1 metals and nonmetals

8/12/2019 1 Metals and Nonmetals

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-metals-and-nonmetals 1/13

`chisenu`crpeysils.ih

@ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs

Jcvdisfr ljcssibifk cjj fjf`fhts ihtd `ftcjs, hdh`ftcjs chk `ftcjjdiks dh tef ocsis db tefir prdpfrtifs.

\d`f ld``dhjy usfk `ftcjs, hdh`ftcjs chk `ftcjjdiks crf mivfh ofjdw.

@ftcjs 7 Irdh, Ldppfr, Mdjk, \ijvfr, Cjuìhiu`, Wihl Jfck crf sd`f ld``dhjy usfk `fcts.

Hdh`ftcjs 7 Eykrdmfh, Dxymfh, Hitrdmfh, Lcrodh, \ujpeur, Qedspedrus, Lejdrihf, Ordìhf, Idkihf

crf ld``dhjy usfk hdh`ftcjs.

@ftcjjdiks 7 Odrdh, \ijildh, Crsfhil chk Mfr`chiu` crf sd`f `ftcjjdiks.

Lecrcltfristils db @ftcjs

\d`f i`pdrtcht lecrcltfristils db `ftcjs crf 7

@ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.

Cjj `ftcjs fxlfpt `frlury crf sdjik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf. @frlury is tef dhjy `ftcj weile is jiquik

ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.

@ftcjs crf `cjjfcojf chk kultijf “ tect is `ftcjs lch of ofctfh ihtd teih jfcvfs chk krcwh ihtd teih

wirfs.

@ftcjs ecvf justrf chk lch of pdjisefk.

@ftcjs ecvf tfhsijf strfhmte.

@ftcjs crf fjfltrdpdsitivf fjf`fhts. [ect is, `ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td jdsf fjfltrdhs chk bdr`

pdsitivfjy lecrmfk idhs, (lcjjfk lctidhs).

3LECQ[F_

LDH[FH[\

@ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs

Lecrcltfristils db @ftcjs

Lefìlcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs

Lecrcltfristils db Hdh @ftcjs

Lefìlcj prdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs

Vsfs db \d`f Ld``dh Hdh`ftcjs

Dxikfs db @ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs

@F[ J\ H HDH@F[ J\




Dllurrfhlf db @ftcjs

@ftcjs dllur ih hcturf ih tef brff cs wfjj cs ih tef ldòihfk stctfs.

@ftcjs ih hcturf

Ih brff (dr hctivf) bdr` Ih tef ldòihfk stctf

(\ijvf, Mdjk, Qjctihu`, @frlury) (\dkiu`, Qdtcssiu , Lcjliu`, @cmhfsiu ,Irdh, Cjuìhiu , Ldppfr ftl.)

Cjj `ftcjs weile crf hdt cbbfltfk oy wctfr chk oy tef mcsfs prfsfht ih tef cir dllur ih brff stctf

ih hcturf.

[ef hcturcjjy-dllurrihm ld`pduhks db `ftcjs ìxfk wite fcrtejy `ctfricjs crf lcjjfk ìhfrcjs.

C ìhfrcj brd` weile c `ftcj lch of fxtrcltfk dh tef ld``frlicj slcjf, fldhd ilcjjy chk fcsijy,

is lcjjfk ch drf.

Qeysilcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs

Cjj `ftcjs sedw siìjcr peysilcj prdpfrtifs. [efrf crf edwfvfr c bfw fxlfptidhs.

Qeysilcj \tctf 7 Vhkfr hdr`cj prfssurf, cjj `ftcjs fxlfpt `frlury crf sdjiks ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.

@frlury is jiquik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.

Ldjdur 7 @dst `ftcjs fxlfpt mdjk chk ldppfr crf sijvfr-mrfy ih ldjdur. Ldppfr is rfkkise-ordwh chk

mdjk is mdjkfh yfjjdw.

Cppfcrchlf 7 Cjj `ftcjs crf seihy. [ef lecrcltfristil seihf db `ftcjs is lcjjfk `ftcjjil justrf. [eus

cjj `ftcjs ecvf `ftcjjil justrf. @ftcjs lch of fcsijy pdjisefk.

Ecrkhfss 7 @dst `ftcjs crf ecrk fxlfpt sdkiu` chk pdtcssiu`. \dkiu` chk pdtcssiu` `ftcjs lch of fcsijy lut wite c nhibf. Dsìu` is ecrk fhdume td slrctle mjcss.

[fhsijf strfhmte 7 @ftcjs ecvf eime tfhsijf strfhmte. @ftcjs crf vfry strdhm. Bdr fxc`pjf, irdh lch

ofcr c jdt db strfss. [ect is wey it is wikfjy usfk ih ldhstrultidh db ouijkihms, orikmfs, rcijwcy jihfs

ftl.

@cjjfcoijity 7 @ftcjs crf `cjjfcojf. [eis `fchs tect `ftcjs lch of ec``frfk ihtd vfry teih seffts.

