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Okefenokee Swamp Barrier

Islands

Fall Line

Fast Facts1.Appalachian Plateau is TAG corner

2.Ridge and Valley is home to Dalton GA- Carpet Capital of the world

3.Blue Ridge Region is home to the highest point in Georgia- Brasstown Bald

4.Piedmont is home to the capital of Georgia- Atlanta and is the region with the most population

5.Coastal Plain is divided in to 2 parts. The Inner Coastal Plain and the Outer Coastal Plain. The inner Coastal Plain is where most of Georgia’s farming takes place! Home to the barrier islands.

FASTN- The acronym for the 5 states that

border GEORGIA. Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina

Savannah River

Chattahoochee River

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• Where is GA? South eastern portion of the United States • What continent are we on? North American• What hemispheres is the U.S. in? North Western

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Know the name and Location of each region

Prehistoric IndiansPaleo Archaic Woodland Mississippian

Paleo (from Greek, “Very Old”)

• Also called Old Stone Age

• Lasted about 10,000 years

•Settled along the Flint and Savannah River

•Lived in groups of 25-50 people

• Nomadic (roaming) hunters

• Most tools and spear points made of stone• Used an “atlatl”: stone sling-likeimplement that threw darts from a longerdistance

3 Groups1.Early Archaic period: 8,000 B.C. to5,000 B.C.• Hunted large animals and small game• Invented tools from deer antlers• Moved with each season to find bestfood resources

2. Middle ArchaicBegan around 5,000 B.C.• Water levels moved back along rivers and coastal areas• People began making hooks fromanimal bones• Shellfish was a more common food• Food was easier to find; people moved around less

3. Late Archaic4,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.• Created grooved axes to clear trees and bushes• Began saving and planting seeds forplants and seeds for growing seasons(horticulture)• Made and used pottery for storing,cooking, and serving food

1,000 B.C. to 1,000 A.D.

• Tribe: group of people sharing common

ancestry, name, and way of living

• Hundreds of families formed tribes

• Built domed-shaped huts with trees

• Used bow and arrows to hunt

• Held religious ceremonies

• Improved pottery-making techniques

Also called the Temple Mound period

• Farmed with homemade tools and grew most of their food

• Thousands might live in a single settlement, protected by fences and moats

• Very religious; used jewelry and body art

• Mysteriously Disappeared

•Most advanced group of all!

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Chief Tomochichi- 1. Yamacraw Indian Chief 2. Close Friends with Oglethorpe 3. brought rlations between the “white man” and Indians together.

James Oglethorpe- 1. His friend died in prison and this fueled him to want to create a new colony. He came up with the idea to establish GA as a DEBTORS COLONY. GA was created thanks to OGLETHORPE but not for a DEBTORS colony. When he arrived in the GA colony he was a leader and TRUSTEE…

Mary Musgrove- She was John Musgrove's wife. John was the 1st translator and then Mary took over. She helped OGLETHORPE and Chief Tomochichi communicate

Salzburgers- a group of German Protestants who were forced out of Salzburg. When they arrived in GA Oglethorpe allowed them to settle. They named their town Ebenezer but soon moved to better land and named it New Ebenezer.

Highland Scots- they opposed slavery. They assisted Oglethorpe during the Spanish invasion. They were feisty and loved to fight. That is why they lived along the coast!

Royal Colony- when GA was ruled by a King… a lot of settlers who moved back to GA when it became a ROYAL colony. They brought back slaves, grew new type crops, bought more land. Governors enforced laws for king.

Spanish Threat to Florida 1. WAR OF JENKINS EAR (lost)- between Spain and Britain. British sailor got ear cut off. Oglethorpe tried to invade Spanish Florida but lost. 2. Battle of Bloody Marsh-(WON) Oglethorpe along with the Highland Scots, invade Florida and win. After battle Oglethorpe “faked” that warships are on the way. The Spanish never invaded again.

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French and Indian War- A disagreement between France and Great Britain that led to a 9 year WAR that began in 1754. Fighting over who could claim the most land in America! Great Britain won! After the war the British began taxing the colonist.. This leads to the American Revolution…

Proclamations of 1763- Issued by King George 3rd . This Proclamation moved GA’s border boundary to the St. Mary’s River It also forbade the colonist from settling west of the Appalachian Mountain.

