac maSin osma separatistebma rusebis daxmarebiT inguSebs mouwyes, igive qar-

Tvelebsac SeeZloT gaekeTebiaT, magram maT uyoymanod dauTmes inguSebs is teritoriebi,

romelic 1944 wels, stalinma maT iZulebiT daatovebia. „inguSebis genocidSi monawileob-

da 38 aTasiani osuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi – „gvardia“ (maT Soris 6 aTasi e. w. „samxreT

oseTidan“) rogorc saqarTveloSi – samaCablosa da afxazeTSi, – sabrZolo operaciebs ata-

reben. w. „rusi samSvidoboebi“ xolo maT ukan mihyvebodnen osi „boevikebi“ – romlebic

uiaraRo adamianebs xvretdnen.“xlvi

yovelive es, imisTvis, rom istoria ar dagvaviwydes...

gasul saukuneebSi kavkasiaSi mogzaurobda safrangeTis „didi eris“ Svili ufrosi

aleqsandre diuma, romelsac unaxavs kavkasiis kalTebze mobinadre osebi da ase dauxasia-

Tebia isini: „osebi, romlebic binadroben saqarTvelos samxedro gzis maxloblad akeTeben

bevr fuls magram arian mflangvelebi moTamaSeni da loTebi, amitom yovelTvis cudad

acviaT, an, ufrore, sulac ar acviaT. isini miwurebSi, dangreul koSkebSi cxovroben da

mTel TavianT Semosavals xarjaven Tambaqosa da arayze. Znelia maT Soris mdidrisa da

Raribis garCeva, radgan yvelas erTnairad cudad acviaT. osebi, rogorc inguSebi Tamar

mefis dros qristianebi iyvnen, magram dRes TviTonac ar ician ra rwmenisani arian. mTel

dedamiwaze okeanisa da Sida afrikis warmarTebs Sorisac ver ipovni veluri ideebis da

gaugebari rwmenis aseT nazavs.“xlvii

74

XIX saukunis cnobili sazogado moRvawe s. mgalobliSvili igonebs: „lekTa TareSi ra mosatania, an ra Sesadarebelia osTa TareSobasTan. osebi yvela Tavad maCablebisa da erisTavebis ymebi iyvnen, Semdeg da Semdeg, roca gamravldnen, sxvadasxva TavadTa da az-

naurTa mamulebSi gaixiznen da moedvnen TiTqmis mTels qarTlis mTa-tyeebsa… osebi mTa-tyeebSi cxovrobdnen; saxnav-saTesi ar hqondaT… osebis nawili qurdoba-avazakobas misdevda… dairRva myudroeba soflisa, leks morCnen da osebma uaresi dRe daayenes“xlviii

am borotebis aRmosafxvrelad rusi generlebi gadaudebel saWiroebad Tvlidnen

Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebas. generali tormosovi 1809 wels avazakobisaTvis xuT

oss usjis sikvdils CamoxrCobiT. ufro mogvianebiT, 1824 wels generali xonevi upatakebs

general ermolovs: „imisaTvis, rom Sewydes qarTvelebze Tavdasxmebi da maTi Zarcva-gle-

ja osebis mxridan, qarTlis mcxovrebT unda mivceT saSualeba daicvan Tavi mZarcve-

lebisagan an iaraRiT, ise rogorc kaxeTis mcxovrebni icaven Tavs lekebisagan. amitom qar-

Tvels mZarcvelis mkvlelobisaTvis kanonis wesiT devnas nu davuwyebT. CavagonoT

rogorc memamuleebs, aseve qarTlis mcxovreblebs, rom isini pasuxs ar ageben borot-

moqmedTa da avazakTa mkvlelobisaTvis. qarTvelebi mxolod valdebuli gavxadoT yoveli

aseTi SemTxveva Seatyobinon adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas, kerZod, rom esa Tu is osi

moklulia Tavdasxmisa Tu Zarcvis dros.“xlix

istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da aseve, osi erovnebis avtoris gadmocemiT, osebi

mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg grZnoben Tavs myarad da daculad. saboloodac aq

mkvidrdebian. gadis dro da, politikur dafaze arasasurvel svlebs akeTeben rogorc osi

separatistebi, aseve Cveni qveynis xelisufalni. da ai, Sedegic! Tavzardacemuli adamia-

nebi – iqiT osebi da aqeT qarTvelebi. „o, RmerTo, risTvis“?! dasgzis daismis kiTxva da

dRemde, Wriloba gaxsnili adamianebi Tvlian, rom Cvens Soris yvelaferi damTavrda!

magram es ase araa... ama Tu im eris Semadgeneli nawilis 90 procenti, ubralo adamianebi

arian. adamianebi, romelTac brali araferSi miuZRviT da dRemde tkiviliT da sinanuliT

umzeren Catexil xids da ocneboben im dReze roca yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqmeva da

urTierTobebi aRsdgeba.