\ijvfr lch of ofctfh td vfry teih jfcvfs. Ydu ùst ecvf sffh sijvfr vcrcn dh ourbff. Cjuìhiu` bdij

is usfk ih tef pclncmihm db bddk `ctfricjs.

Kultijity 7 @ftcjs crf kultijf. [eis `fchs tect `ftcjs lch of krcwh ihtd teih wirfs. \ijvfr chk mdjk

lch of krcwh ihtd vfry teih wirfs.

Ldhkultivity 7 @ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdr db efct chk fjfltrility. \ijvfr is tef ofst ldhkultdr db

fjfltrility. Ldppfr is tef hfxt ofst ldhkultdr db fjfltrility.

Kfhsity 7 @ftcjs, fxlfpt sdkiu` chk pdtcssiu` ecvf eime kfhsitifs. \dkiu` chk pdtcssiu` ecvf

ùle jdwfr kfhsitifs.

\duhk 7 @ftcjs crf sdhdrdus. @ftcjs wefh eit oy c ec``fr prdkulf c rihmihm sduhk. [ect is wey

`ftcj crf usfk bdr `cnihm ofjjs chk wirfs bdr ùsilcj ihstru`fhts.




Lef ilcj Qrdpfrtifs db @ftcjs

Cjj `ftcjs mivf siìjcr lefìlcj rfcltidhs. Edwfvfr, tef rfcltivity db c `ftcj kfpfhks updh its hcturf

chk rfcltidh ldhkitidhs.

\d`f typilcj rfcltidhs db `ftcjs crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7 _fcltidh wite dxymfh 7 Cjj `ftcjs ldòihf wite dxymfh td bdr` `ftcj dxikfs. Kibbfrfht `ftcjs

rfclt wite dxymfh uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs.

Bdr fxc`pjf,

\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` + Dxymfh/cir .tf`prdd` \dkiu` dxikf

@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` + Dxymfh jimet)weitfkczzjihmcwite ourhs(

Efct

@cmhfsiu` dxikf

Whil (Wh) 7 Wihl + Dxymfh )bjc`f ojufcwite ourhs(

efctihmstrdhm Wihl dxikf

Irdh (Bf) 7 Irdh + Dxymfh ) ourhihmhd(

efctihmstrdhm Bfrrdsd-bfrril dxikf

Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr + Dxymfh ) ourhihmhd(

efctihmstrdhm prdjdhmfk Ldppfr dxikf

Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef rfcltidhs mivfh codvf, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db `ftcjs wite

dxymfh is,

\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Wihl (Wh) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)

_fcltidh wite ]ctfr 7 Kibbfrfht `ftcjs rfclt wite wctfr uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs.

_fcltidhs db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs wite wctfr crf mivfh ofjdw 7

\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` +)ldjk(

]ctfr \dkiu` eykrdxikf + Eykrdmfh

@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` +) odijihm(

]ctfr @cmhfsiu` dxikf + Eykrdmfh

Irdh (Bf) 7)edtrfk(

Irdh + \tfc` Bfrrdsd-bfrril dxikf + Eykrdmfh

Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr + ]ctfr Hd rfcltidh fvfh ct eime tf`pfrcturf

Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef codvf rfcltidhs, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db `ftcjs wite wctfr is

\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)

_fcltidhs wite Cliks 7 @dst `ftcjs rfclt wite kijutf cliks prdkulf scjt chk eykrdmfh mcs.

_fcltidh db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs wite kijutf eykrdlejdril clik crf mivfh ofjdw 7

\dkiu` (Hc) 7 \dkiu` +)kij(clik

ilEykrdlejdr

lejdrikf

\dkiu` + Eykrdmfh Rimdrdus

@cmhfsiu` (@m) 7 @cmhfsiu` +)kij(clik

ilEykrdlejdr

lejdrikf

@cmhfsiu` + Eykrdmfh _cpik




Wihl (Wh) 7 Wihl +)kij(clik

ilEykrdlejdr .tf`prdd`

lejdrikf

Wihl + Eykrdmfh @dkfrctf

Irdh (Bf) 7 Irdh +)kij(clik

ilEykrdlejdr efctihm

lejdrikf

Irdh + Eykrdmfh @dkfrctf

Ldppfr (Lu) 7 Ldppfr +)kij(clik

ilEykrdlejdr Hd rfcltidh fvfh dh efctihm

Brd` tef rfcltidh ldhkitidhs db tef rfcltidh mivfh codvf, tef drkfr db rfcltivity db tefsf `ftcjs wite

kijutf clik is

\dkiu` (Hc) 8 @cmhfsiu` (@m) 8 Wihl (Wh) 8 Irdh (Bf) 8 Ldppfr (Lu)

Vsfs db sd`f Ld``dh @ftcjs

@cih usfs db sd`f ld``dh `ftcjs crf jistfk ofjdw 7

@ftcj @cih Vsfs

Irdh Bdr `cnihm orikmfs, fhmihf pcrts, irdh seffts chk ocrs usfk ih ldhstrultidh, stffjs ftl.