Stamp Act- Passed in 1765 by Britain's Parliament in an attempt to raise money to pay the FRENCH and INDIAN WAR. It placed a TAX on Newspapers, Legal Documents, and Licenses. COLONISTS HATED THIS!!!

Intolerable Acts (COLONISTS HATED THIS!!!)4 laws passed by Britain's Parliament as punishment to the colonist for the

Boston Tea party. 1. Port of Boston Closes till colonist paid for tea2. No more town meetings for the colonists3. British officials could be tried in British court for wrong doings instead

of going through colonial courts4. Quartering Acts passed- Colonials had to house and feed British troops

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Loyalists- AKA “Tories”- were loyal to the King of England “King George 3rd.

Constitutional Convention of 1787 purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Patriots- AKA”Whigs”, “Liberty Boys”, “colonials”These were colonists who were ready to cut ties with Great Britain

Articles of Confederation- first constitution.. It was very weak and had little power.

Elijah Clarke- led the patriot militia group that defeated the British in the BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK. Also he led the troops to take back AUGUSTA from the British

Austin Dabney- African American man who is a Revolutionary HERO. He was a follower of Elijah Clarke and helped Elijah win the BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK

Nancy Hart- A colonial woman who truly helped GA win the Revolutionary War for her efforts. She held British troops captive until help arrived… only county in GA named after a woman

Button Gwinnett

Lyman Hall The 3 signers of the Dec. of Independence.

George Walton

Battle of Kettle Creek- Colonist WON this BATTLE!!! This boosted the militia’s confidence.

Siege of Savannah- British troops seized Savannah. The French tried to help us overtake the British in a battle. But failed. The British held control of Savannah for over 3 years!

Battle of Kettle Creek

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Articles of Confederation- Ratified on JULY 4th 1784. This was the first constitution of the United States. It was Very Weak in power. The Articles could not make the 13 colonies 1 nation… did not have the power to tax the citizens. SO they will change it in 1787 to the U.S. Constitution.

Eli Whitney invented the COTTON GIN- a major mechanical invention of the time.

Abraham Baldwin- 1 of the 2 signers of the US Constitution for GA! Helped create the method to amend the constitution.

A FEW BALDMEN SIGNED THE CONSTITUION!!!

William Few- 1 of the 2 signers of the US Constitution for GA! Helped create the method to amend the constitution.

Land Policies: 2 Ways to distribute land:1. Head right 2.Land lottery

Yazoo Land Fraud- 4 Land Companies bribed Georgia General Assembly members to buy land. A penny and a half per acre. The public was very angry. The deal was revoked!

McIntosh- Creek Chief who made a deal with the state of GA to sell Indian land. His people murdered him.

Creek Indians- AKA “Muscogee” Indians. Made up of 14 tribes.

McGillivray- Creek Chief who signed Treaty of New York that gave colonist creek land

Cherokee Indians- “Real Indians”, lived in CLANS, had 2 chiefs- 1 for war and 1 for making decisions', were MATRILINEAL (MOTHER), had a council (type of gov.)

NEW ECHOTA- was the Cherokee capital

Sequoyah- made the Syllabry- which made the Cherokee the 1st Indians to have a written language

Dahlonega Gold Rush- 1829 gold discovered in the GA mountains This was CHEROKEE land and they eventually get kicked off!

John Ross was a Cherokee Chief during Trail of Tears.

Worcester vs Georgia- Reverend Worchester initially refused to sign an oath to GA that would evict the Cherokee Indians off their land. He was thrown in jail and stood trial. He took his case to the supreme court where he lost and had to pledged his oath to the state. After the trial he was BANISHED from GA

John Marshall- Chief Justice that ruled the Worcester Case decision could not stand b/c Cherokee territory was not subject to state law… Therefore the CHEROKEE lost their land

Andrew Jackson –Fought in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. This made him a hero. When he became President.. He signed the Indian Removal Act… which led to the TRAIL OF TEARS.

