8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

1/12

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

2/12

model proposed by Herbert A. Simon will beused as the basis for describing the decisionmaking process

The model consists of three major phases.

2. Design

3. Choice

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

3/12

Intelligence Searching the environment for conditions calling

for decisions

Data inputs are obtained, processed and

examined for clues that may identify problems or

Design Inventing, developing and analyzing possible

courses of action

involves processes to understand the problem, togenerate solutions and to test solutions forfeasibility

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

4/12

Choice Selecting an alternative or course of action

from those available

A choice is made and implemented

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

5/12

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

6/12

There is a flow of activities from intelligenceto design to choice, but at any phase theremay be a return to a previous phase

E.g. Each time the user of an automobile,unconscious scanning to detect possibleengine problems

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

7/12

1. problem finding

2. problem formulation

3. development of alternatives

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

8/12

defined as Finding a difference between someexisting situation and some desired state

This is compared to reality, differences are

identified and the differences are evaluated

expectations against which reality ismeasured:

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

9/12

1 Historical models in which the expectationis based on an extrapolation of pastexperience

2 Planning models in which the plan is theexpectation 3 Models of other people in the organization,

such as superiors, subordinates, otherdepartments, etc.

4 Extra organizational models in whichexpectations are derived from competition,customers and professional organizations

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

10/12

The purpose of problem formulation is toclarify the problem, so that design and choiceactivities operate on the "right" problem

Frequently, the process of clearly stating the

Four strategies for reducing complexity andformulating a manageable problem are:

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

11/12

1 Determining the boundaries (i.e.. clearlyidentifying what is included in the problem)

2 Examining changes that may have

precipitated the problem

problems

4 Focusing on the controllable elements

silan tharakan

8/6/2019 1 Phases in Decision Making Process

12/12

A significant part of the process of decisionmaking is the generation of alternatives to beconsidered in the choice phase

creativity can be enhanced by aids such as, , ,checklists, templates of decision process etc

silan tharakan