Ldppfr Bdr `cnihm fjfltrilcj wirfs chk lcojfs, utfhsijs, nfttjfs, ldihs ftl> bdr cnihm cjjdys

\ijvfr Bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, ih fjfltrdpjctihm, ih pedtdmrcpey, sijvfrihm db ìrrdrs

Mdjk Bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, bdr kfldrctivf purpdsfs, ih pedtdmrcpey bdr tdhihm

@frlury Vsfk ih tefr d ftfrs chk ocrd`ftfrs

Cju ihiu` Bdr cnihm fjfltrilcj wirfs chk lcojfs, kd fstil utfhsijs, cjjdys, `ftcjjil pcihts,

cjuìhiu` bdij bdr pclncmihm

Jfck Bdr `cnihm cutd doijf octtfrifs, jfck pipfs, cjjdys sule cs sdjkfr, prdtfltivf slrffh

bdr U-rcy `cleihfs, bdr `chubclturihm chy lefìlcj ld`pduhks chk pcihts.

Lecrcltfristils db Hdh @ftcjs

\d`f i`pdrtcht lecrcltfristils db `ftcjs crf 7

Hdh ftcjs crf sdbt sdjiks, jiquiks dr mcsfs.

Hdh ftcjs (fxlfpt mrcpeitf) crf hdhldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.

\djik hdh`ftcjs crf orittjf.

Hdh ftcjs (fxlfpt mrcpeitf chk kic`dhk) crf jdw `fjtihm chk jdw odijihm.

Hdh ftcjs crf fjfltrdhfmctivf fjf`fhts. [ect is, hdh`ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td mcih fjfltrdhs chk

bdr` hfmctivfjy lecrmfk idhs (lcjjfk chidhs).

Dllurrfhlf db Hdh`ftcjs

@chy hdh`ftcjs dllur brff ih hcturf, wefrfcs `chy `drf dllur dhjy ih tef bdr` dh tefir ld`pduhks

cs ìhfrcjs.




[ef `dkfs db dllurrfhlf db sd`f typilcj hdh`ftcj crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7

Hdh`ftcj Brff hctivf bdr` Ldòihfk bdr`

Hitrdmfh Cir ldhtcihs codut =5% (oy vdju f)

db hitrdmfh

Ih cjj jivihm drmchis`s cs prdtfihs, ih tef sdij cs

hitrdmfh ld`pduhks

Dxymfh Cir ldhtcihs codut ?3% (oy vdju f)

db dxymfh

Cs wctfr, dxikfs ih tef sdij/rdlns

Hdocj mcsfs Cir ldhtcihs tefsf mcsfs ih s`cjjfr

c`duhts

‛

Eykrdmfh Brff eykrdmfh is prfsfht ih stcrs Cs wctfr

\ujpeur Hctivf sujpeur dllurs ihsikf tef

fcrte.

Cs sujpeikf, sujpectf drfs, cs E?\ ih lfrtcih

sprihm wctfr

Qedspedrus ‛ Cs pedspectf rdlns, ih odhfs db dur odky cs

lcjliu` pedspectf

\ijildh ‛ Cs dxikf (\iD?, \ijilc, \chk), Cs sijilctf rdlns

Lcrodh Cs kic dhks, mrcpeitf Cs lcrodhctf rdlns, ihfrcjs

Cs eykrdlcrodhs “ pftrdjfu , hcturcj mcs ftl.

Cs lcrodh kidxikf ih tef cir.

@dst hdh`ftcjs crf fitefr ìhfk kirfltjy brd` tefir ìhfs dr dotcihfk cs oy-prdkults ih sd`f ihkustricj

prdlfssfs.

Hitrdmfh chk Dxymfh crf dotcihfk brd` tef cir oy brcltidhcj kistijjctidh db jiquik cir. Lejdrihf is dotcihfk brd` ld``dh scjt oy fjfltrdjytil `ftedk.

\ujpeur is ìhfk ih its fjf`fhtcj bdr`

Hdh ftcjs sule cs pedspedrus chk sijilc crf dotcihfk brd` tefir drfs oy lef ilcj `ftedks.

Qeysilcj Qrdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs

\d`f ld``dh mfhfrcj peysilcj prdpfrtifs db hdh`ftcjs crf mivfh ofjdw 7

Qeysilcj stctf 7 Hdh`ftcjs `cy dllur cs sdjiks, jiquiks dr mcsfs ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf.

Bdr fxc`pjf, uhkfr hdr`cj ldhkitidhs, sujpeur, pedspedrus crf sdjiks, ordìhf is c jiquik, wefrfcs

eykrdmfh, dxymfh chk hitrdmfh crf mcsfs.

Ldjdur 7 Hdh`ftcjs ld`f ih `chy ldjdurs.

Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur is yfjjdw, pedspedrus is weitf, dr rfk, lejdrihf is mrffhise-yfjjdw, ordìhf is

rfkise-ordwh. Eykrdmfh, dxymfh chk hitrdmfh crf ldjdurjfss.

