1Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

S & T PolicyS & T Policy

BENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKINGINDUSTRY-SCIENCE RELATIONSHIPSINDUSTRY-SCIENCE RELATIONSHIPS

OCDE – March 2002OCDE – March 2002

Anabela PiedadeAnabela PiedadeGilson Leal RodaGilson Leal RodaNuno Jorge DavidNuno Jorge David

2Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

The Report GoalsThe Report Goals

• Analyses the changing role of industry-science Analyses the changing role of industry-science relationships (ISR) in national innovation systems.relationships (ISR) in national innovation systems.

• Proposes a conceptual framework for assessment of Proposes a conceptual framework for assessment of ISR.ISR.

• Presents indicators on international differences in Presents indicators on international differences in ISR configuration and intensity.ISR configuration and intensity.

• Identifies good practices for ISR improvement. Identifies good practices for ISR improvement.

3Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Conceptual framework for assessing Industry-Science RelationshipsConceptual framework for assessing Industry-Science Relationships

4Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Framework conditions Support schemes

Educationpolicy

Labour marketpolicy

Specific regulations(e.g. IPRs)

Regional and urbanplanning policies

Public procurement

Financial policies

Competition policy

Promotion of researchers'mobility (e.g. TCS in theUnited Kingdom)

Thematic researchnetworks (e.g. RNRT inFrance)

Financial incentives toco-operative research(e.g. FrameworkProgramme in the EU)

Publicly fundedintermediaries (e.g.Fraunhofer in Germany)

Public seed capital funds(e.g. I-Source in France)

Government policy

in cuba tors ,sc ience parks,

c lusters ,in te rm ed iaries

Conferences, expos& specialised media

Informal contacts withinprofessional networks

Flow of graduates to industry

Co-publications

Mobility of researchers

Joint labs

Spin-offs

Licensing

Research contractsCo-operative ResearchCentres (e.g. CRCs inAustralia)

Formal mechanisms for Industry-Science Relationships: the tip of an iceberg

5Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Conferences, expos& specialised media

Informal contacts withinprofessional networks

Flow of graduates to industry

Co-publications

Mobility of researchers

Joint labs

Spin-offs

Licensing

Research contracts

Degree of codification

AppropriabilityHighLow

High

Low

Know-how& expertise

Exclusive patents

Scientific papers

Infratechnologies

Prototypes

Formal mechanisms for Industry-Science Relationships: Knowledge flows

6Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Availability of Benchmarking IndicatorsAvailability of Benchmarking Indicators

7Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Pilot Study on France and The United Kingdom – The Benchmarking Process

8Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Comparative ISR indicators

9Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

ISR policy objectives and instruments in France and the United KingdomISR policy objectives and instruments in France and the United Kingdom

10Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Pilot Study on France and The United Kingdom – Concluding Remarks

Developing a benchmarking cultureThe ISR policy instruments together constitute a system; the efficiency of a particular instrument needs to be considered within this broader framework. This comparison between ISRs in France and the United Kingdom has shown that different combinations of actions can be used to build integrated policy instruments. In this context, it is important to promote a benchmarking culture among all stakeholders.

Developing benchmarking indicatorsThe existing indicators in this area are particularly ill suited for meaningful international comparisons. In addition, they are not sufficient to inform a policy-oriented discussion; relevant information is often held by the research institutions and there is a need to collect and aggregate such information in order to draw clearer national pictures. Significant indicators should exploit data on patenting, licensing, spin-offs, co-publications between industry and university, citation of industry papers by academics, labour mobility and financial flows. Data from the Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) can also provide useful indicators of interactions between public research institutions and industry.

11Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology

Questions for debateQuestions for debate

• What are the most important bottlenecks in ISRs: low demand from the private sector, low quality or share of publicly funded industry-relevant research, obstacles to researchers’ mobility, lack of entrepreneurship in the research community?

• Are more intensive ISRs always more effective? How far should universities and public labs be allowed or pushed to develop their commercialisation activities?

• What safeguards should be in place to ensure that publicly funded research institutions do not strengthen their linkages with industry at the expense of their main missions (generation and diffusion of knowledge through free research and education, mission-oriented research to serve public interest, impartial scientific expertise)?