„ПРОСТИ МЕНЯ, ЦХИНВАЛ!“ – aseTi saTauri aqvs osi Jurnalistis, natalia Zuka-

evas Canaxats, romelic, rogorc TviTmxilveli, omis realur suraTs gadmogvcems.

avtori Tanmimdevrulad, mxatvrulad aRwers da Tu ra xdeboda cxinvalSi omis da-

wyebis pirveli dRidanve. CanaxatSi ar Cans agresiiT da siZulviliT aRsavse adamianis saxe,

Tumca yoveli fraza usazRvro tkiviliTaa gaJRenTili. realur faqtebze dayrdnobiT igi

uamravi Tavisi Tanamemamulis saTqmels ambobs da wuxs imis gamo, rac moxda. mivyveT mo-

naTxrobs. avtori iwyebs imiT, rom TiTqmis didi xnis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi dapi-

rispirebebisa. yovelive es, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, uaryofiTad ileqeboda da bunebrivia,

Tavis kvals Tovda. politikis wyalobiT daiZaba da airia urTierTobebi. cxinvalSi, ra-

tomRac, omis dawyebisTanave yvela ase fiqrobda-qarTvelebi Semovidodnen Tu ara, qa-

laqSi yvela da yvelaferi aRigveboda.. da mere aucileblad aRimarTeboda osebis ganad-

gurebis mauwyebeli droSa. swored amitom iyo, rom osebi ase TavganwirviT ibrZodnen.

qalaqi ibrZoda TiToeuli saxlisTvis, TiToeuli quCisTvis, Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis

gadasarCenad. fiqriTac ar eTmobodaT qalaqi!... amiT SeiZleba aixsnas qarTveli jaris

damarcxeba. omis dasawyisSi upiratesoba qarTvelebs hqondaT. darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi,

rom yvela damcveli datovebda cxinvals, bavSvebi da qalebi ki winaaRmdegobas ver

gauwevdnen. magram Cqara darwmundnen, rom saqme ase ar iyo. osi moxaliseebi mTels qalaqSi

ganlagdnen da daiwyes qarTuli jaris blokireba. pirveli Seteva kavkasiis sxvadasxva

moxaliseebis daxmarebiT moigeries. mere iTqva, rom cxinvalSi 70,000 jariskaci da rezer-

visti Semovida. erTma ixumra-ra arastumarTmoyvaruli faqtia, amdeni „stumari“ sad unda

davtioTo?! meorem ki-Cven ise cotani varT, rom Cveni mxridan srola Tu Sewyda, CaT-

75

valeT, aRar varsebobTo... bunkerSi myofi qalebi aTas saSinelebebs yvebodnen qarTve-

lebze. yvela panikam moicva. rusis jari 24 saaTis Semdeg movida. manamde qalaqi damou-

kideblad icavda Tavs.

avtori, romelic am omSi Jurnalistur misias asrulebda, wers, rom imisma warmodge-

namac ki, rom maTi qalaqi da miwebi sxvebs darCebodaT, cudad gaxada. winaprebisa Sercxva,

isini xom goj miwasac ki TavganwirviT icavdnen! (?)

damafiqrebelia is faqti, rom aq, am omSi, isini winaprebis miwis dacvas cdilobdnen!...

vinc ar unda iyo da sadac ar unda cxovrobde, movale xar mters winaaRmdegoba gauwio,

daicva Seni ojaxi, saxli, ufleba-cxovrobde mSvidobian qveyanaSi... magram man, vinc sam-

werlo tribunidan esaubreba samwysos, sul mcire, is mainc unda icodes, rom „1886 wlis

saojaxo siebis mixedviT cxinvalSi cxovrobda 3832 kaci, aqedan: 1135 – qarTveli, 1953 –

ebraeli da 744 – somexi. 1886 wels arcerTs cxinvalSi ar ucxovria.“l sainteresoa, vis

kuTvnilebas metad warmoadgenda miwa, romelzec dRevandeli mdgomareobiT ruseTi met

uflebas da pretenzias flobs, vidre osebi, an qarTvelebi?! n. Zukaevas monaTxrobiT

ramdenime wlis win, cxinvalis quCaSi mozardi biWebis Cxubs Seeswro. dainteresdnen, ra

iyo Cxubis mizezi. erT-erTi maTgani tiroda: „Он назвал меня грузином!“ – gasaocaria, ratom

iyo es Seuracxmyofeli, roca es biWi namdvilad iyo qarTveli?!. ki, namdvilad iyo

qarTveli gvar-saxeliT, magram man icoda, rom es sityva asocirdeboda mterTan da

faSistTan. raRa unda yofiliyo amaze uaresi! „И, если подобное отношение к грузии и грузинам

было у подрастающего поколения еще до августовских совбытий , то что говорит о сегодняшем положении

дел? Обвинять в етом старших, неправильно воспитывающих своих детей, вряд ли уместно.“ li

mxolod samad samma dRem gaTela misi bavSvobis nafexurebi cxinvalSi. autaneli gaxda

qalaqis mtkivneuli Tvalebi... roca cxinvalSi rusebis 58-e armia Semovida, qarTvelebi

„gmirulad“ garbodnen. da ara marto cxinvalidan-TviTmxilvelebis cnobiT

dedaqalaqidanac bevri emzadeboda gasafrenad. qarTvelebis jari xuxulasaviT daiSala.

qalaqi aRar arsebobda!.. „мне хотелось опуститься на колени,овнят город и тихо прошептать: „Прости

меня, мой Цхинвал!“lii risTvis? eWvi mepareba, am kiTxvas odesme vupasuxo!.. roca xedav

sacodav koWls, guli gewvis da ver Sveli, damnaSave ar xar, magram Tavs mainc idanaSauleb.