Cppfcrchlf 7 Hdh`ftcjs ecvf kujj cppfcrchlf i.f., tefy kd hdt seihf. Edwfvfr, mrcpeitf chk idkihf

crf tef dhjy hdh`ftcjs weile ecvf `ftcjjil justrf.

@cjjfcoijity chk kultijity 7 Hdh ftcjs crf hfitefr kultijf hdr `cjjfcojf. Hdh ftcjs lchhdt of

krcwh ihtd wirfs, chk ofctfh ihtd jfcvfs/seffts.

Ldhkultivity 7 Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt ldhkult efct chk fjfltrility, i.f., hdh`ftcjs crf ihsujctdrs. Mrcpeitf

edwfvfr, is c mddk ldhkultdr db efct chk fjfltrility.




Kfhsity 7 Hdh`ftcjs usucjjy ecvf jdw kfhsitifs chk crf sdbt. Kic`dhk edwfvfr is ch fxlfptidh.

Kic`dhk is tef ecrkfst hcturcj suostchlf nhdwh.

[fhsijf strfhmte 7 Hdh`ftcjs ecvf jdw tfhsijf strfhmte, i.f., Hdh`ftcjs lch of fcsijy ordnfh.

@fjtihm chk odijihm pdihts 7 Hdh`ftcjs fxlfpt mrcpeitf ecvf jdw `fjtihm chk odijihm pdihts.

\duhk 7 Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt prdkulf sduhk wefh eit wite ch dogflt, i.f., hdh`ftcjs crf hdh-sdhdrdus.

Lef`ilcj prdpfrtifs db Hdh`ftcjs

\d`f mfhfrcj lef`ilcj prdpfrtifs db hdh`ftcjs crf kfslriofk ofjdw 7

Fjfltrdhfmctivf Lecrcltfr

Hdh`ftcjs crf fjfltrdhfmctivf fjf`fhts. Hdh`ftcjs ecvf c tfhkfhly td cllfpt fjfltrdhs chk bdr`

hfmctivfjy lecrmfk idhs (chidhs).

Bdr fxc`pjfs.

Lejdrihf + ?f “ Lejdrikf idh (ch chidh)

Dxymfh + ?f “ Dxikf idh (ch chidh)

[eus, hdh`ftcjs crf cojf td rf`dvf fjfltrdhs brd` fjfltrdpdsitivf fjf`fhts chk clt cs dxikisihm

cmfhts.

Eykrdmfh is tef dhjy hdh`ftcj weile lch jdsf cs wfjj cs mcih ch fjfltrdh.

Eykrdmfh +

fjf`fhtitivffjfltrdpds

eimejycbrd`

“ f

)chidhch(

idhEykrikf

Eykrdmfh “

fjf`fhtctivffjfltrdhfm

eimejycbrd`

“ f

)lctidhc(

idhEykrdmfh

[eus, eykrdmfh lch clt odte cs ch dxikisihm cs wfjj cs rfkulihm cmfht.

_fcltidh wite Dxymfh

Hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh td mivf ldvcjfht dxikfs. \ule dxikfs crf fitefr hfutrcj dr clikil ih hcturf.

Cliks dxikfs db hdh`ftcjs kissdjvf ih wctfr td bdr` ldrrfspdhkihm cliks. _fcltidh db sd`f ld``dh

hdh`ftcjs wite dxymfh crf kfslriofk ofjdw7

Hitrdmfh 7 Hitrdmfh rfclts wite dxymfh uhkfr kibbfrfht ldhkitidhs td bdr` bivf kibbfrfht dxikfs.

\d`f db tefsf crf hfutrcj, weijf dtefrs crf clikil ih hcturf.

Bdr fxc`pjf,

Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitrdus dxikf (hfutrcj) Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitril dxikf (hfutrcj)

Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Kihitrdmfh tridxikf (clikil)

Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Hitrdmfh kidxikf (clikil)

Hitrdmfh + Dxymfh Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf (clikil)

Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf rfclts wite wctfr td mivf hitril clik.

Kihitrdmfh pfhtdxikf + ]ctfr Hitril clik.

Lcrodh 7 Lcrodh rfclts wite dxymfh td bdr` twd dxikfs “ lcrodh `dhdxikf (LD) chk lcrodh kidxikf

(LD?). Lcrodh `dhdxikf is hfutrcj, wefrfcs lcrodh kidxikf (LD?) is clikil ih hcturf. Lcrodh kidxikf

kissdjvfs ih wctfr td mivf lcrodhil clik.




Lcrodh +)suppjyitfk(ji`

Dxymfh

)hfutrcj(

`dhdxikfLcrodh

Lcrodh +)fxlfss(

Dxymfh

)clikil(

kidxikfLcrodh

Lcrodh kidxikf + ]ctfr Lcrodhil clik

Qedspedrus 7 Qedspedrus rfclts wite dxymfh td mivf twd dxikfs “ pedspedrus tridxikf (Q?D<) chk

pedspedrus pfhtdxikf (Q?D6). Odte crf clikil dxikfs.