Trail of Tears- 1838 The Cherokee had to be moved from their lands and were given new land in Oklahoma 800 miles away. A lot of Cherokee died during the journey.

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Events that led to the CIVIL WAR:

1. States Rights- States’ Rights is the belief that states should be in charge of themselves. That is what the South wanted. They felt like the North didn’t know or understand the South, so the Federal government shouldn’t make decisions for the whole country.

2. Slavery- being “owned” by someone else3. Nullification- to declare invalid; if they didn’t think that a law made followed the

constitution they could not obey it; 4. Missouri Compromise- In the year 1820 Maine entered the Union as a free state and Missouri entered as

a slave state. They were added to keep the balance between the free states and the slave states-11 each. The country had made a decision that slavery was not prohibited north of 36º 20´N which are the degrees of the southern border of Missouri.

5. Compromise of 1850--The Compromise of 1850 was a series of 5 bills that were intended to stop conflicts. The Fugitive Slave Act was established. This act states that Federal officers were required to return runaway slaves.

6. Georgia Platform- became to support the Compromise of 1850 even if they didn’t like it in order to stay in the Union; talked into it by Cobb, Stephens, Toombs.

7. Kansas- Nebraska Act- Kansas and Nebraska were to chose what they wanted to be; went against Missouri Compromise; people moved there and started fighting to try and win vote

8. Dred Scott-Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri and his owner decided to move to Illinois, then to Wisconsin, and then back to Missouri. In 1857, he went to the Supreme Court hoping that they could grant his freedom. It turns out that the Court had said that blacks were not and will never be citizens of America , and that Scott was not allowed to file a lawsuit. Court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories. This case separated the North and South even more.

9. Election of 1860-This election separated the country so much. It was pretty much whoever you were voting for, determined if

there was going to be slavery or not. The 2 main candidates were Lincoln and Breckinridge. Lincoln was against slavery and Breckinridge was for slavery. Bell and Douglas were not as popular as Lincoln and Breckinridge. Not many states cared about them. But guess what? Because the major political party, the Democrats, had split up because of differences of opinion, they split up and more than half formed the new political party of the Republicans. Which led to nominating Lincoln to run for president, which led to him winning the election. What really amazes people is the fact that his name was not on single ballad down south and he still won the election. That means he had no help from the South at all.

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Debate over Secession

Alexander Stephens-(FLIP FLOPPER)

When Georgia wasn’t sure about seceding from the Union, Alexander Stephens was trying to convince Georgia that it would be better if they did NOT secede. But when Georgia seceded from the Union on January 16, 1861 guess who was vice president of the Confederate States of America. Alexander Stephens, even though at first he did not aprove of seceding, he eventually approved it later on.

The CIVIL War: Cotton is the most important crop in the 1800’s Railroads most Iimportant form of transportation

Antietam- The Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War that was fought on Northern soil. (Sharpsburg, Maryland) It was also the bloodiest SINGLE-DAY battle in American history. 23,000 soldiers were dead.

Emancipation Proclamation- This document consists of two orders:

1. issued on September 22, 1862 2. issued on January 1, 1863 and stated specific states in which all slaves

are free.

Gettysburg- The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1st- July 3rd 1863), fought in, and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, This battle had the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union General Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

Chickamauga- This battle lasted 2 days, September 18-20 1863. The battle was fought between the Union army under control of Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans and the Confederate army under control of Gen. Braxton Bragg. On September 21 Rosecrans’s army withdrew to the city of Chattanooga while the Confederates surrounded them. Unable to escape Rosecrans was relieved of his command. This battle is considered a Confederate victory, but a costly one. An estimated 34,634 soldiers died.THE BLOODIEST BATTLE IN GEORGIA!

Union Blockade- north's

Strategy to block all Supplies Coming into the south

Sherman's Atlanta Campaign & march to the Sea

Andersonville- a confederate prison for Northern Prisoners of War. Real unsanitary

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Freedmen’s Bureau This Bureau was created to help aid freed men (former slaves) adjust to society .The Bureau provided education, jobs, food, money, clothes, and anything else that could be given

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming- (mainly former slaves)Sharecropping was done by people who had nothing, and needed

land, materials, seed and a place to stay. -they shared their

crop as rent and pay

-Tenant farming they have of their own tools, seed, animals, etc. Just need to borrow the land to farm on.