Tu adamians aqvs suli, aucileblad etkineba. arsebobs mudmivi sulieri tkivili, romelic

mudmivia. „У моей боли есть короткое имя- Цхинвал.“liii

esaa kidev erTi TviTmxilvelis mier danaxuli qarTvelebis mier „gametebuli“ qalaqi!..

qalaqi, sadac TiTqos, mxolod osi erovnebis moqalaqeebi daecnen! qalaqi, romelzec

saqarTvelom omi „gamoucxada“ da ruseTma „ixsna“. nelia, roca ar ici, Semrigebluri po-

litikis meqanizmi, mtrad qceuli eris romeli fenidan aamoqmedo! amdenad, 90‐iani wlebis

bolos saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma qveynis yvela sferoze moaxdina gavlena.

yovelive aman Tavisi kvali datova rogorc politikur, aseve literaturul sivrceSi.

mwerlobas uyuradRebod ar dautovebia qarTveli xalxis brZola, rogorc erovnuli

TavisuflebisaTvis, aseve teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. sulierma wnexma da

tragikulma Sedegma asaxva hpova qarTul literaturaSi, romelic kolonialuri sivrcis

ideologiuri wnexidan mimdinare procesebis fonze sxva ganzomilebaSi aRmoCnda.

Cndeba kiTxva, ra xdeboda am dros osur, Tundac afxazur literaturaSi? ra Se-

fasebas aZlevdnen momxdars, vis adanaSaulebdnen ,ra pozicias inarCunebda im erTa mo-

azrovne fena, romelebic Tvlidnen, rom saqarTvelom isini gaimeta da genocidi mouyo?!

vfiqrobT, swored am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT kidev ufro saintereso iqneba Tema,

romelic qarTul, osur da afxazur literaturas drois erT monakveTSi warmoaCens. am-

gvarad, istoriis am monakveTma, romelmac erovnuli depresia gamoiwvia, sami eris

sxadasxvagvari SexedulebebiT datvirTuli da, amavdroulad, metad saintereso lite-

76

ratura SemogvTavaza. am etapze, SeZlebisdagvarad vecadeT, osuri literaturis is

nimuSebi gagveSuqebina, sadac maTi TvaliT danaxuli 2008 wlis omis suraTi, misi gamomwvevi

mizezebi da Sedegebia gadmocemuli.

literatura:

1. kanonTa omi https://www.militarium.org/

2. ToTaZe a. „osebi saqarTveloSi“ http://www.bu.org.ge

3. iqve.

4. konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi [http://conflictcaucasus.blogspot.com

5. 2008 wlis agvistos omi http://teushateo.blogspot.com/

6. gelaSvili n. „pirveli ori wre d yvela sxva“ Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 372.

7. konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi [http://conflictcaucasus.blogspot.com

8. ТАДТАЕВ – КАРАБИН Т. Т. - Библиотека журнала "ÄàÀ¼¿ë"[http://biblio.darialonline.ru

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17. (gadatrialebebis teqnologia saqarTveloSi. http://simartle.altervista.org/userfiles/media

Медеева Л. „как я провела лето“ „Южная Осетя“ N101, респувликанская овшественно- политическая газета

25.10.2008 ]

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20. Тасоева Л. „Война“, „Южная Осетя“ N15, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета 21.

02.2009] http://ugo-osetia.ru

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23. Чехов Ал. „Любимый мой город“ Южная Осетя“ N82, респувликанская овшественно-политическая

газета 27.08.2008] http://ugo-osetia.ru

24. osebis-istoria-nawili https://rezoshatakishvili.wordpress.com

25. Газаати Д. - стихи о Осетии молодых осетинских поетов,10.08.2008,www. vk.com]

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27. Догузов Т. „Недобрые соседи'' www.rospisatel.ru]

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29. Дзукаева Л. „Мой Ирыстон“, “ Южная Осетя“ N18, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета

04.03.2009] [ http://ugo-osetia.ru

30. sonRulaSvili a. osebis Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi da maTi gansaxlebis areali

iberiana.wordpress.com

31. ruseT-saqarTvelos omi — 2008 https://ka.wikipedia.org

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33. Зассеты М. „Кто Мы?“, „Южная Осетя“ N67, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета 14 06

2011] http://ugo-osetia.ru

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42. osebi inguSebis winaRmdeg http://gmas.ge/