Qedspedrus +)ji`itfk(

Dxymfh

)likilc(

tridxikfQedspedrus

Qedspedrus +)fxlfss(

Dxymfh

)likilc(

pfhtdxikfQedspedrus

\ujpeur 7 \ujpeur dh ourhihm ih cir bdr`s twd dxikfs “ sujpeur kidxikf (\D ?) chk sujpeur tridxikf

(\D<). Odte tefsf dxikfs crf clikil.

\ujpeur + Dxymfh

)likilc(

kidxikf\ujpeur

\ujpeur + Dxymfh

)likilc(

tridxikf\ujpeur

\ujpeur tridxikf + ]ct fr \ujpeuril clik

Eykrdmfh 7 Eykrdmfh rfclts wite dxymfh td bdr` ch dxikf E?D. E?D is lcjjfk wctfr. ]ctfr (E?D)

is c hfutrcj dxikf

Eykrdmfh + wctfr

)hfutrcj(]ctfr

_fcltidh wite Ecjdmfhs

Hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite ecjdmfh td mivf ldvcjfht ecjikfs. Ih purf stctf, tef ecjikfs db hdh`ftcjs kd hdt

ldhkult fjfltrility.

Bdr fxc`pjf wite lejdrihf,

Qedspedrus + Lejdrihf

Efct Qedspedrus trilejdrikf

Qedspedrus + Lejdrihf

Efct Qedspedrus pfhtdxikf

Eykrdmfh + Lejdrihf

suhjimet Eykrdmfh lejdrikf

\ujpeur rfclts wite bjudrihf ct eimefr tf`pfrcturf td mivf sujpeur efxcbjudrikf.

\ujpeur + Bjudrihf

tf`p.eime \ujpeur efxcbjudrikf

_fcltidh wite Eykrdmfh

Hdh ftcjs rfclt wite eykrdmfh td bdr` ldvcjfht eykrikfs. [eus ih tef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs, eykrdmfh

is odhkfk td tef hdh`ftcj ctd` oy ldvcjfht odhks. [ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs ctd` oy ldvcjfht odhks.

[ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs kd hdt ldhkult fjfltrility. [ef eykrikfs db hdh`ftcjs `cy of clikil, ocsil

dr hfutrcj kfpfhkihm updh tef hcturf db tef hdh`ftcj.




Bdr fxc`pjf,

\ujpeur wite eykrdmfh mivfs eykrdmfh sujpeikf (E?\). E?\ is wfcnjy clikil ih hcturf.

Eykrdmfh + \ujpeurf

)clikilwfcnjy(

sujpeikfEykrdmfh

Hitrdmfh rfclts wite eykrdmfh td mivf c` dhic (HE<). C``dhic is ocsil ih hcturf.

Eykrdmfh + Hitrdmfh

) ocsil(

C``dhic

Dxymfh rfclts wite eykrdmfh td mivfh wctfr (E?D). ]ctfr is hfutrcj ih hcturf.

Eykrdmfh + Dxymfh

spcrn fjfltril ]ctfr

_fcltidh wite Cliks

Hdh`ftcjs kd hdt kispjclf eykrdmfh brd` kijutf cliks. [eis is oflcusf hdh`ftcjs crf cojf td mivf

fjfltrdh(s) bdr tef rfkultidh db E+. \d`f hdh`ftcjs edwfvfr rfclt wite ldhlfhtrctfk dxikisihm cliks td

bdr` tef ldrrfspdhkihm dxycliks.

Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur rfclts wite ldhl. hitril clik td mivf sujpeuril clik.

\ujpeur +.)ldhl(

clik Hitril \ujpeuril clik + Hitrdmfh kidxikf + ]ctfr

Kispjclf`fht _fcltidhs

Lfrtcih `drf rfcltivf hdh`ftcjs kispjclf jfss rfcltivf hdh`ftcjs brd` tefir scjt sdjutidhs.

Bdr fxc`pjf, Lejdrihf kispjclfs ordìhf brd` ordìkfs chk idkihf brd` idkifs.

Qdtcssiu` ordìkf + Lejdrihf Qdtcssiu` lejdrikf + Ordìhf

Qdtcssiu` idkikf + Lejdrihf Qdtcssiu` lejdrikf + Idkihf

Vsfs db \d`f Ld``dh Hdh`ftcjs

@cih usfs db sd`f ld``dh hdh`ftcjs crf jistfk ofjdw 7

Hdh`ftcj @cih Vsfs

Lcrodh Ih tef bdr` db kic`dhk, it is usfk bdr `cnihm gfwfjjfry, luttihm chk mrihkihm fquip fhts.

Ih tef bdr` db mrcpeitf it is usfk bdr `cnihm ojcln jfck pflijs, chk eime tf`pfrcturf

lruliojfs

\ujpeur Bdr tef `chubclturf db muh pdwkfr, \ujpeuril clik chk ih tef vujlchizctidh db ruoofr

Qedspedrus Bdr tef `chubclturf db ctlestilns, rct pdisdh, pedspedril clik chk bfrtijizfrs.

Dxymfh \uppdrtfr db ldòustidh, bdr rfspirctidh oy jivihm drmchis`s.