Henry McNeal Turner -one of first African Americans elected to GA. Government -was kicked out because they said that African Americans

couldn’t run for office; reinstated by GA. Supreme Court

KKK- Ku Klux Klan- a racist group that began after the Civil War ended.

Bourbon Triumvirate Brown, Colquitt, and Gordon formed

this group…-in politics together for 18 years….-believed in industry in the South, as well as maintaining white supremacy.. BROUGHT INDUSTRY TO THE NEW SOUTH

Henry Grady- coined phrase “New South” -meant that the South was to become more like the Industrialized North in its ways of making a living

Leo Frank Case- was accused of murdering a 14-year old girl

-only testimony was from black janitor who was allowed to testify because

Frank was Jewish -ended up having his death sentence made into life sentence

-2-months later a group marched into the prison, got Frank

and hanged him for everyone to see

Jim Crow Laws- passed to establish “separate but equal”

facilities for whites and blacks..1896

Plessey vs. Ferguson- Homer Plessy bought a train ticket to sit in the whites car because he was 7/8 white and 1/8 black -he was arrested &

took his case to the Supreme Court -the court ruled that “Separate but

Equal” facilities was legal -paved way for more segregation

Booker T. Washington- Washington helped to found the

Tuskegee Instititute -believed that all African Americans should learn a skill -thought that any person who made their own economic

success would see race relations improve;

W.E.B. Dubois- “ Talented 10th” and one of the founding fathers of the NAACP. Did not agree with Booker t. Washington.

John and Lugenia Burns Hope- advocates for African Americans and children!

Alonzo Herndon- Atlanta Barber who created Atlanta Mutual Insurance and he became the wealthiest African American in Atlanta.

Reasons for entering WW1.- US remained out of it

until 1917 when after warning Germans about sinking ships,

they intercepted the Zimmerman telegram (FINAL BLOW)-sent by Germany to

Mexico asking them to attack US from South.

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Great Depression: Rebecca Latimere Felton- first woman Senator

Boll Weevil-insect which ate Georgia’s most important cotton crop

Drought in Georgia- began in 1914ish-1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia

Stock Market Crash--Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold. “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth

Eugene Talmadge- ( Herman’s Dad)

Did not like New Deal programs in GeorgiaServed as GA’s Gov. for four non consecutive termsWas a white supremacist .. Won the 1946 election but then died.. This brought his son HERMAN in to office…

New Deal : (FDR) Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression RELIEF RECOVERY AND REFORM

AAA, CCC, REA, Social Securtiy

Rural Electrification- brought electric power to rural areas

Social Security- The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death.

CCC- built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, and planting trees!

AAA- The government paid farmers to stop producing crops

World War II: Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet UnionAxis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Bell Aircraft- Factories in Georgia where AIRPLANES were built during World War II. Brought lots of money to GA and helped get us out of the Great Depression.

Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards- Factories in Georgia where SHIPS WERE BUILT during World War II. Brought lots of money to GA and helped get us out of the Great Depression.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor -nickname “The day that will live in infamy” 12-7-1941 Pearl Harbor Hawaii was bombed by the Japanese. The next day on 12-8… the United States entered the war.

Carl Vinson- Served over 50 years in the House of Representatives (longer than any other congressman) Fought hard for the navy! “FATHER OF THE TWO OCEAN NAVY”

Richard Russell- was the youngest governor in GA, the youngest House of Rep. member and the youngest Senator.. Fought hard to bring naval bases to the state of Georgia

Lend Lease Act- During World War II… the U.S. lended Great Britain supplies before we entered the war.