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78

skandinavistika

mariam mania ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria

runebi-qvaze gacocxlebuli istoria

runebi germaneli tomebisTvis uZveles anbans warmoadgens. runuli damwerloba

SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc saerTo germanikuli weriTi niSnebi Sesrulebuli xeze,

qvaze, Zvalze, liTonze, mogvianebiT ki – qaRaldzec. am damwerlobis niSnebi gansakuT-

rebuli moxazulobisaa, ufro zustad ki, maT aqvT specifikurad kuTxovani forma. es ki

aixsneba runebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli weris teqnikiT, amotvifra-amokawvriT, radganac

rogorc ukve vaxseneT, isini ZiriTadad magar masalaze- xeze, Zvalze, qvaze, liTonze

sruldeboda. ufro metic, runuli damwerlobis Zeglebs vxdebiT kldeebzec ki.

publius kornelius tacitusi, romaeli istorikosi, romelic germanikuli tomebis

Sesaxeb uZveles wyaroebis avtoria, wers rom germanikul tomebs hqondaT niSnebi - notae,

romlebsac isini xis joxebze tvifravdnen da misnobis da winaswarmetyvelebisTvis iye-

nebdnen. aqve unda iTqvas, rom TviTon sityva „runa“ niSnavda saidumlos da am sityviT ma-

giur warwerebs moixseniebdnen. Tumca, Semdeg runam funqcia Seicvala da is ukve amgvari

warwerebisTvis gamoyenebuli niSnebis aRmniSvnel sityvad iqca.

runuli warwerebiT Sesrulebuli germanikuli werilobiTi Zeglebi gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom isini warmoadgenen germanikuli enis uZ-

veles arqaul formebs. miRebulia mosazreba, rom es anbani Seiqmna I—II saukuneebSi da ga-

moiyeneboda Sua saukuneebamde, xolo gavrcelebuli iyo grenlandiidan dneprispire-

Tamde, CrdiloeT skandinaviidan balkaneTamde. Tumca, paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT Tu

vimsjelebT, runebi gacilebiT adre, daaxloebiT Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da

pirveli aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. es ki SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom Tavdapirvelad

isini warmoadgendnen magiur niSnebs, xolo maTi sistematizacia moxda TandaTanobiT. am

procesma ki dasrulebuli saxe miaxloebiT Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi miiRi da

dauaxllovda Cveulebriv anbanur sistemas. swored amis Semdeg, anu roca runebma miiRo

bgeriTi mniSvneloba iwyeba maTi gaSifvra. runuli anbanis warmoSobis Teoriebisa da

periodis Sesaxeb dRemde ar arsebobs erTxmad aRiarebuli gadawyvetileba.

runebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia iseT

problematur sakiTxTan, rogoricaa anbanis Seqmnis istoria. kerZod, zogi mkvlevari

(liudvig vimeri, holger pederseni, sigurd agreli) miiCnevda, rom runebis warmoSoba

dakavSirebuli iyo laTinur anbanTan da amis daSvebis safuZvlad miiCneoda runikuli

damwerlobis daaxloebiT aTi niSnis fizikuri msgavseba laTinuri anbanis aso-niSnebTan.

Tumca, es mosazreba maleve iqna uaryofili. iyvnen mkvlevrebi (sofus buge, oto fon

riseri), romlebic runebis warmoSobis sawyisebs arqaul berZnul werilobiT sistemaSi

eZebdnen. Tumca, arc es hipoTeza aRmoCnda sicocxlisunariani. adolf hitleris peri-

odSi gaCnda mosazreba, rom runebis fuZemdeblebi germanelebi iyvnen, Tumca verc am ideam

moipova raime seriozuli mxardaWera. mosazreba, romelic ukavSirdeba runebis Crdi-

loetruskuli anbanisgan momdinareobas, yvelaze aRiarebuli da aqtualuri gamodga.

aRniSnuli anbani ar miekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxs1 da is ZiriTadad preita-

79

likuri tomebis mier gamoiyeneboda aRmosavleT italiaSi. etruskebis e.w. maRali

kultura gavlenas axdenda Crdiloitalikur tomebze, romlebTanac uSualo mezoblobaSi

aRmoCndnen germanikuli tomebi. runikuli anbani hgavs Crdiloetruskul anbans. amavdro-

ulad, runuli teqstebi aRmoCenilia alpebis aRmosavleT nawilSi, xolo Tavis mxriv

germanikul warwerebs vxdebiT subalpur anbanzec. magaliTad, 1812 wels asvtria-un-

greTSi aRmoaCines brinjaos muzaradebi, romlebzec warwera alpuri niSnebiT iyo Sesru-

lebuli, magram ikiTxeboda germanuli teqsti. runebis Crdiloetruskuli anbanisgan

momdinareobis Teorias safuZveli Cauyara germanelma mecnierma karl vainholdma,

romelmac 1856 wels uaryo runebis warmoSobis laTinuri da berZnuli mosazrebebi da

Tqva, rom es anbani germanul tomebSi gavrcelda Crdiloitalikur-etruskulis Suamav-

lobiT. SemdgomSi es Teoria ganaviTara da ganamtkica norvegielma mecnierma, karl mar-

stranderma, romlis Tanaxmadac Crdiloetruskuli niSnebis mixedviT axali welTaR-

ricxvis dasawyisSi markomanebis 2 tomma zemo rainisa da zemo dunais regionSi runuli

damwerloba Seqmna.