Hitrdmfh Bdr `chubclturihm c` dhic, hitril clik ftl.

Lejdrihf Bdr ojfcleihm, stfrijizihm wctfr, chubclturihm lejdrihf ld`pduhks

Eykrdmfh Cs c bufj, ih dxymfh-eykrdmfh bjc`f usfk ih wfjkihm

Bdr `chubclturihm c``dhic, eykrdmfh lejdrikf, vfmftcojf meff oy eykrdmfhctidh db

dijs, chk cs c rfkulihm cmfht.

Idkihf Bdr prfpcrihm idkisfk ld``dh scjt , tihlturf idkihf is usfk cs ch chtisfptil.




Dxikfs db @ftcjs chk Hdh`ftcjs

Odte `ftcjs chk hdh`ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh (prfsfht ih tef cir) td bdr` dxikfs. [ef dxikfs db `ftcjs

chk hdh`ftcjs kibbfr ih tefir prdpfrtifs.

Dxikfs db @ftcjs

[ef dxikfs db `ftcjs crf ocsil ih hcturf. ]efh kissdjvfk ih wctfr, `ftcj dxikfs mivf cjncjihf (dr ocsil)

sdjutidh weile turh rfk jitùs ojuf.

Bdr fxc`pjf, `cmhfsiu` (@m) ourhs ih cir td mivf `cmhfsiu` dxikf (@mD), weile is ocsil ih hcturf.

@cmhfsiu` +)cir brd`(

Dxymfh

)dxikf ocsil(

dxikf@cmhfsiu`

@cmhfsiu` dxikf + ]ctfr

ojufjitùsrfkturhs

eykrdxikf@cmhfsiu`)cturfhih ocsil(

Dxikfs db Hdh`ftcjs

[ef dxikfs db hdh`ftcjs crf clikil ih hcturf. ]efh kissdjvfk ih wctfr hdh`ftcj dxikfs mivf clikil mivf

sdjutidhs weile turh ojuf jitùs rfk.

Bdr fxc`pjf, sujpeur dh ourhihm ih cir, mivfs sujpeur kidxikf (\D?) weile is clikil ih hcturf.

\ujpeur +)cir brd`(

Dxymfh

)dxikfclikil(

kidxikf\ujpeur

\ujpeur kidxikf + ]ctfr

rfkjitu`s ojufturhs

)hcturfihclikil(

clik\ujpeurdus




FUF_LI\F - 3

C. Rfry sedrt chswfr typf qufstidhs.

S. 3 Mivf dhf fxc`pjf db fcle7 `ftcjs chk hdh-

`ftcjs.

S. ? Hc`f tef `ftcj, weile is tef ofst ldhkultdr

db efct chk fjfltrility.

S. < Hc f tef prdpfrty oy weile ftcjs lch of

krcwh ihtd teih wirfs.

S. ; Hc f tef mcs prdkulfk, wefh `ftcjs rfclt

wite cliks.

S. 6 ]ect is tef ldjdr db tef ldppfr sujpectf

sdjutidh 4

S. 2 \tctf tef hcturf db dxikfs db hdh- ftcjs.

S. = ]eile `ftcj is stdrfk ih nfrdsfhf 4

S. 5 Hc f tef prdpfrty db tef `ftcj oy weile it

lch of krcwh ihtd teih seffts.

S. 9 ]ect ecppfhs wefh sujpeur rfclts wite

dxymfh 4S.31 ]eile hdh- ftcj lctlefs birf, ib fxpdsfk td

cir 4

S.33 Hc f tef mcs tect ourhs wite c QDQ sduhk.

S.3? ]ect crf Kispjclf`fht rfcltidhs 4

S.3< Mivf dhf usf db hdh-`ftcj ih dur kcijy jibf.

S.3; ]ect crf `ftcjjdiks 4

S.36 ]eile `ftcj is usf td wrcp bddk itf`s 4

O. \edrt chswfr typf qufstidhs

S.32 ]ect ecppfhs wefh sujpeur ki-dxikf rfclts

wite wctfr 4 Mivf tef lef ilcj rfcltidh

ihvdjvfk.

S.3= ]ey jf`dh pilnjf lchhdt of stdrfk ih ch

cjuìhiu` bdij 4

S.35 ]ritf twd i`pdrtcht prdpfrtifs db ftcjs.

S.39 ]ey ldppfr lchhdt kispjclf zihl brd` zihlsujpectf sdjutidh 4

S.?1 ]ey i` frsidh rdks bdr efctihm crf `ckf

up db `ftcjjil suostchlfs 4

S.?3 ]ect ecppfhs wefh irdh hcijs crf kippfk ih

wctfr ih c tfst tuof bdr c wffn 4

S.?? ]ect ecppfhs wefh irdh rfclts wite dxymfh

chk wctfr 4 Mivf tef lefìlcj rfcltidh

ihvdjvfk.

S.?< ]ect ecppfhs wefh ldppfr vfssfj is

fxpdsfk td `dist cir bdr c jdhm ti`f 4 Mivf

tef lefìlcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs pjclf.