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Mayor William B. Hartsfield: Airport in Atlanta named after him.. “Father of Aviation”

Mayor Ivan Allen Jr.- Mayor of Atlanta brought major league (professional) sports to GA

Mayor Ellis Arnall

Benjamin Mays-

Lester Maddox-appointed more Afircan Americans to boards and commisions than all other previous governors combined. AND was first governor to be elected Lt. Governor

Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes- First African Americans that integrated into the UNIVERSITY OF GEOGRIGA>

CIVIL RIGHTS: Civil Rights Act of 1964

Martin Luther King, Jr.- civil rights activists… delivered the “I have a Dream speech”

Brown vs. Board of Education- declared separate but equal unconstitutional in education

Herman Talmadge- racists, segregationist, Eugenes son, gov. of GA from 1948-1955

Governors Race of 1946- (see next slide)

Sibley Commission- A commission made up of 14 people. Created to study the problem of integration in GA schools.

Albany Movement- showed that protesting and sit in’s do work to get the point across

Mayor Maynard Jackson- ATLANTA’s First African American Mayor…

Andrew Young- Brought the 1996 Olympics to GA and was a huge civil rights activist… he also helped DR. Martin Luther King

Jimmy Carter- Cared a lot about helping people (humanitarian)… was a State Senator, Governor, President of the United States… Only President from Georgia Was all for integration

1996 Olympic Games in GA- Brought in tons of money to Georgia…. Mayor Maynard Jackson convinced the Olympic panel to allow the Olympics be in Atlanta Ga.

Explain how the Interstate Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, and Georgia’s deepwater ports help drive the state’s economy.

Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Modern Georgia 1940’s to Present

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Age Years ofResidency

In GA

Years ofResidency

In U.S.

Term Length

Gov. 30 6 15 4 (may only serve 2

consecutive terms)

Lt. Gov. 30 6 15 4 (may serve

unlimited terms)

Senator 25 2 2 2 (may serve

unlimited terms)

House of Representative

21 2 2 2 (may serve

unlimited terms)

Qualifications for officeL

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G

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Exe

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How a BILL becomes a LAW

Bill submitted by citizen

Governor has 3 choices:

1.Sign it2.Sit on it3.Veto it

Full House of Representatives Full Senate

House of Representatives COMMITTEE Senate COMMITTEE

A bill is written and given to either the clerk in the House, or the SecretaryIn the Senate. It can go to either CHAMBER EXCEPT IF IT IS A APPROPRIATION/MONEY BILL..

Those must begin in the HOUSE

VETO-….The General Assembly can undo the veto by voting again, and if

2/3 or more of the Assembly vote the bill into law, the veto is undone,and it becomes a state law anyway

Judicial Branch(Court… Judges…)

Supreme Court7 justices

Court of Appeals12 judges

Superior Court188 judges

Magistrate Court

Probate Court

Juvenile Court

State Court

Appellate Courts- These 2 courts only review court case decision s made by lower courts..

How are they Elected? Term Length

How are they Elected? Term Length

The 2nd part of the formal hearing is thedispositional hearing. This is the stage

where the judge hands down the punishment for the offense.

3rd step is formal hearing; complaining witness files

apetition stating the

wrongdoing

The 1st part of the formal hearing is the adjudicatory hearing. This is like a trial,where the judge hears the case againstthe juvenile and decides whether or not

the child is guilty.

Last step in juvenile process is the right to appeal his/her case if they

believe they did not commit the crime,or if they feel their rights were

violated during the trial procedure.Courts may have juvenile under

supervision for up to 5 years.

4th step in juvenile process issentencing; judge may release to

parents, give probation, send to YDC,

send to boot camp, give fines, suspend licence, etc.

2nd step is detention; if juvenile is

detained a probable cause hearing is had within 72 hours.

Judge has 3 options; dismisscase, informal adjustment;

formal hearing

1st step is intake; intake officer investigates and if there is not

enough evidence, the juvenile mustbe released. If there is enough

for charges, juvenile may be released to parents, or detained

to YDC.

Juvenile Justice System

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Juvenile Justice System

Unruly Child- breaks a kid law (curfew, smoking, drinking)

Delinquent Child- breaks an adult law (murder, robbery)

Civil Law- Cases that do not involve laws being broken(divorces..Wills..)

Criminal Law- Cases involving people that have broken the law.