runuli anbani berZnuli da laTinuri anbanebisgan gansxvavdeba asoTa Tanmimdev-

robiT da swored asoTa Tanmimdevroba gaxda amosavali wertili klasikuri runuli dam-

werlobisa saxelwodebis – pirveli eqvsi runis fonemis Sesabamisad mas „fuTarqi“ ewoda

(fuþark). klasikuri runuli damwerloba Sedgeboda 24 niSnisgan. anbani iyofoda sam jgu-

fad (etirad) da TiToeulSi Sedioda 8 runa. yvela runas gaaCnda dasaxeleba. xolo, Tavad

runis fonetikuri warmomavloba ase aris gansazRvruli:

1 — mecnierebis mier ar aris dadgenili enaTa romel ojaxs ekuTvnoda etruskuli.

2 — Zvel germanelTa tomi. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi saxlobdnen Tanamedrove

saqsoniisa da Tiuringiis teritoriaze.

mniSvneloba swored am dasaxelebis pirvel asos Seesabameboda.

mogvianebiT, kerZod ki mecxre saukunidan iqmneba e.w. skandinaviuri, anu axali

runebi. skandinaviaSi Semcirda runebis raodenoba anbanSi da igi 16-mde davida.

Tumca, amas xeli ar SeuSlia imisTvis, rom skandinaviur enebSi arsebuli 40-amde

bgera gadmoeca 16 runian damwerlobas. runaTa am saxesxvaobaSi Tavis mxriv gamoiyofa da-

niuri da Svedur-norvegiuli varianti, romelTa Soris sxvaoba iyo is, rom daniuri runa

naklebad ganicdida cvlilebebs moxatulobis TvalsazrisiT maSin, roca Svedur-nor-

vegiuli varianti miiswrafoda grafikuli minimalizaciisaken. mogvianebiT ki norvegi-

ulma variantma damoukideblad daiwyo ganviTareba da dauaxlovda daniur runebs. axali

runebi skandinaviaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda meTormete saukunemde.

arsebobda runebis sxva lokaluri variantebic. magaliTad, goTuri runebi –

saeerTo germanuli adreuli saxesaxvaoba, daTariRebuli pirvelidan meoTxe saukunemde;

anglosaqsuri runebi – britaneTis kunZulebze germanuli tomebis (anglebis, saqsebis,

iutebis ) gadasaxlebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli; markomanuli runebi - TviTon markomanebTan

mas araviTari saerTo ar aqvs. is warmoadgens saerTogermanuli da anglosaqsonuri ru-

nebis saintereso nazavs da daTariRebuli meSvide-merve saukuneebiT; helsinkis runebi –

Seqmnili savaraudod SvedeTSi, melarenis tbis maxloblad da daTariRebuli meTerTmete

saukuniT; menis runebi – norvegiuli runebis iseTi varianti, romelSic ar aris 16 runac ki

da TariRdeba meTormete saukuniT; wertilovani runebi – Svedur-norvegiuli variantis

gaumjobesebis mizniT Seqmnili, daTariRebuli meTormete saukuniT.

garda skandinaviaSi aRmoCenili runebisa, yuradRebas iqcevs 1898 wels aSS-Si,

kensingtonSi (minesotas Stati) aRmoCenili runuli qva. fila 92 kilograms iwonis da Ses-

dgeba grauvakis danaleqi qanebisgan. kensingtonis runuli qva TariRdeba me-14 saukuniT ,

ramac mosazreba amerikis vikingebis mier aRmoCenis Sesaxeb gaamyara (amerikis kontinentze

aRmoCenilia arqeologiuri masalac). am qvis garSemo arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi.

zogi mecnieri mas yalbs uwodebs, zogisTvis ki is amerikas vikingebis aRmoCenas uwodebs,

80

radgan am filis mixedviT isini iq qristefore kolumbis mogzaurobamde bevrad adre im-

yofebodnen.

runebis calkeuli variantebis Seswavla metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es

aris werilobiTi Zeglebi, romlis aramxolod semantikuri gaSifvra hfens naTels isto-

riul faqtebs, aramed garegnuli gamoxatvis Taviseburebebi da funqciuri mniSvneloba

faqtobrivad gasaRebia im xalxis materialuri da sulieri kulturisaTvis, romlebic am

damwerlobas iyenebdnen, metad gansxvavebuls sxva anbanuri damwerlobebisgan.

literatura:

1. margalitaZe T. germanikuli damwerlobis istoria. http://margaliti. com/ members/

lect4geo2014.pdf

qvriviSvili o. 2010. kolxuri runebi. evropuli runebi.