S.?; ]ey mdjk is prfbfrrfk ih `cnihm gfwfjjfry 4

S.?6 ]ect ecppfhs wefh kijutf sujpeuril clik is

pdurfk dh c zihl pjctf 4 ]ritf tef lefìlcj

rfcltidh tcnfs

S.?2 ]ect ecppfhs wefh `cmhfsiu` rioodh is

ourht ih cir 4

S.?= ]ey `ftcjs crf usfk ih `cnihm cfrdpjchfs,

orikmfs, sctfjjitfs ftl.

S.?5 Ld`pjftf tef bdjjdwihm lefìlcj rfcltidhs.

Wh + E?\D;

?Lu + E?D + LD?

?Bf + D? + E?D

\D? + E?D

Lu + ELj

L. Jdhm chswfr typf qufstidhs

S.?9 wect wijj ecppfh wefh cse db `cmhfsiu` is

kissdjvfk ih wctfr 4 Is tef sdjutidh clikil dr

ocsil 4 ]ect fbbflt kdfs jitùs sedw ih

lcsf db dxikfs db `ftcjs 4

S.<1 Fxpjcih tef bdjjdwihm tfr s 7 (i) @cjjfcoijity

(ii) Kultijity (iii) \dhdrdus (iv) Justrdus (v)

@ftcjjdiks.




C. \ihmjf Ldrrflt Chswfr typf Sufstidhs

S. 3 [ef ofst fjfltrilcj ldhkultdr is,

(C) mdjk (O) ldppfr

(L) sijvfr (K) cjuìhiu`

S. ? "is `cjjfcojf chk ......" [eis stctf`fht ofst

kfslriofs,

(C) c `ftcj (O) c hdh`ftcj

(L) c `ftcjjdik (K) c ld`pduhk

S. < [ef `dst rfcltivf `ftcj db tef bdjjdwihm is,

(C) zihl (O) irdh(L) `cmhfsiu` (K) sdkiu`

S. ; [ef rfcltidh, Wihl + Ldppfr sujpectf

sdjutidh Wihl sujpectf sdjutidh +

Ldppfr, ikilctfs tect tef `ftcj weile cppfcr

jdwfr ih tef rfcltivity sfrifs is,

(C) Wh (O) Lu

(L) Wh?+ (K) Lu?+

S. 6 ]efrf kd tef `ftcjs weile lch kispjclf

eykrdmfh brd` wctfr ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf

cppfcr ih tef rfcltivity sfrifs 4

(C) hfcr tef tdp (O) ct tef odttd`

(L) ih tef ìkkjf (K) hfxt td eykrdmfh

S. 2 Irdh is mcjvdhizfk oy ldctihm it wite,

(C) hilnfj (O) lerdìu`

(L) `chmchfsf (K) zihl

S. = @ftcjjdiks secrf tef prdpfrtifs db

(C) @ftcjs (O) Hdh-`ftcjs

(L) Hdhf (K) Odte

S. 5 ]eile dhf db tef bdjjdwihm is usfk bdr `cnihm pfhlij jfck 4

(C) Mrcpeitf (O) Kic`dhk

(L) \ujpeur (K) Hdhf

S. 9 [ef ftcj tect `fjts fvfh wefh nfpt dh tef

pcj` is

(C) Ldocjt (O) Mcjjiu`

(L) Hilnfj (K) @frlury

S.31 ]eile db tef bdjjdwihm `ftcj lchhdt

kispjclfk eykrdmfh 4

FUF_LI\F - ?

(C) Ldppfr (O) \ijvfr (L) Mdjk (K) Cjj db tefsf

S.33 [ef fssfhticj ldhkitidh rfquirfk bdr rustihm

db irdh is tef prfssurf db

(C) Dxymfhctfk cir

(O) @disturf

(L) Hitrdmfh

(K) @dist dxymfhctfk cir

S.3? ] eile d b te f b d jjd wihm f jf `f ht is c

`ftcjjdik4

(C) Lcrodh (O) Hitrdmfh

(L) Lcjliu` (K) \ijildh

S.3< ]eile db tef bdjjdwihm is tef ofst ldhkultdr

db fjfltrility 4

(C) Ldppfr (O) Cjuìhu`

(L) Mdjk (K) @frlury

S.3; [ef `ftcj jiquik ct rdd` tf`pfrcturf is

(C) Ldppfr (O) Cjuìhu`

(L) \dkiu` (K) @frlury

S.36 [ef fjf fht usfk cs tef ihkfx db tef wfcjte

db c lduhtry is “

(C) Qjctihu` (O) Cjuìhu`

(L) Mdjk (K) @frlury

S.32 [ef sdjkfrihm wirf is ch cjjdy db

(C) Ldppfr chk tih

(O) Jfck chk tih

(L) Cjuìhiu` chk jfck

(K) Ldppfr chk cjuìhiu`

S.3= [ef stcihjfss stffj is ch cjjdy db “ (C) Irdh chk hilnfj

(O) Irdh chk lerdìu`

(L) Hilnfj chk lerdìu`

(K) Irdh, hilnfj chk lerdìu`




FUF_LI\F-3

CH\]F_ NFY

C. Rfry sedrt chswfr typf qufstidhs.

\dj.3 @ftcjs 7 Ldppfr

Hdh-@ftcjs 7 \ujpeur

\dj.? Ldppfr

\dj.< Kultijity

\dj.; Eykrdmfh mcs

\dj.6 Ojuf

\dj.2 [ef dxikfs db hdh-`ftcjs crf clik ih hcturf.