Kensigton Runestone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Runestone

3. Stocklund M. 2006. Runes and Their Secrets: Study in Runology

4. https://books.google.ge/books?id=USIpSluLe10C&pg=PA385&redir_esc=y&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false

81

nani metreveli, sofiko qsovreli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria

keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelebi: nordikuli qveynebi

kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze, albaT, samarTliani iqneba, Tu yvelaze rTul da

kompleqsur periodad ekonomikuri sferos ganxilvis dros dasaxeldeba meoce saukune,

radgan, am aswleulma msoflio yvelaze msxvilmasStabian omebsa da did sisxlisRvramde

miiyvana interesTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo da am interesebSi, upirvelesad igulisxmeba poli-

tikuri ideologiebis Tanxvedris ararseboba.

meoce saukuneSi msoflio gaxda uSualo arena ori udidesi ekonomikuri sistemis da-

pirispirebisa, romlebic TavianTi masStaburi xasiaTis wyalobiT gascda ekonomikur sazR-

vrebs da Camoyalibda ideologiebad.

samyaroSi, sadac kerZo sakuTrebisa da konkurenciis mxardamWeri sistema daupiris-

pirda socialuri Tanasworobis principebze damyarebuli sazogadoebis principebis ideis

damcvel sistemas, Cndeba axali alternativis Seqmnis saWiroeba. es movlena ki istoriis

furclebze Caiwera „mesame gzis“ saxeliT.

dResdReobiT yvela saubrobs nordikuli modelis farTomasStabian warmatebaze. aR-

niSnuli modeli ucilobliv ganixileba etalonad mravali ekonomikuri da socialuri

kvlevebis monacemebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. misi amgvari warmateba, albaT, pirvel

rigSi, unda aixsnas misive maxasiaTeblebis efeqturobiT.

upirvelesad, nordikuli modeli warmoadgens keTildReobis skandinaviur saxecvli-

lebas, romelic Zireuladaa dafuZnebuli mTel rig Rirebulebebze:

– keTildReoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba;

– Tanasworoba;

– socialuri dacva;

– ndoba.

nordikuli modelis gansakuTrebulobas ganapirobebs misive maxasiaTeblebi, ro-

gorc zemoT aRiniSna. isini ki, upirvelesad mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

igi warmoadgens kapitalisturi Tavisufali bazrisa da socialisturi sargeblis

unikalur kombinacias, rac ZiriTadi mizezia imisa, rom nordikuli sazogadoeba Tamamad

liderobs keTildReobis saxelmwifoTa reitingebSi da sargeblobs iseTi maRali xarisxis

servisebiT, rogoricaa: ufaso ganaTleba, universaluri jandacva, sakuTrebis Seulaxavi

uflebebiT, biznesis keTebisaTvis martivi da xelsayreli pirobebis arseboba, Tavisufali

vaWrobis dabali barierebi, saxalxo pensiebis sqemebi da a.S.

miuxedavad nordikuli keTildReobis modelis mimarT gamoTqmuli uamravi saqebari

sityvisa, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan uCveulo efeq-

turobas kargavs aRniSnuli modeli. amas ramdenime wlis win arsebuli krizisic ki amtki-

cebs, romelmac sakmaod didi danakargi moutana skandinaviur xuTeuls. miuxedavad imisa,

rom norvegiam da SvedeTma met-naklebad advilad gadaitana rTuli ekonomikuri periodi,

daniasa da fineTisTvis „dacemidan aRzevebamde“ gza ar yofila advilad gasavleli, xolo

islandias ki mniSvnelovani zarali daatyda Tavs, radgan bankebis gakotrebam pirdapiri

reaqciiT gamoiwvia recesia.

82

kritikosebi da, aseve, momxreebic Tanxmdebian, rom msoflioSi arsebuli ganviTa-

rebis swrafi tempi umTavresi mizezia nordikuli modelis efeqturobis Sesustebisa. sxva

ZiriTad mizezebad ki, rogorc wesi, ganixileba:

– globaluri konkurencia;

– teqnologiuri progresi;

– mosaxleobisa da samuSao Zalis daberebis procesi.

ra Tqma unda, aqtiurad ganixileba mTeli rigi qmedebebisa da RonisZiebebisa, rom-

lebmac, SesaZlebelia, konkurencia gauwios zemoT dasaxelebul nordikuli modelis Se-

masustebel faqtorebs:

– ganaTlebis, codnisa da gamocdilebis gaumjobeseba;

– meti xalxis CarTva samsaxurebSi: magaliTad, sapensio asakis gazrda;

– Sromis bazarze meti moqnilobis xelSewyoba;

– gadasaxadebis reformebi;

– mosaxerxebeli pirobebis Seqmna inovaciebisTvis;

– ufro metad qmediTi sajaro seqtorebis arseboba.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodis SvedeTSi warmatebulad gamoinaxa „mesame gza.

Sveduri ekonomikuri modeli rogorc socializmis, aseve kapitalizmis elementebiT

sazrdoobda: warmoebis saSualebebi umetesad kerZo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, Tumca so-

cialuri dacvis uprecedento sistemisa da msoflioSi yvelaze maRali gadasaxadebis meS-

veobiT, aq socialuri samarTlianobis maRali donec iyo.

SemdgomSi ukve gaCnda kiTxvebi: ramdenad moxerxdeba socialuri dacvis aseTi maRali

donis SenarCuneba mzardi globaluri konkurentuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT safrTxe Tavad SvedeTmac igrZno, amitom TandaTan, saerTaSoriso konku-

renciis wnexis gamo (meoce saukunis 80-90iani wlebi) uari Tqves sayovelTao keTildReo-

bis prioritetul tendenciebze.

norvegia:

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, keTildReobis saxelmwifo es aris saxelmwifo, romelic

sazogadoebis wevrebs aZlevs daxmarebis garantias im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT aqvT janmrTe-

lobis an socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, ar aqvT Semosavali, samsa-

xuri... garda amisa, uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebs ganaTlebis uflebiT. keTildReobis sa-

xelmwifo moicavs iseT samTavrobo RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa: socialuri politika – da-

kavSirebuli asakTan Tu invalidobasTan, umuSevrobasa Tu socialur mxardaWerasTan;

jandacvis momsaxureba – saavadmyofoebi da moxucTa saxlebi; saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-

lebebi – skolebi da universitetebi; saojaxo politikis RonisZiebebi – bavSvTa dazRveva,

dekretuli Svebulebebi da sabavSvo baRebi.

keTildReobis RonisZiebebi finansdeba an zogadad saSemosavlo gadasaxadebidan, an

sxvadasxva saxis premiebisa da samomxmareblo gadasaxdebis meSveobiT.

saerTo jamSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifo es aris dazRvevis saxelmwifo, romelic

finansurad uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebs sxvadasxva riskebis winaaRmdeg, magaliTad iseTis,

rogoricaa umuSevroba, avadmyofoba an sikvdili. TandaTanobiT ki socialuri uflebebi

keTildReobis saxelmwifos ideis ganuyrel nawilad iqca.

rac Seexeba Tavad keTildReobis saxelmwifos norvegiul models, es aris metad

vrceli da mravlismomcveli saxelmwifos magaliTi, romelic universaluri keTildRe-

obis uflebebiT xasiaTdeba, es ki niSnavs imas, rom yvelas aqvs Tanabari ufleba miiRos

keTildReobis sargebeli, ganurCevlad sqesisa da Semosavlebisa. amis sapirispiroa saWi-

roebis Semowmeba da seleqciuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTulia im adamianebis mi-

marT, vinc fiqsirebuli saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT imyofebian.

83

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom norvegiuli modelisTvis damaxasiaTebel universa-

luorobaSi, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba keTildReobis farglebSi arsebuli momsaxureba:

maRali da dabali Semosavlebis mqone norvegielebs aqvT Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba jan-

dacvaze, ganaTlebasa Tu sxva saxis servisis miRebaze. saxelmwifo gadaricxvebi, minima-

lur zRvars zeviT, rogorc wesi fasdeba Semosavlebis mixedviT, garkveuli gamonaklise-

bis garda, magaliTad rogoricaa bavSvTa dazRveva.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani principi norvegiaSi aris is, rom universaluri momsaxure-

ba warmodgenili iyos iseTi maRali xarisxiT, rom maRali Semosavlebis mqone adamianebs ar

gauCndeT survili da moTxovnileba imave saxis momsaxureba miiRon kerZo dawesebulebeb-

Si. is faqti, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT,

warmoadgens winapirobas keTildReobis saxelmwifos mxardaWerisa.

norvegiaSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifos dafinanseba didwilad xdeba saerTo, genera-

luri dabegvris meSveobiT, anu Semosavlebis, gasavlebisa da dovlaTis gadasaxadebiT,

romlebic pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli keTildReobis sargebelTan. sazogadoebrivi

momsaxurebis didi nawili aris ufaso an, zog SemTxvevaSi, saWiroebs mcire Tanxebis dama-

tebas moqalaqeebisgan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom isini, visac meti Semosavali aqvs, ixdian met gadasaxads, sazo-

gadoebrivi sargebeli SedarebiT Tanabrad nawildeba mTel mosaxleobaSi. es ki norvegiu-

li keTildReobis saxelmwifos mniSvnelovnad sZens gadanawilebis efeqts. keTildReobis

saxelmwifos yovlismomceloba warmoadgens mizezs imisa, rom Semosavlebis uTanasworoba

norvegiaSi aris gacilebiT naklebi, vidre sxva qveynebSi.

norvegiam da sxva nordikulma qveynebma, mcire da Ria ekonomikis farglebSi, droTa

ganmavlobaSi moaxerxes daekavSirebinaT ekonomikuri zrda da stabiluroba kargad fun-

qcionirebad Sromis bazarTan, ris mizansac warmoadgenda: Sromis bazarSi maRali CarTu-

loba, Semosavlebis samarTliani ganawileba, cxovrebis maRali donis miRweva da metwilad

socialuri Tanasworobis miRweva. keTildReobis norvegiuli modelis ZiriTad Tavisebu-

rebebSi miCneven Semdegs:

saxelmwifos mizans warmoadgens xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa maRal profesionalur