\dj.= \dkiu`

\dj.5 @cjjfcoijity

\dj.9 \ujpeur ki dxikf is bdr`fk.

\ + D? 0 \D?

\dj.31 Qedspedrus

\dj.33 Eykrdmfh mcs

\dj.3? [ef rfcltidhs ih weile `drf rfcltivf `ftcjs

kispjclf jfss rfcltivf `ftcjs brd` tefir

ld`pduhks ih cqufdus sdjutidh crf lcjjfk

kispjclf`fht rfcltidh.

\dj.3< Lejdrihf is usfk ih puribilctidh db wctfr

\dj.3; @ftcjjdiks crf tedsf weile pdssfs tef

lecrcltfr db odte `ftcjs chk hdh-`ftcjs.

\dj.36 Cjuìhiu`

O. \edrt chswfr typf qufstidhs

\dj.32 \ujperdus clik is bdr`fk.

\D? + E?D 0 E?\D<

\dj.3= Cjuìhiu` rfclts wite tef litril clik prfsfht

ih tef jf`dh.

\dj.35 (c) Mddk ldhkultdrs db efct chk fjfltrility.

(o) Justrdus, i.f., tefy lch seihf.

\dj.39 Oflcusf ldppfr is jfss rfcltivf tech zihl.

\dj.?1 Oflcusf `ftcjs crf mddk ldhkultdrs db efct.

\dj.?3 C ordwh jcyfr mfts kfpdsitfk dh tef irdh

hcijs, weile is lcjjfk cs tef rust.

\dj.?? Irdh dxikf is bdr`fk chk eykrdmfh mcs is

prdkulfk. [ef lefìlcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs

pjclf is 7

?Bf + D?

+ E?

D Bf?

D<

+ E?

\dj.?< ]efh ldppfr vfssfj is fxpdsfk td `dist cir

bdr c jdhm ti f, it clquirfs c kujj mrffh

ldctihm. [ef mrffh `ctfricj is c ìxturf db

ldppfr eykrdxikf chk ldppfr lcrodhctf. [ef

bdjjdwihm lefìlcj rfcltidh tcnfs pjclf7

?Lu + E?D + LD? + D?

Lu(DE)? + LuLD<

\dj.?; Mdjk is prfbfrrfk ih `cnihm gfwfjjfry

oflcusf mdjk is c justrdus `ftcj chk cjsd pdssfss tef prdpfrty db `cjjfcoijity.

\dj.?6 Cs wf nhdw tect zihl is `drf rfcltivf tech

eykrdmfh, sd it kispjclfs eykrdmfh brd`

sujpeuril clik chk bdr`s zihl sujpectf. [ef

lefìlcj rfcltidh tect tcnfs pjclf kurihm tef

prdlfss is mivfh oy

Wh + E?\D; Wh\D; + E?

\dj.?2 Cs `cmhfsiu` is c `ftcj chk wf nhdw tect

wefh `ftcjs rfclt wite dxymfh tef dxikf

bdr`ctidh tcnfs pjclf.

?@m + D? ?@mD

\dj.?= Kuf td tefir ecrkhfss, `ftcjs crf prfbfrrfk

ih `cnihm sule teihms.

\dj.?5




L. Jdhm chswfr typf qufstidhs

\dj.?9 ]efh cse db `cmhfsiu` is kissdjvfk ih

wctfr tefh `cmhfsiu` dxikf is bdr`fk.

?@m + D? ?@mD

[ef dxikfs db `ftcjs crf ocsil ih hcturf.

Ih lcsf db `ftcjs tef rfk jit`us wijj turh td

ojuf ldjdr.

\dj.<1 (i) @cjjfcoijity 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs

oy weile tefy lch of krcwh ihtd seffts.

FUF_LI\F-?

S u f s . 3 ? < ; 6 2 = 5 9 31Chs. L C K O C K K C K K

S u f s . 33 3? 3< 3; 36 32 3=

Chs. K K C K L K K

(ii) Kultijity 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs

oy weile tefy lch krcwh ihtd teih wirfs.

(iii) \dhdrdus 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs

oy weile tefy prdkulf rihmihm sduhk wef

struln ecrk.

(iv) Justrdus 7 [ef prdpfrty db tef `ftcjs

oy weile tefy cppfcr td of seihy.

(v) @ftcjjdiks 7 [edsf `ctfricjs tect

pdssfs tef prdpfrty db odte `ftcjs chk

hdh-`ftcjs.

1 metals and nonmetals

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