CarTulobas, maT Soris ufaso ganaTlebisa da aqtiuri Sromis bazris politikis xazgas-

miT.

kargad regulirebuli samuSao garemo da sammxrivi TanamSromloba Zlier damsaqme-

bel da mSromelTa organizaciebs Soris.

sagadasaxado gadasaxadis mniSvnelovnad maRali zRvaris meSveobiT dafinanseba ke-

TildReobis sajaro obieqtebisa da momsaxurebis maRali xarisxis SeTavazeba,maT Soris

jandacva da ganaTleba, kanoniT dadgenili uflebebis srulad gamoyeneba da sargebloba.

kargad ganviTarebuli da universaluri keTildReobis sistema, romelic xasiaTdeba

umuSevrebisTvis, avadmyofebisTvis, invalidebisa Tu moxucebisTvis maRali gadaricxve-

biT daxmarebis saxiT.

vrceli saojaxo politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs sqesTa Soris Tanasworobas.

norvegiuli modeli keTildReobis politikis Zlieri ambiciebiT xasiaTdeba. monawi-

leobis maRali xarisxi yvela jgufisTvis, maT Soris moxucebisTvis, imigrantebisTvis, qa-

lebisa da samuSaod unardaqveiTebulTaTvis aris erT-erTi yvelaze centraluri mizani

ekonomikuri da im TvalsazrisiT, rom samuSao garemo aris socialuri CarTulobis umniS-

vnelovanesi arena. amave dros farTod aris aRiarebuli, rom adamianebi, romlebic ver mo-

nawileoben Sromis bazarSi, unda iyvnen uzrunvelyofilebi garkveuli donis cxovrebis

standartebiT.

keTildReobis nordikuli modelis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels warmo-

adgens ndobis maRali xarisxi, rogorc es gamokiTxvebSia dafiqsirebuli. nordikuli qvey-

nebis moqalaqeebi gamoxataven ndobas rogorc erTmaneTis, ise xelisuflebis mimarT da

ndobis xarisxiT es qveynebi mowinave adgilas dganan mTels evropaSi. ndoba aris umniSvne-

84

lovanesi Tviseba bazris ganviTarebisTvis da mas SeiZleba hqondes konkurentuli upi-

ratesoba: is faqti rom skandinaviuri qveynebis moqalaqeebs aqvT ndobis maRali xarisxi

erTmaneTis, sasamarTlosa Tu sxva sajaro dawesebulebebis mimarT, saxelmwifos exmareba

Seamciros finansuri saoperacio xarjebi. efeqturi socialuri institutebi arsi erT-

erTi im mizezTagani, Tu ratom aqvs am qveynebs maRali Sefaseba samrewvelo biznesSi da

rogori advilia biznesis keTeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos rom xe-

lisuflebisa da sistemisadmi ndoba aucilebelia keTildReobis saxelmwifos funqcioni-

rebisTvis.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom keTildReobis saxelmwifos norvegiul models aqvs Zalian

bevri msgavseba im RonisZiebebTan, romelsac atareben SvedeTsa da daniaSi, samive sa-

xelmwifos miakuTvneben keTildReobis skandinaviur, an socialur-demokratiuli keTil-

dReobis models.

socialur-demokratiuli modeli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba keTildReobis libera-

luri modelisgan, romelic amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva anglosaqsur saxelmwi-

foebSi gvxvdeba. liberaluri keTildReobis saxelmwifoebi didwilad warmoadgenen ro-

gorc sadazRvevo sistemebs, sadac keTildReobis sargeblis miReba damokidebulia imaze,

Tu ramdeni aqvs adamians gadaxdili saxelmwifosTvis. am sistemebSi, sazogadoebrivi sar-

gebeli gadasaxadebisgan aris sakmaod zomieri, rogorc masStabiT, is xarisxiT da Ziri-

Tadad mimarTulia mosaxleobis yvelaze Rarib fenaze. magaliTad aSS-Si ar arsebobs sa-

xelmwifo dazRvevis sisetma, romelic moicavs mTels mosaxleobas. arsebobs momsaxurebis

minimaluri paketi, romelic gaTvlilia moxucebze, invalidebsa da uRaribes adamianebze,

mosaxleobis danaraCeni nawili ki ixdis Tanxas kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebSi an biznes

organizaciebSi, romelTa meSveobiTac iReben saTanado momsaxurebas.

literatura:

1. http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d99DY1jcGqI

3. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2011-07/id642496/sec4

4. https://snl.no/velferdsstat

5. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norske_velferdsstaten

gamomcemlobis

redaqtori

maia ejibia

garekanis dizaineri mariam ebraliZe

damkabadonebeli ekaterine TeTraSvili

0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14 14 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179

Tel 995 (32) 225 14 32 www.press.tsu.edu.ge

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